Flavour and Fragrance Journal最新文献

Lime essential oil (EO), which possesses a fresh and cheerful aroma, strong antioxidants and antibacterial activities, is widely used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, it is insoluble in water and sensitive to environmental factors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to fabricate a lime essential oil nanoemulsion using the emulsion inversion point (EIP) method and to evaluate its particle characteristics, antioxidant capacity and stability under various storage conditions. The EO, extracted from Citrus limonia Osbeck peel, comprised 57 volatile compounds, of which 29 compounds had concentrations exceeding 0.05%. The nanoemulsion was prepared using lime EO and coconut oil (6:4) at a 10% oil-phase concentration, with a 1:1 surfactant-to-oil ratio and a Tween 80:lecithin ratio of 8:2 under 1200 rpm mixing. The resulting formulation exhibited a mean particle size of 76.79 ± 1.25 nm, a PDI of 0.316 ± 0.003, and a zeta potential of −50.8 ± 1.75 mV. The antioxidant activity of lime EO was preserved after nanoemulsion encapsulation, with IC₅₀ values of 33.5 and 29.0 mg/mL for DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. During a 28-day storage period, particle sizes of the nanoemulsion slightly increased, whereas its PDIs decreased, and its zeta potential remained unchanged. Over 28 days, the encapsulation efficiency of the lime essential oil nanoemulsion ranged from 77.79% to 78.31%, with a total of 47 volatile compounds retained. As a result, the lime essential oil nanoemulsion, which preserves key volatile compounds and maintains antioxidant capacity, is a promising material for developing food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

To develop a new-type of rice wine, tea flowers and coffee flowers were added due to their unique flavour, and the fermentation parameters were optimised. Meanwhile, the microbiota and volatile flavour compounds (VFCs) in tea and coffee flower rice wine (TCFRW) were investigated. The results showed that the optimised TCFRW exhibited a buff, transparent colour, rich and harmonious aroma, and mellow and refreshing taste by the sensory evaluation when 1.1% tea flowers and 0.7% coffee flowers were added, respectively, and fermented at 25.4°C for 3.3 d. Meanwhile, Pediococcus (the relative abundance was 62.6%) and Lactobacillus (18.7%) were the dominant bacteria at the genus in TCFRW, while Rhizopus and Saccharomyces were the main fungi, accounting for 68.2% and 11.3% respectively. Furthermore, 798 VFCs belonging to 13 classes were successfully detected and identified in TCFRW, including 217 esters, 158 terpenes, 93 heterocyclic compounds and 84 ketones, while coffee flowers are rich in terpenes, providing the wine with a violet almond aroma, while tea flowers mainly contribute phenylethanol linalool floral fragrance. The synergistic fermentation of the two with glutinous rice can significantly enhance the floral OAV of TCFRW. To sum up, this study will provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the development and quality control of novel products of rice wine and enhancing the value-added potential of tea flowers and coffee flowers.

The current study evaluated the chemical composition, antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oils from two black ginger species in Vietnam: Distichochlamys citrea (EO-DC) and Kaempferia parviflora (EO-KP). GC–MS results showed that EO-DC is mainly composed of oxygenated monoterpenes (89.67%), in which geranial (23.90%), 1,8-cineole (23.45%) and neral (15.59%) were found as predominant compounds. In contrast, EO-KP was rich in monoterpenes (53.55%) with camphene (19.12%), β-pinene (18.88%) and α-pinene (10.79%) as the most abundant constituents. At 2 mg/mL, both ginger essential oils exhibited potent suppressive activity against platelet aggregation triggered by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), by reducing the maximal percentage of aggregation (% Inhibition > 95%), slope and overall area under the aggregation curve. At 20 mg/mL, EO-DC significantly prolonged the clotting time via the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and the prothrombin time (PT) (APTT: 62.35 ± 8.13 s and PT: 14.33 ± 1.95 s), while EO-KP only lengthened APTT (52.20 ± 14.57 s). None of the samples displayed anticoagulant activity via the thrombin time (TT). Moreover, EO-DC (IC₅₀: 42.72 ± 0.84 μg/mL) outperformed EO-KP (IC₅₀: 53.47 ± 0.71 μg/mL) on inhibiting NO production in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Molecular docking revealed that key constituents, including geranyl acetate, geraniol and neral from EO-DC and linalool from EO-KP, bound favourably to targets involved in coagulation and platelet aggregation (e.g., Factor Xa, VKOR, COX-1, PAR1), suggesting a multi-target anticoagulant mechanism. These findings support the potential of black ginger essential oils in managing inflammation and cardiovascular disorders and warrant further pharmacological investigation.

Streptomyces is recognised for its capability to produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites characterised by unique structures and a wide range of biological activities. However, the production of these secondary metabolites often diminished when cultivated under laboratory conditions. In this study, various elicitors were used to enhance or induce secondary metabolites of Streptomyces sp. PT6 and their effects were evaluated for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities as well as the secondary metabolite profiles using TLC, GC–MS and LC–MS–MS. ISP2 CuSO₄ extract was prepared by cultivating Streptomyces sp. PT6 in ISP2 supplemented with CuSO₄ • 5H₂O; 3 μM exhibited the best antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Each extract showed different secondary metabolite profiles using two different GC–MS methods. Method 1 successfully identified various terpenes, including 3-carene, p-cymene D-limonene and linalool, but method 2 failed to detect these terpenes. The presence of D-limonene and linalool in 4 extracts (ISP2, ISP2 CuSO₄, ISP2 catechol and ISP2 quercetin) was confirmed through comparison with standard solutions. Several nodes from the GC–MS datasets and all nodes from the LC–MS–MS dataset remained unidentified based on untargeted metabolomic analysis, indicating the presence of potentially novel compounds. These findings indicate that Streptomyces sp. PT6 has the potential to produce antimicrobial, cytotoxic, flavour or fragrance compounds.

Resveratrol (Res) is a natural antioxidant found in plants such as peanuts, grapes and Polygonum cuspidatum. It exhibits notable physiological activities and has attracted increasing interest in drug delivery, tissue engineering and cosmetic applications. However, its practical application is limited by poor aqueous solubility and inherent instability. In this study, highly antioxidant nanoparticles were fabricated through the self-assembly of N-nonanyldopamine (NND), 3-O-ethyl-L-ascorbic acid (3-EtAA), and Res. These nanoparticles were further processed into microgels via electrospray to enhance the chemical stability of Res. The resulting Res-loaded nanoparticles (RNPs) exhibited a particle size of 223.8 ± 7.28 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 99.16% ± 0.87%. The Res-loaded microgels (RMGs) displayed a particle size of approximately 1.72 ± 0.58 μm and an encapsulation efficiency of 99.89% ± 1.51%. Both formulations exhibited strong antioxidant capacity, with DPPH• scavenging activity nearly four times higher than that of L-ascorbic acid (L-AA). Furthermore, the RMGs demonstrated excellent stability, retaining more than 90% of Res after 12 h at 55°C. In summary, this study significantly improved Res stability through an active-ingredient self-assembly strategy and further enhanced its antioxidant performance by formulating it into nanoparticles and subsequently into microgels via electrospray. This approach offers a promising strategy for improving the stability of resveratrol.

The proliferation of counterfeit perfumes poses growing challenges to consumer safety, brand integrity and regulatory enforcement. This study examines three popular fragrances, coded D, V and G, by comparing the ingredient profiles of their original and counterfeit versions. Ingredients were classified into those exclusive to authentic samples, unique to fakes and those shared by both. Results reveal that original perfumes consistently utilise rare, high-grade synthetics such as Cashmeran and Ambrox, while counterfeits often substitute these with inexpensive fillers like Dipropylene Glycol or hazardous compounds including phthalates. The findings highlight key authenticity markers and underscore significant health risks associated with counterfeit formulations. This research contributes to consumer awareness, regulatory action and anti-counterfeiting strategies within the fragrance market.

This paper studied the different emulsifiers on encapsulation stability and flavour quality in the O/W emulsion of APF hydrolysate. The particle size distributions of whey protein, Tween 80 and lecithin were 6.45, 6.57 and 6.97; physical stability was 93.16%, 90.18% and 86.69%; and encapsulation capacity was 96.25%, 93.83% and 93.62%, respectively. Meanwhile, whey protein (655.65 Pa) has a higher critical shear stress than Tween 80 (634.27 Pa) and lecithin (518.86 Pa). Whey protein as an emulsifier in O/W emulsion has better physical properties. Sensory evaluation showed that whey protein (2.46 ± 0.62), lecithin (5.82 ± 0.63) and Tween 80 (3.66 ± 0.65) were all less bitter than the APF hydrolysate (8.00 ± 1.00). The electronic tongue obtained similar results. A total of 52 volatile compounds were identified by GC-IMS. In conclusion, this study found that the whey protein O/W emulsion exhibited good stability and had a debittering effect on the APF hydrolysate.

Rytigynia umbellulata (Hiern) Robyns is often deciduous and has many folkloric uses, such as anti-malaria and anti-diabetic. This study investigated the essential oil constituents of Rytigynia umbellulata leaf and stem, along with their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities as well as investigating in silico molecular docking and ADMET studies of phytoconstituents. The essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for identification and characterisation. In silico studies were performed using AutoDock Vina in the PyRx workspace. The antioxidant activity of the volatile oils was evaluated using the 2,2′–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*) method, while the brine shrimp lethality test determined cytotoxic potential. The GC–MS analyses revealed 11 and 13 compounds in the leaves and stem essential oils of R. umbellulata, representing 98.5% and 95.1% of the total oil contents, with phytol (73.5%) and pentadecanal (55.1%) as the most abundant components, respectively. The essential oils showed significant antioxidant activity with a 69.03% ± 0.41% inhibition. The in silico studies supported the cytotoxicity potential of the essential oils with the highest binding affinity and attributed the strongest inhibitory activity to β-Gurjunene and Acorenone with respect to the reference standard, doxorubicin, for both the target proteins. Acorenone, pentadecanal and phytol present significantly lower probabilities of AMES toxicity (0.163), Human Hepatotoxicity (0.156), and Carcinogenicity (0.195) compared to doxorubicin, indicating a safer profile in these critical areas. Phytoconstituents of the leaf and stem essential oil of R. umbellulata might be linked to the free radical scavenging and cytotoxic potential observed in this study.