Pub Date : 2021-08-19DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0006
M. Maslin
‘Climate surprises’ assesses the possibility that there are thresholds or tipping points in the climate system that may occur as we warm the planet. Scientists have been concerned about these tipping points over the last three decades. One can examine the way different parts of the climate system respond to climate change with four scenarios. These include linear but delayed response; muted or limited response; delayed and non-linear response; and threshold response. It is worth considering here the melting of the Greenland and/or Western Antarctic ice sheet; the slowing down of the North Atlantic deep ocean circulation; the potential massive release of methane from melting gas hydrates; and the possibility of the Amazon rainforest dieback.
{"title":"6. Climate surprises","authors":"M. Maslin","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"‘Climate surprises’ assesses the possibility that there are thresholds or tipping points in the climate system that may occur as we warm the planet. Scientists have been concerned about these tipping points over the last three decades. One can examine the way different parts of the climate system respond to climate change with four scenarios. These include linear but delayed response; muted or limited response; delayed and non-linear response; and threshold response. It is worth considering here the melting of the Greenland and/or Western Antarctic ice sheet; the slowing down of the North Atlantic deep ocean circulation; the potential massive release of methane from melting gas hydrates; and the possibility of the Amazon rainforest dieback.","PeriodicalId":170226,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132288224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-19DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0003
M. Maslin
‘Evidence for climate change’ presents the scientific evidence that anthropogenic climate change is already happening and considers changes in global temperature, precipitation, sea level, and extreme weather events (heatwaves, droughts, floods, storms, and wildfires). The latest IPCC report states that it is virtually certain that anthropogenic climate change has caused increases in the frequency and severity of hot extremes and decreases in cold extremes on most continents. Climate change is also the main cause of the intensification of heavy precipitation observed over continental regions, often resulting in flooding. Moreover, human climate change has played a role in shaping the global distribution and intensity of tropical cyclones/typhoons and hurricanes. What do the climate change deniers say and why they are wrong?
{"title":"3. Evidence for climate change","authors":"M. Maslin","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"‘Evidence for climate change’ presents the scientific evidence that anthropogenic climate change is already happening and considers changes in global temperature, precipitation, sea level, and extreme weather events (heatwaves, droughts, floods, storms, and wildfires). The latest IPCC report states that it is virtually certain that anthropogenic climate change has caused increases in the frequency and severity of hot extremes and decreases in cold extremes on most continents. Climate change is also the main cause of the intensification of heavy precipitation observed over continental regions, often resulting in flooding. Moreover, human climate change has played a role in shaping the global distribution and intensity of tropical cyclones/typhoons and hurricanes. What do the climate change deniers say and why they are wrong?","PeriodicalId":170226,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133691123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-19DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0001
M. Maslin
‘What is climate change?’ discusses what climate change is. Climate change is no longer just a scientific concern, but encompasses economics, sociology, geopolitics, national and local politics, law, and health just to name a few. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) play an important role in moderating past global climate. Why they have been rising since before the Industrial Revolution, and why are they now considered dangerous pollutants? Which countries have produced the most anthropogenic GHGs and how is this changing with rapid economic development? It is important here to consider the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and how it regularly collates and assesses the most recent evidence for climate change.
{"title":"1. What is climate change?","authors":"M. Maslin","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"‘What is climate change?’ discusses what climate change is. Climate change is no longer just a scientific concern, but encompasses economics, sociology, geopolitics, national and local politics, law, and health just to name a few. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) play an important role in moderating past global climate. Why they have been rising since before the Industrial Revolution, and why are they now considered dangerous pollutants? Which countries have produced the most anthropogenic GHGs and how is this changing with rapid economic development? It is important here to consider the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and how it regularly collates and assesses the most recent evidence for climate change.","PeriodicalId":170226,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130321388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-19DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0009
M. Maslin
‘Changing our future’ argues that the challenge of climate change must be seen within the current dominant political and economic landscape. Future policies and international agreements need to provide win-win solutions that deal with the biggest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century, which include climate change, environmental degradation, global inequality, and global security. What we need is a new era of planetary stewardship led by governments and underpinned by new economic theories. Effective carbon emission reductions require a partnership between government, both local and national, corporations, and civil society that is supported and encouraged by individual behaviour change. In addition, we need international organizations fit for the challenges of the 21st century.
{"title":"9. Changing our future","authors":"M. Maslin","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"‘Changing our future’ argues that the challenge of climate change must be seen within the current dominant political and economic landscape. Future policies and international agreements need to provide win-win solutions that deal with the biggest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century, which include climate change, environmental degradation, global inequality, and global security. What we need is a new era of planetary stewardship led by governments and underpinned by new economic theories. Effective carbon emission reductions require a partnership between government, both local and national, corporations, and civil society that is supported and encouraged by individual behaviour change. In addition, we need international organizations fit for the challenges of the 21st century.","PeriodicalId":170226,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130854468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-19DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0004
M. Maslin
‘Modelling future climate’ examines the modelling of future global climate. There is a whole hierarchy of climate models, from relatively simple box models to extremely complex three-dimensional general circulation models (GCMs). Each has a role in examining and furthering the understanding of the global climate system. At the heart of the climate models is the carbon cycle, central to estimating what happens to anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions. The biggest unknown in the models is the estimation of future human global GHG emissions. It is worth noting here the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and representative concentration pathways (RCPs), a set of narratives and driving forces that model the possible shape of the global economy and global emissions in the future. The latest IPCC projections on future global temperature, precipitation, and sea level based on the different SSPs make for interesting reading.
{"title":"4. Modelling future climate","authors":"M. Maslin","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"‘Modelling future climate’ examines the modelling of future global climate. There is a whole hierarchy of climate models, from relatively simple box models to extremely complex three-dimensional general circulation models (GCMs). Each has a role in examining and furthering the understanding of the global climate system. At the heart of the climate models is the carbon cycle, central to estimating what happens to anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions. The biggest unknown in the models is the estimation of future human global GHG emissions. It is worth noting here the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and representative concentration pathways (RCPs), a set of narratives and driving forces that model the possible shape of the global economy and global emissions in the future. The latest IPCC projections on future global temperature, precipitation, and sea level based on the different SSPs make for interesting reading.","PeriodicalId":170226,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131942623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-19DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0007
M. Maslin
‘Politics of climate change’ begins by looking at the history of the climate change negotiations, considering key milestones such as the Kyoto Protocol, the Copenhagen Accord, and the Paris Agreement. At the Paris climate meeting in 2015, world leaders agreed that global temperature increase should be kept below 2°C, with an aspirational target of 1.5°C. Despite this agreement, global carbon emissions have continued to rise every year. There are potential flaws in the approach of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). We should note the various carbon trading schemes and the UN’s REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) programme, which has been subsequently refined as REDD+. What needs to be achieved politically if climate change is to be mitigated?
{"title":"7. Politics of climate change","authors":"M. Maslin","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"‘Politics of climate change’ begins by looking at the history of the climate change negotiations, considering key milestones such as the Kyoto Protocol, the Copenhagen Accord, and the Paris Agreement. At the Paris climate meeting in 2015, world leaders agreed that global temperature increase should be kept below 2°C, with an aspirational target of 1.5°C. Despite this agreement, global carbon emissions have continued to rise every year. There are potential flaws in the approach of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). We should note the various carbon trading schemes and the UN’s REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) programme, which has been subsequently refined as REDD+. What needs to be achieved politically if climate change is to be mitigated?","PeriodicalId":170226,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123828049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-19DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0005
M. Maslin
‘Climate change impacts’ assesses the potential impacts of climate change and how these alter in scale and intensity with increasing warming by breaking down the potential impacts into sectors: extreme heat and droughts, storms and floods, agriculture, ocean acidification, biodiversity, and human health. Policy-makers should identify what dangerous climate change is. We need a realistic target concerning the degree of climate change with which we can cope. Fortunately, the societal coping range is flexible and can change with the shifting baseline and the more frequent extreme events—as long as there is strong climate science to provide clear guidance on what sort of changes are going to occur.
{"title":"5. Climate change impacts","authors":"M. Maslin","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"‘Climate change impacts’ assesses the potential impacts of climate change and how these alter in scale and intensity with increasing warming by breaking down the potential impacts into sectors: extreme heat and droughts, storms and floods, agriculture, ocean acidification, biodiversity, and human health. Policy-makers should identify what dangerous climate change is. We need a realistic target concerning the degree of climate change with which we can cope. Fortunately, the societal coping range is flexible and can change with the shifting baseline and the more frequent extreme events—as long as there is strong climate science to provide clear guidance on what sort of changes are going to occur.","PeriodicalId":170226,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126030728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-19DOI: 10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0002
M. Maslin
‘History of climate change’ traces the history of climate change and the evidence that supports it. The science of climate change started in 1856 with experiments by Eunice Newton Foote demonstrating the greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide. The essential science of climate change was there in the late 1950s, but it was not taken seriously until the late 1980s. Why was there a delay between the science of global warming being accepted in the late 1950s and the realization by those outside the scientific community of the true threat of global warming at the beginning of the 21st century? The key reasons for this delay were the lack of increase in global temperatures and the lack of global environmental awareness. What is the importance of the rise of the global environmental social movement and the new wave of protest and optimism of the last few years?
《气候变化的历史》追溯了气候变化的历史以及支持气候变化的证据。气候变化科学始于1856年，当时尤尼斯·牛顿·富特(Eunice Newton Foote)通过实验证明了二氧化碳的温室效应。气候变化的基本科学在20世纪50年代末就出现了，但直到20世纪80年代末才受到重视。为什么从20世纪50年代末全球变暖的科学被接受到科学界以外的人在21世纪初意识到全球变暖的真正威胁之间有一个延迟?造成这种拖延的主要原因是全球气温没有上升，以及全球缺乏环保意识。全球环境社会运动的兴起和过去几年的新一波抗议和乐观主义的重要性是什么?
{"title":"2. History of climate change","authors":"M. Maslin","doi":"10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198867869.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"‘History of climate change’ traces the history of climate change and the evidence that supports it. The science of climate change started in 1856 with experiments by Eunice Newton Foote demonstrating the greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide. The essential science of climate change was there in the late 1950s, but it was not taken seriously until the late 1980s. Why was there a delay between the science of global warming being accepted in the late 1950s and the realization by those outside the scientific community of the true threat of global warming at the beginning of the 21st century? The key reasons for this delay were the lack of increase in global temperatures and the lack of global environmental awareness. What is the importance of the rise of the global environmental social movement and the new wave of protest and optimism of the last few years?","PeriodicalId":170226,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129864266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9781400889013-030
M. Maslin
‘Solutions’ outlines the three types of solutions to climate change. The first is adaptation, which is providing protection for the population from the impacts of climate change. Both physical and social adaptations are required to protect people’s lives and livelihoods. The second solution is mitigation, which in its simplest terms is reducing our carbon footprint and thus reversing the trend of ever-increasing GHG emissions. This type of solution includes switching to renewable energy and electric vehicles, fossil-fuel subsidy reforms, smart power grids, sustainable agriculture, reforestation and rewilding. The third solution is geoengineering, which involves large-scale extraction of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or modification of the global climate.
{"title":"8. Solutions","authors":"M. Maslin","doi":"10.1515/9781400889013-030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400889013-030","url":null,"abstract":"‘Solutions’ outlines the three types of solutions to climate change. The first is adaptation, which is providing protection for the population from the impacts of climate change. Both physical and social adaptations are required to protect people’s lives and livelihoods. The second solution is mitigation, which in its simplest terms is reducing our carbon footprint and thus reversing the trend of ever-increasing GHG emissions. This type of solution includes switching to renewable energy and electric vehicles, fossil-fuel subsidy reforms, smart power grids, sustainable agriculture, reforestation and rewilding. The third solution is geoengineering, which involves large-scale extraction of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or modification of the global climate.","PeriodicalId":170226,"journal":{"name":"Climate Change: A Very Short Introduction","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125827298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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