Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association最新文献

This study presents an integrated, operational mosquito surveillance effort conducted in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, during the 2023 and 2024 seasons, revealing substantial variation in Culex pipiens s.l. abundance and West Nile virus (WNV) infection risk. In 2024, mosquito abundance and WNV-positive pools increased more than four- and 5-fold, respectively, compared to 2023. Interestingly, strong correlations between weather and mosquito abundance were absent, with the exception of a negative correlation between temperature and abundance at a 5-wk lag in 2023. The temporal overlap between peak mosquito abundance and peak WNV infection was more synchronized in 2024, potentially heightening human transmission risk. These findings guided Maryland Department of Agriculture mosquito control operations, underscoring the value of high-resolution and timely surveillance. The integration of the IDX identification platform enhanced sample triage, cold chain preservation, and species confirmation, enabling rapid, large-scale data logging and testing. This modernized workflow of field collection, automated identification, and WNV testing offers a scalable model for responsive vector surveillance aligned with climate-driven risks and advanced technologies.

Dengue virus (DENV) poses an escalating public health threat in both endemic and non-endemic regions, driven by globalization, urbanization, and climate change. Early detection of dengue outbreaks remains a critical component in mitigating the impact of this rapidly spreading arboviral disease. Traditional surveillance approaches rely primarily on clinical case reports, which often lag behind the actual onset of transmission. Because of the lag, intensive vector control response would be delayed and become ineffective to contain the transmission promptly. This calls for the need for mosquito-based DENV surveillance even in low transmission or epidemic-prone settings. This review explores the growing body of evidence supporting mosquito-based DENV detection as a proactive surveillance method, particularly in areas with low transmission or at risk of outbreak due to travel-associated cases. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using several academic and public health databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ProQuest. Seventeen studies showed presence of DENV in Aedes mosquitoes in the absence of reported human cases. In the United States, four studies reported DENV positive Ae. aegypti in places where there were no reported human cases. Among various mosquito surveillance tools, BG-Sentinel traps have been indicated to be effective in capturing host-seeking invasive Aedes mosquitoes. Increasing evidence indicates that detecting DENV in field-caught mosquitoes can serve as an early warning signal-preceding reported human dengue cases by several weeks. This entomological approach provides direct insights into the virus's presence in mosquito populations before human infections are formally diagnosed. The review recommends integrating mosquito-based DENV detection into local, state and national arbovirus surveillance systems, especially in non-endemic regions vulnerable to autochthonous transmission. This approach can enhance the timeliness and precision of outbreak responses.

We present an updated checklist of mosquito species in New York State, integrating historical records, modern surveillance, and recent literature. A total of 68 species across 10 genera are documented, including invasive taxa (Aedes albopictus, Ae. japonicus) and historically rare species (Orthopodomyia alba, Or. signifera). This synthesis emphasizes species of public and veterinary significance, such as Culex pipiens and Culiseta melanura, vectors of West Nile and eastern equine encephalitis viruses. Analysis of more than 3 million specimens collected since 1999 confirms the absence of Ae. aegypti, historically introduced but unable to persist in New York. Urbanization, container-breeding ecology, climate change, and global commerce continue to shape mosquito distributions and pathogen risk. This checklist bridges historic and current data, providing a reliable reference for surveillance, vector control, and future research.

NATULAR®SC, mosquito larvicide, was laboratory and field-tested against Aedes albopictus to determine the application rate in metric units (µl/liter). The objective was to estimate in microliters (µl) the amount of formulated NATULAR SC to apply per liter of habitat water. Replicated dose response experiments were conducted on lab-reared third instar Ae. albopictus under controlled laboratory conditions followed by probit analysis. The median lethal dose, LD50, was estimated to be 0.07 µl/liter (95% C.L. 0.054,0.094). Control mortality was less than 1%. The LD95 was estimated to be 0.54 µl/liter (95% C.L. 0.323,1.265). According to the World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) doubling the LD95 approximates the diagnostic dose and is an estimate of the field application rate. The next step consisted of outdoor field trials in 5-liter buckets. Twelve application rates ranging from 0.1 µl/liter to 2.0 µl/liter were tested. Results indicated 1 µl/liter was an optimum application rate. A major conclusion is no single best application rate will kill 100% of susceptible mosquito larvae. An optimal field rate balances efficacy with minimizing the concentration of pesticide. In every treatment a small probability of larval survival is always present. This is a compelling argument for rotating active ingredients according to their mode of action.

Assessing and advancing cutting-edge technologies that are designed to optimize mosquito surveillance strategies is crucial given the complex challenges presented by our rapidly changing environments. Vectech's Identification-X (IDX) machine offers an innovative way to identify and count adult mosquitoes and train artificial intelligence (AI) software. In collaboration with Vectech, staff at Placer Mosquito and Vector Control District (District) have identified and imaged ∼5,100 adult mosquitoes since 2021. Using the most recent software update (v5.0.4), we aimed to evaluate accuracy improvements by incorporating a diverse range of mosquito genera and species. To achieve this, 100 female specimens of 10 wild-caught mosquito species were imaged. The species included Anopheles freeborni, An. franciscanus, Culex tarsalis, Cx. pipiens, Cx. stigmatosoma, Cx. erythrothorax, Aedes vexans, Ae. melanimon, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. sierrensis. Of the 10 species analyzed, 6 had an identification accuracy of 96-100%. Given the software's current accuracy for Cx. tarsalis, follow-up examinations were conducted to determine at what point consistent specimen degradation impacted the ability of the IDX to correctly identify mosquito samples of this species. Finally, we compared the identification accuracy and speed of individual vector control technicians (VCTs) with the imaging accuracy and speed of the IDX machine to determine operational efficiency of this device within a mosquito surveillance program. Results indicated that the IDX machine is as accurate and efficient as a vector control technician with 22 months of experience but is prone to misidentification of morphologically similar mosquito species when specimens are degraded.

An in vitro repellent testing system for use with colony reared black flies, Simulium vittatum, is described. Postoviposition female S. vittatum were exposed to latex membranes treated with 15 μl of commercially available insect repellents every 2 h, up to 12 h. Repellents tested were the following: Repel® Plant-Based Lemon Eucalyptus Insect Repellent 2 (30% oil of lemon eucalyptus [OLE]); OFF!® Botanicals Insect Repellent IV (10% p-menthane-3,8-diol [PMD]); and Zevo™ On-Body (20% 3-[N-butyl-N-acetyl]-aminopropionic acid, ethyl ester, IR3535®). Untreated membranes served as control. The PMD and IR3535 had negative correlations between repellency rate and time (IR3535, m (slopes of mean repellencies over time) = -6.64; and PMD, m = -5.28), whereas OLE had none (m = 0). Statistical analysis demonstrated significance within all groups that included OLE or the control (P < 0.00), but none for groups consisting of PMD or IR3535 (P = 0.31).

This paper highlights findings from a targeted survey of aerial pesticide applicators who specialize in mosquito control space sprays. The questionnaire captured location and site details, aircraft types, and use scenarios, as well as spray system configurations, operational protocols, and pesticide use. By identifying common application settings across different platforms, the survey offers a vital benchmark for ensuring that current and future gathering of empirical data for AGriculturalDISPersal™ (AGDISP) refinement aligns with real-world conditions. These data are discussed in relation to the current mechanistic model AGDISP and relevance to the design of the field trials already underway at Lee County Mosquito Control District, Florida.

The control of Aedes aegypti, a primary vector of the causal agent of yellow fever, dengue, Zika, and other viral diseases, is a growing concern in global public health. With growing resistance to insecticides and other conventional methods, alternative and novel approaches, such as attractant toxic sugar baits (ATSB) or toxic sugar baits (TSB), are emerging as a viable solution in integrated mosquito management. This study evaluates the efficacy of 3 essential oils (cinnamon oil, cedarwood oil, and garlic oil) as active ingredients in TSB formulations, measuring their effects on the feeding rate and mortality of adult Ae. aegypti. The results suggest that cinnamon oil reduced mosquito feeding rates, compared with cedarwood oil and garlic oil. Cedar wood oil, combined with boric acid as TSB, resulted in high mortality and showed potential as an effective agent in integrated mosquito management programs.