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Advancing Civil Justice Reform and Conflict Resolution in Africa and Asia最新文献

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Costs and Delays in Accessing Justice 诉诸司法的费用和延误
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7898-8.ch007
Elijah Tukwariba Yin, Beamie-Moses Seiwoh
This chapter aims to examine the costs and delays in accessing justice in Ghana and Sierra Leone. It is argued that despite the promising and legal history of Ghana and Sierra Leone, with existing court structures and legal procedures on civil and criminal matters, the legal spaces of both countries are fraught with costs and delays in accessing justice. The authors used secondary data from the World Bank, Afrobarometer Report, statutes, court documents, website articles, etc. to underpin the write-up. It was found that citizens in both countries were confronted with delays and costs in accessing justice. It is recommended that in an era of cell phones and various apps, the justice sector should endeavour to go hi-tech by sending alerts to litigants, lawyers, and witnesses warranting their presence at an appointed date and time.
本章旨在审查加纳和塞拉利昂诉诸司法的成本和延误。有人认为,尽管加纳和塞拉利昂有着光明的法律历史,但在现有的法院结构和民事和刑事案件的法律程序下,这两个国家的法律空间充满了诉诸司法的成本和延误。作者使用了来自世界银行、非洲晴雨表报告、法规、法院文件、网站文章等的二手数据来支持这篇文章。调查发现,这两个国家的公民在诉诸司法方面都面临延误和费用问题。建议在手机和各种应用程序的时代,司法部门应该努力走向高科技,向诉讼当事人、律师和证人发送提醒,保证他们在指定的日期和时间到场。
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引用次数: 3
Akan Deities as Agents of Conflict Resolution Mechanism in Ghana 阿坎神灵在加纳冲突解决机制中的作用
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7898-8.ch001
Seth Tweneboah
The chapter takes an integrative look at a largely neglected field of conflict resolution mechanism in Ghana: the extent to which belief in traditional deities both enhance and undercut justice delivery systems in society. It contends that through duabɔ (imprecation) there is an enduring influence of traditional deities as part of legal regulatory frameworks in society. The chapter, thus, uncovers the hidden resources of traditional deities as useful channels of conflict resolution. The chapter draws on proceedings from the Akan customary conflict resolution mechanism to demonstrate both the usefulness and challenges of traditional justice delivery method in contemporary Ghana and encourages the need for its modification to suit the needs of legal modernity. The chapter is the product of a qualitative analysis of empirical ethnographic material gathered from the everyday facts of Ghanaian religious communities and public domain.
本章综合考察了加纳在很大程度上被忽视的冲突解决机制领域:对传统神灵的信仰在多大程度上增强和削弱了社会中的司法交付系统。它认为,作为社会法律管理框架的一部分,传统神灵通过诅咒产生了持久的影响。因此,本章揭示了传统神灵作为解决冲突的有用渠道的隐藏资源。本章借鉴了阿坎传统冲突解决机制的诉讼程序,以展示传统司法交付方法在当代加纳的有用性和挑战,并鼓励对其进行修改以适应法律现代性的需要。本章是对从加纳宗教社区和公共领域的日常事实中收集的经验民族志材料进行定性分析的产物。
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引用次数: 0
Judging the Subordinate Judiciary 审判下级司法机构
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7898-8.ch005
Rattan Singh
The subordinate judiciary of a nation plays an important role in the administration and dispensation of justice. A judicial officer in the subordinate courts performs a “pious duty” in the service of justice. A majority of the members of the society come in contact with the trial court judges rather than with the appellate or higher court judges. No law, court, precedent, or custom can provide guidelines for better administration of justice, because there is no fixed formula to find the solution of the problem. In such situations, personal qualities, experience, training, and worth of a trial judge make themselves manifest. Through the image of subordinate judiciary and its functioning, the true picture of judiciary presents itself to the nation. The mind of the judiciary can be known to the millions only through the actions and working of the subordinate or trial court judges. In this chapter, researcher has pointed out some problems faced by subordinate courts and judges due to the backlog, and the daily increase, in legal cases.
国家的下级司法机关在司法管理和司法分配中起着重要的作用。下级法院的司法官员在司法服务中履行“虔诚的职责”。社会的大多数成员与初审法院的法官接触,而不是与上诉法院或高级法院的法官接触。任何法律、法院、先例或习俗都不能为更好地执行司法提供指导,因为没有解决问题的固定公式。在这种情况下,初审法官的个人素质、经验、训练和价值都会得到体现。通过下级司法的形象及其运作,司法的真实面貌呈现在国民面前。只有通过下级法院或初审法院法官的行动和工作,数百万人才能了解司法机关的思想。在这一章中,研究者指出了下级法院和法官因案件积压和日益增加而面临的一些问题。
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引用次数: 0
Unpacking the Dilemma of Alternative Dispute Resolution and Access to Justice by Women in the Ghanaian Context 在加纳的背景下,解开替代性争端解决和妇女诉诸司法的困境
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7898-8.ch010
J. Boateng, Ernest Darkwa
The chapter explores the dilemma of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and access to justice for women in Ghana. It argues that introduction and use of ADR has contributed to improving access to justice with regards to reducing delays in formal court procedures, cost reduction, time saving, opening spaces for less-resourced individuals and groups, particularly women, to have access to justice. Above all, ADR does bring access to justice systems close to remote areas, serving the needs of disadvantaged individuals including women and others who are most vulnerable. However, the weaknesses and challenges in the formal legal system, coupled with the historical and cultural dynamics of the Ghanaian society, which is patriarchal in nature, have prevented mostly women from reaping the maximum benefits of ADR. Revisiting the challenges of the justice system and the historical and cultural norms of Ghana would help increase and enhance women's access to justice through ADR.
本章探讨了加纳妇女在替代性争端解决(ADR)和诉诸司法方面的困境。它认为,ADR的引入和使用有助于改善诉诸司法的机会,因为它减少了正式法院程序的延误,降低了成本,节省了时间,为资源较少的个人和群体,特别是妇女,提供了诉诸司法的空间。最重要的是,ADR确实使人们能够接近偏远地区诉诸司法系统,满足包括妇女和其他最弱势群体在内的弱势群体的需求。然而,正式法律制度中的弱点和挑战,加上加纳社会的历史和文化动态,本质上是父权制的,使大多数妇女无法从ADR中获得最大利益。重新审视加纳司法系统的挑战以及加纳的历史和文化规范,将有助于通过ADR增加和加强妇女诉诸司法的机会。
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引用次数: 0
Administration of Civil Justice in India 印度民事司法管理局
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7898-8.ch002
Taruna Arora, N. Mehra
Since the Vedic period, India is known for its commitment to justice, democratic values, the rule of law, and the welfare of individuals. The thrust of the chapter is an examination of tools of civil justice in ancient as well as modern texts underlining the bond of ‘social contract'. The analysis aims to identify similarities and gaps in the traditional and contemporary aspects of civil justice in India. These findings would enable legal scholars and practitioners to draw from, and to connect, the history of accumulated legal guidance and reasoning to the modern mechanism of justice. The examination of those concepts in the context of contemporary relevance accompanied with the principles of interpretation can maximise the utility of these principles. The discussion may offer important clues for policymakers, community organisations, law-making agencies, and citizens to strengthen their faith in the judicial system, being a blend of aboriginal and modern.
自吠陀时期以来,印度以其对正义、民主价值观、法治和个人福利的承诺而闻名。本章的主旨是对古代和现代文本中强调“社会契约”纽带的民事司法工具的检查。分析的目的是确定在印度民事司法的传统和现代方面的相似之处和差距。这些发现将使法律学者和从业人员能够从积累的法律指导和推理的历史中汲取经验,并将其与现代司法机制联系起来。在当代相关性的背景下对这些概念的考察,伴随着解释原则,可以最大限度地发挥这些原则的效用。这一讨论可能为政策制定者、社区组织、立法机构和公民提供重要线索,以增强他们对融合了土著和现代的司法体系的信心。
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引用次数: 0
The Civil Justice Reform Debate 民事司法改革辩论
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7898-8.ch003
Francis Kofi Korankye-Sakyi
Civil justice comprises the entire system of the administration of justice in civil matters. One significant discourse concerning the civil justice system in the last three decades is reform. This is due to various controversies around the subject resulting in crises. African approaches to civil justice jurisprudence encompass a variety of theoretical and normative elements that shape the way Africans conceive justice delivery. Over the years of the reform debate, not enough light has been shed on this to explain the existence of such perspective. It is argued that the African position to civil justice in the current reforms debate must not be pinned to just the doctrinal option imbedded in statutes but also be based on methods and procedures nurtured on the soil of Africa that align with the practical needs of the people encompassing social, political, cultural, and religious values. The chapter concludes that the African system of justice delivery is largely mirrored in the Ghanaian experience to justice system in civil jurisprudence.
民事司法包括整个民事司法系统。在过去的三十年中,关于民事司法制度的一个重要论述是改革。这是由于围绕该主题的各种争议导致危机。非洲的民事司法法学方法包括各种理论和规范要素,这些要素塑造了非洲人构想司法交付的方式。在多年的改革辩论中,没有足够的光来解释这种观点的存在。本文认为,在当前的改革辩论中,非洲对民事司法的立场不应仅仅局限于法规中所包含的理论选择,而应基于在非洲土壤上培育的方法和程序,这些方法和程序应符合人民的实际需求,包括社会、政治、文化和宗教价值观。本章的结论是,非洲司法交付制度在很大程度上反映了加纳民事司法制度的经验。
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引用次数: 0
Access to Justice and Legal Representation in Nigeria 在尼日利亚获得司法和法律代理
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7898-8.ch008
O. Olanrewaju, Sunday Onuegbu
In 2009, the Fundamental Rights Enforcement Procedure (FREP) Rules of 1979 was revised to ease the cumbersome process encountered by applicants/lawyers in advocating for the enforcement of fundamental human rights in court. Despite this, human rights lawyers still encounter several challenges when representing applicants for the enforcement of fundamental human rights in court. This chapter examines these challenges and adopts primary research method. Data were gathered from human rights lawyers via video conferencing platforms: Skype and Zoom. Findings reveal that issues of procedural rules of court and disrespect for court orders are some of the challenges encountered by human rights lawyers. The chapter recommends that judges should avoid placing unnecessary emphasis on the procedural rules of court. In addition, human rights lawyers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should maintain continuous advocacy for the enforcement of fundamental human rights towards holding government and its agencies more accountable for disrespect of court orders.
2009年,修订了1979年的《基本权利执行程序规则》(FREP),以简化申请人/律师在法庭上倡导执行基本人权时遇到的繁琐程序。尽管如此,人权律师在法庭上代表申请人执行基本人权时仍然遇到一些挑战。本章探讨了这些挑战,并采用了初步的研究方法。数据是通过视频会议平台Skype和Zoom从人权律师那里收集的。调查结果显示,法院程序规则和不尊重法院命令的问题是人权律师遇到的一些挑战。本章建议,法官应避免不必要地强调法院的程序规则。此外,人权律师和非政府组织应继续倡导执行基本人权,使政府及其机构对不尊重法院命令承担更多责任。
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引用次数: 0
Challenges Facing Mediation as a Means of Court-Connected Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Ashanti Region of Ghana 调解作为加纳阿散蒂地区与法院相关的替代性争端解决手段所面临的挑战
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7898-8.ch011
E. Barnes, A. Obeng
In 2012-2016, the number of cases referred to CCADR for mediation was 14,900. And out of these cases, 5,789 were successfully resolved to represent 38%. The total number of mediated cases pending were 9,111, representing 62%. Though there seems to be an improvement in terms of a decrease in pending cases, the number of pending cases leaves much to be desired. Premising on the above statistics, it has been noted that 9,111 ADR cases were pending in CCADR. Meanwhile, mediation under the CCADR program is known to be faster, affordable, and to reduce the overloaded courts' dockets. This has boosted the interest, trust, and confidence people had in mediation, and this has resulted in the increasing number of cases referred to ADR for mediation. However, the system, which was instituted to reduce overloaded courts' dockets, is bedeviled with challenges. The study seeks to explore the challenges confronting mediation as a means of ADR approach.
2012-2016年,提交CCADR进行调解的案件数量为14,900起。在这些案件中,成功解决了5789起,占38%。调解未决案件总数为9111起,占62%。虽然在待决案件减少方面似乎有所改善,但待决案件的数量仍有待改进。在上述统计数据的基础上,我们注意到,在CCADR中有9111个ADR案件悬而未决。与此同时,CCADR项目下的调解被认为是更快、负担得起的,并减少了法院积压的案件。这提高了人们对调解的兴趣、信任和信心,这导致越来越多的案件提交ADR进行调解。然而,这一旨在减少法院积压案件的制度却面临着诸多挑战。本研究旨在探讨调解作为ADR方法的一种手段所面临的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Trends and Repercussions in Civil and Criminal Justice Systems 民事和刑事司法系统的最新趋势和影响
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7898-8.ch013
Mitsu Parikh, V. S. Krishna
The reform of civil and criminal justice systems is a contentious issue and has become the top priority for the international community in re-establishing the rule of law. The justice systems in many common law jurisdictions are perceived to be ‘in crisis' deformed by exorbitant delay, cost, and complexity in proceedings. The level of resources engulfed in the judicial system has very little or no impact on judicial performance. Comparative and comprehensive analysis of the law not only leads to a better realization of the foreign laws, but also it aids with law unification. This chapter will attempt to highlight the issues in the civil and criminal justice system and comparatively analyze the scenario in England, Singapore, and India. In furtherance, the authors explore the possible methods to curb the delay in justice systems and canvas the modern trends in civil and criminal justice policy.
民事和刑事司法制度改革是一个有争议的问题,已成为国际社会重建法治的首要任务。许多普通法司法管辖区的司法系统被认为因过度拖延、成本和诉讼复杂性而“处于危机”中。司法系统所吞没的资源水平对司法绩效的影响很小或没有影响。对法律进行比较和综合分析,不仅有助于更好地理解外国法律,而且有助于法律的统一。本章将试图突出民事和刑事司法制度中存在的问题,并比较分析英国、新加坡和印度的情况。此外,作者还探讨了遏制司法系统延迟的可能方法,并概述了民事和刑事司法政策的现代趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Alternative Dispute Resolution in Ghana 加纳的替代性争议解决办法
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-7898-8.ch009
Christopher Amoasi
Adjudication of issues in the Ghanaian jurisdiction can be traced back to the pre-colonial era where powers were vested in chiefs, elders, and representatives of all the major tribes. Chiefs and elders adjudicated on most issues with the family heads serving as lawyers. During the colonial era, judicial powers were vested in the Privy Council, which took away the powers of the chiefs and elders. At times parties to a dispute may want to resolve the dispute in a form other than the normal court system, hence the alternative dispute resolution (ADR). However, ADR lacks stare decisis since it set no precedent to guide similar disputes in the future. Also, there is no right of appeal when parties opt for ADR. The purpose of this chapter is to assess the use of ADR in Ghana, the challenges, and the way forward.
加纳司法管辖问题的裁决可以追溯到前殖民时代,当时权力被赋予酋长、长老和所有主要部落的代表。酋长和长老裁决大多数问题,由族长担任律师。在殖民时期,司法权被赋予枢密院,枢密院剥夺了酋长和长老的权力。有时,争议各方可能希望以正常法院系统以外的形式解决争议,因此采用替代性争议解决(ADR)。然而,ADR没有先例来指导今后类似的纠纷,因此缺乏权威性。此外,当当事人选择ADR时,也没有上诉权。本章的目的是评估ADR在加纳的使用、面临的挑战和前进的方向。
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引用次数: 0
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Advancing Civil Justice Reform and Conflict Resolution in Africa and Asia
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