Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0003
Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson
Chapter 3 focuses on a select set of Latin American countries (Honduras, Bolivia, Nicaragua, and Panama) where women’s legislative representation doubled from one election to the next and rose above 20 percent. Detecting the effects of quotas and descriptive representation is complicated. Available survey evidence is inadequate to discern clear patterns on how sizable jumps in the numbers of women in political office influence political engagement and support. Cross-national survey timing makes it even more difficult to gauge the impact of these changes. Further, these gains may not have always been publicly visible, and a variety of salient campaign issues and events contend for the public’s attention and may overshadow the influence of women’s election to office. Assessing changes to political engagement and political support requires precise methods. In this way, this chapter sets up the analysis using our unique survey from Uruguay.
{"title":"Women’s Political Inclusion in Latin America: The Challenges of Gauging Visibility","authors":"Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 3 focuses on a select set of Latin American countries (Honduras, Bolivia, Nicaragua, and Panama) where women’s legislative representation doubled from one election to the next and rose above 20 percent. Detecting the effects of quotas and descriptive representation is complicated. Available survey evidence is inadequate to discern clear patterns on how sizable jumps in the numbers of women in political office influence political engagement and support. Cross-national survey timing makes it even more difficult to gauge the impact of these changes. Further, these gains may not have always been publicly visible, and a variety of salient campaign issues and events contend for the public’s attention and may overshadow the influence of women’s election to office. Assessing changes to political engagement and political support requires precise methods. In this way, this chapter sets up the analysis using our unique survey from Uruguay.","PeriodicalId":175203,"journal":{"name":"Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122707109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0002
Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson
Chapter 2 presents our theoretical framework underpinning expectations about how increases in descriptive representation—the number of women in politics—act as symbols to elicit changes in orientations toward politics, especially among women. We argue that women’s inclusion fosters a sense of belonging among women in the electorate. Importantly, these cues about women’s inclusion must be visible to ordinary citizens. Widespread awareness of quotas and women’s numbers in elected office are key implicit assumptions in much prior research on descriptive and symbolic representation. We argue that gender quotas and women’s presence in office can only yield changes in mass-level attitudes under conditions of visibility. We develop a visible cue theory of representation, linking descriptive to symbolic representation. We contend that having more women in politically powerful positions signals that politics is not strictly an arena for men (but only if citizens are aware of women’s political presence).
{"title":"How Visibility Matters","authors":"Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 presents our theoretical framework underpinning expectations about how increases in descriptive representation—the number of women in politics—act as symbols to elicit changes in orientations toward politics, especially among women. We argue that women’s inclusion fosters a sense of belonging among women in the electorate. Importantly, these cues about women’s inclusion must be visible to ordinary citizens. Widespread awareness of quotas and women’s numbers in elected office are key implicit assumptions in much prior research on descriptive and symbolic representation. We argue that gender quotas and women’s presence in office can only yield changes in mass-level attitudes under conditions of visibility. We develop a visible cue theory of representation, linking descriptive to symbolic representation. We contend that having more women in politically powerful positions signals that politics is not strictly an arena for men (but only if citizens are aware of women’s political presence).","PeriodicalId":175203,"journal":{"name":"Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy","volume":"197 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133881013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0006
Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson
In an era where many lament declining levels of political support, it is important to note that the driving forces behind political support may be gendered, albeit in subtle ways. Chapter 6 examines changes in men’s and women’s trust in elections, confidence in democratic institutions, and support for democracy in Uruguay. We find that the visible and sizable jump in women’s election to office in Uruguay fortifies women’s political connections. Before the election, there were few differences between men and women on most dimensions of political support. After the election, however, women’s political support ascends higher than men’s levels, and in most instances this gender gap becomes statistically significant. On balance, men’s political support does not appear to change much after the election; instead, it is women who are driving these changes.
{"title":"Inspiring Trust in Institutions, Building Political Support","authors":"Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"In an era where many lament declining levels of political support, it is important to note that the driving forces behind political support may be gendered, albeit in subtle ways. Chapter 6 examines changes in men’s and women’s trust in elections, confidence in democratic institutions, and support for democracy in Uruguay. We find that the visible and sizable jump in women’s election to office in Uruguay fortifies women’s political connections. Before the election, there were few differences between men and women on most dimensions of political support. After the election, however, women’s political support ascends higher than men’s levels, and in most instances this gender gap becomes statistically significant. On balance, men’s political support does not appear to change much after the election; instead, it is women who are driving these changes.","PeriodicalId":175203,"journal":{"name":"Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123796280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0004
Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson
In Chapter 4 we introduce our unique Uruguayan panel survey, and also present data gathered from elite interviews conducted in Montevideo and content analyses of three major Uruguayan newspapers. Drawing on these data, we carefully demonstrate how the quota policy itself failed to attract visibility among the general population, but then show how women’s gains in elected office were more visible. By establishing the visibility of women’s descriptive representation following the sizable increase in women’s numbers in parliament, this chapter sets the stage for our empirical analyses of the Uruguayan data.
{"title":"Invisible Laws, Visible Gains","authors":"Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"In Chapter 4 we introduce our unique Uruguayan panel survey, and also present data gathered from elite interviews conducted in Montevideo and content analyses of three major Uruguayan newspapers. Drawing on these data, we carefully demonstrate how the quota policy itself failed to attract visibility among the general population, but then show how women’s gains in elected office were more visible. By establishing the visibility of women’s descriptive representation following the sizable increase in women’s numbers in parliament, this chapter sets the stage for our empirical analyses of the Uruguayan data.","PeriodicalId":175203,"journal":{"name":"Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115799279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0001
Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson
Chapter 1 presents the puzzle of gender differences in political engagement and support for democracy. Traditional explanations come up short in fully explaining these gender gaps: gender differences in democratic engagement endure for some countries despite women’s increased participation in higher education and in the paid labor force. Much research has focused on gender gaps in voting, giving short shrift to the more puzzling differences in political interest (and related measures of political engagement) and support for democracy. Yet, the latter set of behaviors and motivations are essential to a strong democracy: at the individual level they are essential components of full democratic citizenship, and in the aggregate contribute to equality in the democratic process and to enlightened, inclusive debate. We explain why the Uruguayan case proves an unrivaled laboratory for investigating the effects of women’s gains in politics for changes in mass-level connections to the democratic process.
{"title":"Women and Politics Across Latin America","authors":"Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 presents the puzzle of gender differences in political engagement and support for democracy. Traditional explanations come up short in fully explaining these gender gaps: gender differences in democratic engagement endure for some countries despite women’s increased participation in higher education and in the paid labor force. Much research has focused on gender gaps in voting, giving short shrift to the more puzzling differences in political interest (and related measures of political engagement) and support for democracy. Yet, the latter set of behaviors and motivations are essential to a strong democracy: at the individual level they are essential components of full democratic citizenship, and in the aggregate contribute to equality in the democratic process and to enlightened, inclusive debate. We explain why the Uruguayan case proves an unrivaled laboratory for investigating the effects of women’s gains in politics for changes in mass-level connections to the democratic process.","PeriodicalId":175203,"journal":{"name":"Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy","volume":"2014 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114558996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0007
Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson
Across the globe today, policymakers debate the merits of measures intended to increase women’s numerical representation in political institutions. This chapter notes the ways that our research speaks to policymakers: while the passage of gender quotas may not have an effect on citizens, the resultant gains in the number of women—if visible—will. We demonstrate that descriptive representation matters for citizen engagement with and support for the democratic process. We also assess the sustainability of the effects of a one-time jump in women’s representation in positions of power. We conclude with a note of caution, offering scenarios that could lead to the erosion of political connections. Identifying areas for future research, we discuss potential reforms for enduring gender equity in mass-level connections with the democratic process.
{"title":"Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy","authors":"Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Across the globe today, policymakers debate the merits of measures intended to increase women’s numerical representation in political institutions. This chapter notes the ways that our research speaks to policymakers: while the passage of gender quotas may not have an effect on citizens, the resultant gains in the number of women—if visible—will. We demonstrate that descriptive representation matters for citizen engagement with and support for the democratic process. We also assess the sustainability of the effects of a one-time jump in women’s representation in positions of power. We conclude with a note of caution, offering scenarios that could lead to the erosion of political connections. Identifying areas for future research, we discuss potential reforms for enduring gender equity in mass-level connections with the democratic process.","PeriodicalId":175203,"journal":{"name":"Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125239042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-22DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0005
Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson
How do sizable and visible gains in women’s officeholding affect women’s and men’s political engagement? This chapter examines how women’s political presence shapes gender differences in political knowledge, interest, discussion, and citizens’ beliefs about their own efficaciousness. The authors draw on their unique survey in Uruguay before quota implementation and after the resulting increase in women’s descriptive representation to track gender differences over time. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses reveal a consistent pattern of rising engagement for women as a consequence of the changing face of descriptive representation. After the election, previously statistically significant gender gaps in favor of men evaporate for political interest, political knowledge, perceptions of understanding issues, and political discussion.
{"title":"Piquing Political Interest, Forging Political Engagement","authors":"Magda Hinojosa, M. C. Kittilson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197526941.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"How do sizable and visible gains in women’s officeholding affect women’s and men’s political engagement? This chapter examines how women’s political presence shapes gender differences in political knowledge, interest, discussion, and citizens’ beliefs about their own efficaciousness. The authors draw on their unique survey in Uruguay before quota implementation and after the resulting increase in women’s descriptive representation to track gender differences over time. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses reveal a consistent pattern of rising engagement for women as a consequence of the changing face of descriptive representation. After the election, previously statistically significant gender gaps in favor of men evaporate for political interest, political knowledge, perceptions of understanding issues, and political discussion.","PeriodicalId":175203,"journal":{"name":"Seeing Women, Strengthening Democracy","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120988977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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