With the increasing global population and decreasing available arable land, there is a burden heavier than ever before on our ability to provide safe, nutritious and sustainable food. Therefore the control of insects, weeds and pathogens that harm agricultural production remains essential.[1,2]Arthropods and insects in particular damage $470 billion-worth of global crop production per year.[3]Annual crop yield lost to insects, currently 18–26% worldwide, is expected to increase in a warming climate.[4]Not only do arthropods threaten food production, they can also act as vectors transmitting deadly diseases.[5] The control of arthropod pests in both the agricultural and public health sector relies primarily on the application of chemical insecticides. Repeated use of commercial products has led to the development and global expansion of pest resistance.[6]Furthermore, there is growing public concern about the potential environmental and long-term human health impacts of certain agrochemicals. Hence, the discovery of selective, effective and environmentally safe agrochemical alternatives to address the pest control challenge remains a necessity.While the crop protection market is dominated by small molecules, new modalities, such as silencing RNA,[7]microbial toxins,[8]and peptidic neurotoxins have received increased attention. Peptides in particular (defined as proteins less than 10 kDa) represent an appealing option as bioinsecticides, due to their potential to be highly potent, while showing exquisite species selectivity. Furthermore, being fully biodegradable into amino acids, peptides guarantee favorable environmental impact. A great natural source of insecticidal peptides are the venoms of insect predators, e.g. spiders, scorpions, centipedes, wasps, predacious mites. Venoms used by insectivores to subjugate their prey are cocktails containing inorganic salts, small molecules such as biogenic amines, peptides and high molecular mass proteins, such as proteases.[9] Of particular interest for crop protection are the venom components that target receptors and ion channels in the insect nervous system.[10,11] An incredibly rich source of such insecticidal neuropeptides are spider venoms. ArachnoServer 3.0, a manually curated database of spider-venom peptides and proteins, contains to date >1500 peptide toxins from 100 spiders.[12] However, only a few are sufficiently potent to warrant consideration as bioinsecticides (i.e. LD50 < 1500 pmol g by injection).[13] In addition to high intrinsic potency, there are several other requirements for a spider-venom peptide to be considered as a bioinsecticide lead, as summarized in Table 1.[14] Selectivity is crucial: ideally, a toxin should target only a narrow range of pest species while not harming vertebrates and other arthropods (e.g. pollinators and natural predators of the target pest species). This is the case of ω-Hexatoxin-Hv1a (ω-HXTXHv1a), a component of the Australian funnel web spider venom and
{"title":"Peptides from Spider Venoms: A Natural Source of Bioinsecticides","authors":"F. Benfatti","doi":"10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.505","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing global population and decreasing available arable land, there is a burden heavier than ever before on our ability to provide safe, nutritious and sustainable food. Therefore the control of insects, weeds and pathogens that harm agricultural production remains essential.[1,2]Arthropods and insects in particular damage $470 billion-worth of global crop production per year.[3]Annual crop yield lost to insects, currently 18–26% worldwide, is expected to increase in a warming climate.[4]Not only do arthropods threaten food production, they can also act as vectors transmitting deadly diseases.[5] The control of arthropod pests in both the agricultural and public health sector relies primarily on the application of chemical insecticides. Repeated use of commercial products has led to the development and global expansion of pest resistance.[6]Furthermore, there is growing public concern about the potential environmental and long-term human health impacts of certain agrochemicals. Hence, the discovery of selective, effective and environmentally safe agrochemical alternatives to address the pest control challenge remains a necessity.While the crop protection market is dominated by small molecules, new modalities, such as silencing RNA,[7]microbial toxins,[8]and peptidic neurotoxins have received increased attention. Peptides in particular (defined as proteins less than 10 kDa) represent an appealing option as bioinsecticides, due to their potential to be highly potent, while showing exquisite species selectivity. Furthermore, being fully biodegradable into amino acids, peptides guarantee favorable environmental impact. A great natural source of insecticidal peptides are the venoms of insect predators, e.g. spiders, scorpions, centipedes, wasps, predacious mites. Venoms used by insectivores to subjugate their prey are cocktails containing inorganic salts, small molecules such as biogenic amines, peptides and high molecular mass proteins, such as proteases.[9] Of particular interest for crop protection are the venom components that target receptors and ion channels in the insect nervous system.[10,11] An incredibly rich source of such insecticidal neuropeptides are spider venoms. ArachnoServer 3.0, a manually curated database of spider-venom peptides and proteins, contains to date >1500 peptide toxins from 100 spiders.[12] However, only a few are sufficiently potent to warrant consideration as bioinsecticides (i.e. LD50 < 1500 pmol g by injection).[13] In addition to high intrinsic potency, there are several other requirements for a spider-venom peptide to be considered as a bioinsecticide lead, as summarized in Table 1.[14] Selectivity is crucial: ideally, a toxin should target only a narrow range of pest species while not harming vertebrates and other arthropods (e.g. pollinators and natural predators of the target pest species). This is the case of ω-Hexatoxin-Hv1a (ω-HXTXHv1a), a component of the Australian funnel web spider venom and","PeriodicalId":176142,"journal":{"name":"CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121887054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progress in Synthetic 2D Polymers Obtained at the Air/Water Interface","authors":"A. Schlüter","doi":"10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.487","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":176142,"journal":{"name":"CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131198629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the demonstration of a variety of inorganic two-dimensional (2D) materials (graphene, hBN, MoS2, etc.), molecular 2D materials have attracted a significant research interest as well. However, the direct synthesis of these materials is an exceptionally challenging task for chemists. In this review article, a simple and robust physical method for the synthesis of molecular 2D materials is presented based on low-energy electron induced chemical reactions in aromatic molecular layers. In this way, ultrathin (~1 nm) molecular nanosheets with adjustable chemical and physical properties called Carbon Nanomembranes (CNM) can be prepared. Moreover, the method enables the synthesis of various other 2D organic-inorganic hybrids (e.g. MoS2-CNM, graphene-CNM lateral heterostructures, etc.) or ~20 nm thick nanosheets of organic semiconductors. Mechanisms of the reaction and functional properties of these molecular 2D materials including their chemical functionalization and engineering of hybrid hierarchical structures for application in nanoscience and nanotechnology are discussed
{"title":"Synthesis of Molecular 2D Materials via Low-energy Electron Induced Chemical Reactions","authors":"A. Turchanin","doi":"10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.473","url":null,"abstract":"After the demonstration of a variety of inorganic two-dimensional (2D) materials (graphene, hBN, MoS2, etc.), molecular 2D materials have attracted a significant research interest as well. However, the direct synthesis of these materials is an exceptionally challenging task for chemists. In this review article, a simple and robust physical method for the synthesis of molecular 2D materials is presented based on low-energy electron induced chemical reactions in aromatic molecular layers. In this way, ultrathin (~1 nm) molecular nanosheets with adjustable chemical and physical properties called Carbon Nanomembranes (CNM) can be prepared. Moreover, the method enables the synthesis of various other 2D organic-inorganic hybrids (e.g. MoS2-CNM, graphene-CNM lateral heterostructures, etc.) or ~20 nm thick nanosheets of organic semiconductors. Mechanisms of the reaction and functional properties of these molecular 2D materials including their chemical functionalization and engineering of hybrid hierarchical structures for application in nanoscience and nanotechnology are discussed","PeriodicalId":176142,"journal":{"name":"CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114276119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Translation of Academic Health Innovations Goes National Foundation of the Platform for Swiss Translational and Clinical Bio-Manufacturing (TCBM) TCBM Steering Committee","authors":"R. Aeberhard","doi":"10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.509","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":176142,"journal":{"name":"CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121889080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2019 Chemistry Travel Award by SCNAT and SCS","authors":"L. Merz","doi":"10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.514","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":176142,"journal":{"name":"CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122677373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-26DOI: 10.3929/ETHZ-B-000353673
T. Niepel, Yashashwa Pandey, R. Zenobi
{"title":"Two-dimensional Polymers in Microscopy and Spatially Resolved Vibrational Analysis – A Review","authors":"T. Niepel, Yashashwa Pandey, R. Zenobi","doi":"10.3929/ETHZ-B-000353673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-B-000353673","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":176142,"journal":{"name":"CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133957429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The 54th Conference on Stereochemistry: Bürgenstock Conference 2019, Brunnen, May 5–9, 2019","authors":"E. Pazos, Fabien B. L. Cougnon","doi":"10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.511","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":176142,"journal":{"name":"CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133063542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We overview the coordination chemistry of ditopic and tetratopic ligands with 4,2':6',4''-terpyridine metal-binding domains and illustrate the adaptability of these divergent ligands as building blocks in 2Dand 3D-coordination networks. The ditopic ligands we discuss are limited to roles as linkers in coordination assemblies, while the tetratopic ligands have the potential to be 4-connecting nodes. Both diand tetratopic ligands are equipped with functionalities, typically alkyloxy chains, the nature of which has a profound effect upon the coordination assembly. Combinations of 4-connecting ligand nodes with metal-linkers lead to both 2Dand 3D-networks, while combinations of 4-connecting metal and ligand nodes give 3D-architectures. We also demonstrate constraint of the coordination assembly to 2-dimensions by depositing ditopic 4,2':6',4''-terpyridine ligands onto Au(111) or Cu(111) platforms with Cu adatoms in the former case; highly ordered ladder assemblies result which are independent of solvent molecules or anions.
{"title":"Ditopic and Tetratopic 4,2':6',4''-Terpyridines as Structural Motifs in 2D- and 3D-Coordination Assemblies","authors":"C. Housecroft, E. Constable","doi":"10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.462","url":null,"abstract":"We overview the coordination chemistry of ditopic and tetratopic ligands with 4,2':6',4''-terpyridine metal-binding domains and illustrate the adaptability of these divergent ligands as building blocks in 2Dand 3D-coordination networks. The ditopic ligands we discuss are limited to roles as linkers in coordination assemblies, while the tetratopic ligands have the potential to be 4-connecting nodes. Both diand tetratopic ligands are equipped with functionalities, typically alkyloxy chains, the nature of which has a profound effect upon the coordination assembly. Combinations of 4-connecting ligand nodes with metal-linkers lead to both 2Dand 3D-networks, while combinations of 4-connecting metal and ligand nodes give 3D-architectures. We also demonstrate constraint of the coordination assembly to 2-dimensions by depositing ditopic 4,2':6',4''-terpyridine ligands onto Au(111) or Cu(111) platforms with Cu adatoms in the former case; highly ordered ladder assemblies result which are independent of solvent molecules or anions.","PeriodicalId":176142,"journal":{"name":"CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114676026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Established less than a decade ago, the fascinating field of two-dimensional (2D) soft materials is advancing continuously towards widespread recognition. After demonstrating the feasibility of obtaining nano-thin supramolecular sheets and morphologically related tubular objects, considerable efforts are undertaken to explore the functional potential of soft nanosheets. Self-assembly is a major tool for the controlled formation of nanometer sized 2D objects. In this account, we share our current understanding of the structural requirements to direct the self-assembly of water-soluble, negatively charged oligomers in 2D. The discussion covers some promising areas of utilization such as the reporting of weak mechanical perturbations, the assembly of light-harvesting antennae, the transfer of excitation energy and the polymerization of pre-organized assemblies. The systems presented in this work illustrate the potential of 2D supramolecular materials as complementary systems to their covalent counterparts.
{"title":"Nano-thin 2D Soft Materials – Design Principles and Prospects","authors":"Mykhailo Vybornyi, Hao Yu, R. Häner","doi":"10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.468","url":null,"abstract":"Established less than a decade ago, the fascinating field of two-dimensional (2D) soft materials is advancing continuously towards widespread recognition. After demonstrating the feasibility of obtaining nano-thin supramolecular sheets and morphologically related tubular objects, considerable efforts are undertaken to explore the functional potential of soft nanosheets. Self-assembly is a major tool for the controlled formation of nanometer sized 2D objects. In this account, we share our current understanding of the structural requirements to direct the self-assembly of water-soluble, negatively charged oligomers in 2D. The discussion covers some promising areas of utilization such as the reporting of weak mechanical perturbations, the assembly of light-harvesting antennae, the transfer of excitation energy and the polymerization of pre-organized assemblies. The systems presented in this work illustrate the potential of 2D supramolecular materials as complementary systems to their covalent counterparts.","PeriodicalId":176142,"journal":{"name":"CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115522927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ten Years of Liquid-phase Exfoliation of Layered Crystals – A Bright Future ahead?","authors":"C. Backes","doi":"10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2533/CHIMIA.2019.498","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":176142,"journal":{"name":"CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126291730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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