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Volatile organic compounds emissions from North American engineered wood products 北美工程木制品挥发性有机化合物排放
Pub Date : 2018-07-23 DOI: 10.15406/freij.2018.02.00049
C. Frihart, S. Zylkowski
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a wide–ranging group of chemicals that contain carbon plus other atoms, such as oxygen and hydrogen, and exist in the gaseous phase at ambient indoor temperature due to their vapor pressures. Most VOCs around the world are from natural sources such as plants and animals, but some VOCs are also emitted from manufactured products, including wood products.1 At high enough indoor concentrations, some VOCs may lead to human discomfort or health issues, especially for high–risk groups such as infants or elderly individuals with compromised respiratory systems.2 Most of the research has been focused on formaldehyde emissions from urea–formaldehyde adhesives used in interior wood products, although the VOCs from particleboard have been studied.3 Thus, this study was to developed background VOC emission data on commercially available engineered wood products manufactured in North America.4 Data collected from this research are strictly emission data from these products and do not indicate the quantity of VOCs that end up in the indoor environment.
挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)是一组范围广泛的化学物质,含有碳和其他原子,如氧和氢,由于它们的蒸气压,在室内环境温度下以气相存在。世界上大多数挥发性有机化合物来自植物和动物等天然来源,但也有一些挥发性有机化合物来自制成品,包括木制品在室内浓度足够高的情况下,一些挥发性有机化合物可能导致人体不适或健康问题,特别是对呼吸系统受损的婴儿或老年人等高危人群尽管刨花板的挥发性有机化合物已经被研究过,但大多数研究都集中在室内木制品中使用的脲醛粘合剂的甲醛排放上因此,本研究旨在为北美生产的商用工程木制品开发VOC排放背景数据。4本研究收集的数据严格来说是这些产品的排放数据,并不表明最终进入室内环境的VOC的数量。
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引用次数: 0
Farmers’ perception towards farm level rubber tree planting: a case study from guraferda, south–western Ethiopia 农民对农场级橡胶树种植的看法:来自埃塞俄比亚西南部guraferda的案例研究
Pub Date : 2018-07-20 DOI: 10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00047
T. Dejene, B. Kidane, Zewdu Yilma, B. Teshome
Plantation forest of exotic tree species are one form of forests in Ethiopia.1–3 They deliver a wide range of social, economic and environmental benefits.4 The importance of plantation forests is increasing as the demand for forest products is rising and the supply from the natural forests is decreasing. Accordingly, the areas under manmade forests have been increasing from an estimated cal. 190,000 hectare (ha) in 1990 to cal. 972,000 ha in 2011 in the country.1 Of these, about 20% of the plantations are classified as commercial plantations.1 The remaining 80% are non industrial plantations, mainly woodlots and trees on farms. Plantation forests are important to meet wood requirements for local use, such as for construction material and for wood fuel5,6 and thereby helping the rural people improving their livelihood through the contribution to household economy in Ethiopia.7–9 Furthermore, in Ethiopia, plantations of some tree species can also provide important recognized Non–timber Forest products (NTFPs),10 including the natural rubber.
外来树种人工林是埃塞俄比亚森林的一种形式。它们具有广泛的社会、经济和环境效益随着人们对林产品需求的增加和天然林供应的减少,人工林的重要性日益增加。因此,该国的人造森林面积从1990年的约19万公顷增加到2011年的约97.2万公顷其中,约20%的人工林被归类为商业人工林剩下的80%是非工业种植园,主要是林地和农场的树木。人工林对于满足当地使用的木材需求很重要,例如建筑材料和木材燃料5,6,从而通过对埃塞俄比亚家庭经济的贡献帮助农村人民改善生计。7 - 9此外,在埃塞俄比亚,一些树种的人工林也可以提供重要的公认的非木材林产品,包括天然橡胶。
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引用次数: 5
Species diversity and abundance of avifauna in the university of agriculture, Benue state, north central Nigeria 尼日利亚中北部贝努埃州农业大学鸟类的物种多样性和丰度
Pub Date : 2018-07-20 DOI: 10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00048
L. Te, Iwar Im, Uloko Ij
Avifauna is a general name for bird species. Birds are feathered, winged, egg–laying vertebrates. They belong to the Kingdom “Animalia,” Phylum Chordata and class Aves. They have a worldwide distribution, living in and around oceans, rivers, forest and mountains. They are the most noticeable group in the animal kingdom.1 Their bright colours, distinct songs and calls, and showy displays add fun to human life. Many people derive great pleasure from watching birds and listening to their beautiful songs. Birds are social animals that communicate with visual signs, calls and songs. They display social behaviours such as cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking and mobbing of predators. Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all the seven Continents. Nigeria is blessed with many species of birds scattered throughout the different ecological regions.
Avifauna是鸟类的总称。鸟是有羽毛、有翅膀、会产卵的脊椎动物。它们属于“动物界”,脊索动物门和鸟纲。它们分布在世界各地,生活在海洋、河流、森林和山脉中及其周围。它们是动物王国中最引人注目的群体它们鲜艳的颜色,独特的歌声和叫声,以及华丽的表演为人类生活增添了乐趣。许多人从看鸟和听它们美妙的歌声中获得极大的乐趣。鸟类是群居动物,它们通过视觉信号、叫声和歌声进行交流。它们表现出社会行为,如合作繁殖和狩猎,成群结队和围攻捕食者。鸟类生活和繁殖在大多数陆地栖息地和所有七大洲。尼日利亚拥有许多种类的鸟类,分布在不同的生态区域。
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引用次数: 2
A new approach to evaluate site quality for reforestation programs 一种评估造林场地质量的新方法
Pub Date : 2018-07-16 DOI: 10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00046
Wei Huang, X. Zou
Matching site with trees is a key principle in reforestation programs for centuries.1,2 The conventional approach to evaluate site quality was typically achieved through correlation analyses between tree growth and environmental factors, including indices of climate, soil type, soil fertility, and topography.3,4 This empirical approach works fine, but lacks the fundamental understanding of causal relationships between tree performance and its environment, and it brings inconsistency in key factors determining site quality among tree species, between sites, and among evaluators.
几个世纪以来,将场地与树木相匹配是重新造林计划的一个关键原则。1,2传统的立地质量评价方法通常是通过树木生长与环境因子(包括气候、土壤类型、土壤肥力和地形)之间的相关性分析来实现的。3,4这种实证方法效果良好,但缺乏对树木绩效与其环境之间因果关系的基本理解,并且导致树种之间、站点之间以及评估者之间决定立地质量的关键因素不一致。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular marker based genetic diversity in forest tree populations 基于分子标记的林木种群遗传多样性研究
Pub Date : 2018-07-03 DOI: 10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00044
Temesgen Bedassa Gudeta
Forest trees are largely undomesticated and highly heterozygous, due to their out crossing breeding systems and, therefore, have large effective population sizes.1 Despite the high number of known species, approximately 450 different forest tree species are actively part of a deliberate domestication process through tree improvement programs (FAO).2 Knowledge of the genetic diversity of the threatened tree species in any region of the world may contribute to the creation of effective strategies for their preservation and future use. The majority of the world–wide forests represent natural forests (93%), with 12% dedicated as conservation forests. A major concern regarding forests health and resilience is the declining in forest genetic diversity as documented as early as 1967 (FAO conference). Genetic diversity serves several important purposes: (a) as a resource for tree breeding and improvement programs to develop well–adapted tree species varieties and to enhance the genetic gain for a multitude of useful traits; (b) to ensure the vitality of forests as a whole by their capacity to withstand diverse biotic and abiotic stressors under changing and unpredictable environmental conditions; and (c) the livelihoods of indigenous and local communities that use traditional knowledge. Rich genetic diversity within and among forest tree species thus provides an important basis for maintaining food security and enabling sustainable development (FAO).3
森林树木大部分是未经驯化和高度杂合的,由于它们的杂交育种系统,因此有很大的有效种群规模尽管已知树种数量众多,但通过树木改良计划,大约有450种不同的森林树种正在积极参与有意驯化过程(粮农组织)了解世界上任何地区受威胁树种的遗传多样性,可能有助于制定有效的保护和今后利用这些树种的战略。世界范围内的森林大多数是天然林(93%),12%是保护区森林。关于森林健康和复原力的一个主要关切是早在1967年就有记录的森林遗传多样性下降(粮农组织会议)。遗传多样性有几个重要的目的:(a)作为树木育种和改良计划的资源,以开发适应性良好的树种品种,并提高许多有用性状的遗传增益;(b)通过森林在不断变化和不可预测的环境条件下承受各种生物和非生物压力的能力,确保整个森林的活力;(c)使用传统知识的土著和地方社区的生计。因此,森林树种内部和树种之间丰富的遗传多样性为维持粮食安全和促进可持续发展提供了重要基础(粮农组织)
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引用次数: 9
Carbon dioxide: sometimes it is a cooling gas, sometimes a warming gas 二氧化碳:有时是一种冷却气体,有时是一种变暖气体
Pub Date : 2018-06-28 DOI: 10.15406/freij.2018.02.00043
H. D. Lightfoot
Current government policies are designed to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels because of the widespread belief that increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere will cause large and dangerous warming of the Earth’s atmosphere. Because 80% of the world’s energy comes from coal, oil and natural gas and are vital to providing the food, clothing and shelter that are the cornerstone of the well–being of our people, it is imperative that we examine the validity of this widespread belief.
目前的政府政策旨在减少化石燃料的消耗,因为人们普遍认为,大气中二氧化碳(CO2)含量的增加将导致地球大气严重而危险的变暖。由于世界上80%的能源来自煤炭、石油和天然气,这些能源对提供食物、衣服和住所至关重要,是我们人民福祉的基石,因此我们必须检查这种普遍观点的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Fuelwood extraction by indigenous, rural and urban poors do not risk trees and forest: a case study from Jharkhand, India 土著、农村和城市穷人开采薪材不会危及树木和森林:来自印度贾坎德邦的案例研究
Pub Date : 2018-06-15 DOI: 10.15406/freij.2018.02.00042
G. Shukla, A. Kumari, K AbhaManohar, Vineeta, S. Chakravarty
During the past few decades, India has experienced many changes in its energy consumption pattern both in qualitative and quantitative terms.1 This is mainly due to rising population growth and increase of economic and developmental activity. The household sectors is one of the largest users of energy in India, accounting for about 30 % of final energy consumption (excluding energy used for transport) reflecting the importance of the sector in total national energy scenario.2 The pattern of household energy consumption represents the status of welfare as well as the stage of economic development. International Energy Agency predicts that population growth will render 2.7million people relying on plant base energy forms in the year 2030.1 The rural and urban poor population mainly depend on plant biomass resources (cow dung, crop residue, fuel wood) as compared to hydrocarbons to fulfill their daily energy needs.3 Fuel wood extracted from forest is one of the most important sources of energy in the developing and under developed countries.4–7 Much of the fuel wood is now also being obtained from trees outside from forest, such as bush fellow, scrub, dead trees, pruning and lopping.
在过去的几十年里,印度的能源消费模式在质量和数量上都发生了许多变化这主要是由于人口增长和经济和发展活动的增加。家庭部门是印度最大的能源用户之一,约占最终能源消耗的30%(不包括用于运输的能源),反映了该部门在国家总能源方案中的重要性家庭能源消费模式反映了一个国家的社会福利状况和经济发展阶段。国际能源机构预测,到2030年,人口增长将使270万人依赖植物为基础的能源形式。与碳氢化合物相比,农村和城市贫困人口主要依赖植物生物质资源(牛粪、作物残渣、薪柴)来满足他们的日常能源需求从森林中提取的薪柴是发展中国家和欠发达国家最重要的能源之一。大部分的燃料木材现在也从森林外的树木获得,如灌木,灌木,枯树,修剪和砍伐。
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引用次数: 5
Current policy priorities and regulatory approaches for irrigation and associated challenges of ‘farmer–led’ irrigation development in Tanzania 坦桑尼亚“农民主导”灌溉发展的当前政策重点和管理方法以及相关挑战
Pub Date : 2018-06-13 DOI: 10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00041
Joachim Hjr Makoi, Eliakim C. Matekere
Abbreviations: NIRC, national irrigation commission; NIP, national policies; NIA, national irrigation act; ZIOs, zonal irrigation offices; IS, irrigation schemes; IOs, irrigators organizations; RNIMP, revised national irrigation master plan; URT, united republic of Tanzania; NFRs, national food requirements; GDP, gross domestic product; ASDS, agriculture sector development strategy; ASDP, agriculture sector development programme; TDV, Tanzania development vision; RDS, rural development strategy; MDGs, millennium development goals; NIMP, national irrigation master plan; NSGRP, national strategy for growth and reduction of poverty; IWRM, integrated water resources management; IDF, irrigation development fund; SAGCOT, southern agricultural growth corridor of Tanzania
缩写:NIRC,国家灌溉委员会;NIP,国家政策;NIA,国家灌溉法案;ZIOs,区域灌溉办公室;IS,灌溉计划;IOs,灌溉组织;修订后的国家灌溉总体规划;坦桑尼亚联合共和国URT;国家食品要求;GDP,国内生产总值;农业部门发展战略;农业部门发展方案;TDV,坦桑尼亚发展愿景;农村发展战略;千年发展目标;国家灌溉总体规划;NSGRP,国家增长和减贫战略;水资源综合管理;灌溉发展基金;SAGCOT,坦桑尼亚南部农业增长走廊
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引用次数: 1
Carbon sequestration: how much can forestry sequester CO2? 碳固存:林业能固存多少二氧化碳?
Pub Date : 2018-05-31 DOI: 10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00040
Egbuche Christian Toochi
Sequestration in its concept is very complex which has been applicable to rates though vary greatly in consideration of age, composition, location of any forests and soil type. This provoking presentation seeks to question and recapture the view of how much CO2 does a tree take up? The emergence of climate change and global warming has been identified by scientist and occur frequently. This phenomenon is been triggered by anthropogenic (human) activities thereby the discharge of large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In a general scientific term, one way of reducing the emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is to store carbon or CO2 in any medium other than the atmosphere. The biological and geological mediums are two major and vast different ways of carbon sequestration. Land and forests have been accounted huge potential source of storing and referred as natural scrubbers or natures “carbon sinks”. The process of photosynthesis permits green plants to uptake CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it into organic carbon as they grow and in turn organic carbon is converted back to CO2 when it is eaten or decomposed known as the process of respiration. This is to say, activities that increase photosynthesis and/or decreases respiration is regarded of great advantage in the global carbon reduction. Terrestrial and mostly trees (plants) store the most carbon because of large volume storage and long–lived storage. Various parts of plants as trunks, leaves, wood, roots as well as the soil in which the plants are fixed as do not decompose or burn, stores carbon from the atmosphere. Plants of all categories as well as non tilled fields and grasslands are carbon sinks and storage and thereby store organic carbon in the soil. On global rating, soil carbon sequestration could offset as much as 15 percent of fossil fuel emissions. This mini review paper hereby supports activities that have carbon sinking benefits such as improved soil quality, increased crop yields, and some wildlife habitat conservation approaches. Problem significant
固存的概念是非常复杂的,虽然由于森林的年龄、组成、位置和土壤类型的不同而有很大差异,但它适用于速率。这篇发人深省的演讲试图质疑和重新捕捉一棵树吸收多少二氧化碳的观点?气候变化和全球变暖的出现已经为科学家所认识,并且频繁发生。这一现象是由人为活动引发的,从而导致大量温室气体排放到大气中。用一般的科学术语来说,减少二氧化碳排放到大气中的一种方法是将碳或二氧化碳储存在大气以外的任何介质中。生物和地质介质是两种主要的、不同的碳固存方式。土地和森林被认为是储存碳的巨大潜在来源,被称为天然洗涤器或自然界的“碳汇”。光合作用的过程允许绿色植物从大气中吸收二氧化碳,并在生长过程中将其转化为有机碳,而有机碳在被食用或分解时又转化为二氧化碳,这一过程被称为呼吸作用。也就是说,增加光合作用和/或减少呼吸作用的活动被认为在全球碳减排中具有很大的优势。陆地和主要是树木(植物)储存的碳最多,因为它们的储存量大,储存期长。植物的不同部分,如树干、叶子、木材、根以及植物固定的土壤,不会分解或燃烧,从大气中储存碳。所有种类的植物以及未开垦的田地和草地都是碳汇和储存库,从而将有机碳储存在土壤中。在全球范围内,土壤碳固存可以抵消多达15%的化石燃料排放。因此,这篇小型综述文章支持具有碳沉降效益的活动,如改善土壤质量,提高作物产量和一些野生动物栖息地保护方法。重大的问题
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引用次数: 35
期刊
Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal
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