Pub Date : 2018-07-23DOI: 10.15406/freij.2018.02.00049
C. Frihart, S. Zylkowski
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a wide–ranging group of chemicals that contain carbon plus other atoms, such as oxygen and hydrogen, and exist in the gaseous phase at ambient indoor temperature due to their vapor pressures. Most VOCs around the world are from natural sources such as plants and animals, but some VOCs are also emitted from manufactured products, including wood products.1 At high enough indoor concentrations, some VOCs may lead to human discomfort or health issues, especially for high–risk groups such as infants or elderly individuals with compromised respiratory systems.2 Most of the research has been focused on formaldehyde emissions from urea–formaldehyde adhesives used in interior wood products, although the VOCs from particleboard have been studied.3 Thus, this study was to developed background VOC emission data on commercially available engineered wood products manufactured in North America.4 Data collected from this research are strictly emission data from these products and do not indicate the quantity of VOCs that end up in the indoor environment.
{"title":"Volatile organic compounds emissions from North American engineered wood products","authors":"C. Frihart, S. Zylkowski","doi":"10.15406/freij.2018.02.00049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/freij.2018.02.00049","url":null,"abstract":"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a wide–ranging group of chemicals that contain carbon plus other atoms, such as oxygen and hydrogen, and exist in the gaseous phase at ambient indoor temperature due to their vapor pressures. Most VOCs around the world are from natural sources such as plants and animals, but some VOCs are also emitted from manufactured products, including wood products.1 At high enough indoor concentrations, some VOCs may lead to human discomfort or health issues, especially for high–risk groups such as infants or elderly individuals with compromised respiratory systems.2 Most of the research has been focused on formaldehyde emissions from urea–formaldehyde adhesives used in interior wood products, although the VOCs from particleboard have been studied.3 Thus, this study was to developed background VOC emission data on commercially available engineered wood products manufactured in North America.4 Data collected from this research are strictly emission data from these products and do not indicate the quantity of VOCs that end up in the indoor environment.","PeriodicalId":176249,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130281927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-20DOI: 10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00047
T. Dejene, B. Kidane, Zewdu Yilma, B. Teshome
Plantation forest of exotic tree species are one form of forests in Ethiopia.1–3 They deliver a wide range of social, economic and environmental benefits.4 The importance of plantation forests is increasing as the demand for forest products is rising and the supply from the natural forests is decreasing. Accordingly, the areas under manmade forests have been increasing from an estimated cal. 190,000 hectare (ha) in 1990 to cal. 972,000 ha in 2011 in the country.1 Of these, about 20% of the plantations are classified as commercial plantations.1 The remaining 80% are non industrial plantations, mainly woodlots and trees on farms. Plantation forests are important to meet wood requirements for local use, such as for construction material and for wood fuel5,6 and thereby helping the rural people improving their livelihood through the contribution to household economy in Ethiopia.7–9 Furthermore, in Ethiopia, plantations of some tree species can also provide important recognized Non–timber Forest products (NTFPs),10 including the natural rubber.
{"title":"Farmers’ perception towards farm level rubber tree planting: a case study from guraferda, south–western Ethiopia","authors":"T. Dejene, B. Kidane, Zewdu Yilma, B. Teshome","doi":"10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00047","url":null,"abstract":"Plantation forest of exotic tree species are one form of forests in Ethiopia.1–3 They deliver a wide range of social, economic and environmental benefits.4 The importance of plantation forests is increasing as the demand for forest products is rising and the supply from the natural forests is decreasing. Accordingly, the areas under manmade forests have been increasing from an estimated cal. 190,000 hectare (ha) in 1990 to cal. 972,000 ha in 2011 in the country.1 Of these, about 20% of the plantations are classified as commercial plantations.1 The remaining 80% are non industrial plantations, mainly woodlots and trees on farms. Plantation forests are important to meet wood requirements for local use, such as for construction material and for wood fuel5,6 and thereby helping the rural people improving their livelihood through the contribution to household economy in Ethiopia.7–9 Furthermore, in Ethiopia, plantations of some tree species can also provide important recognized Non–timber Forest products (NTFPs),10 including the natural rubber.","PeriodicalId":176249,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134501974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-20DOI: 10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00048
L. Te, Iwar Im, Uloko Ij
Avifauna is a general name for bird species. Birds are feathered, winged, egg–laying vertebrates. They belong to the Kingdom “Animalia,” Phylum Chordata and class Aves. They have a worldwide distribution, living in and around oceans, rivers, forest and mountains. They are the most noticeable group in the animal kingdom.1 Their bright colours, distinct songs and calls, and showy displays add fun to human life. Many people derive great pleasure from watching birds and listening to their beautiful songs. Birds are social animals that communicate with visual signs, calls and songs. They display social behaviours such as cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking and mobbing of predators. Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all the seven Continents. Nigeria is blessed with many species of birds scattered throughout the different ecological regions.
{"title":"Species diversity and abundance of avifauna in the university of agriculture, Benue state, north central Nigeria","authors":"L. Te, Iwar Im, Uloko Ij","doi":"10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00048","url":null,"abstract":"Avifauna is a general name for bird species. Birds are feathered, winged, egg–laying vertebrates. They belong to the Kingdom “Animalia,” Phylum Chordata and class Aves. They have a worldwide distribution, living in and around oceans, rivers, forest and mountains. They are the most noticeable group in the animal kingdom.1 Their bright colours, distinct songs and calls, and showy displays add fun to human life. Many people derive great pleasure from watching birds and listening to their beautiful songs. Birds are social animals that communicate with visual signs, calls and songs. They display social behaviours such as cooperative breeding and hunting, flocking and mobbing of predators. Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all the seven Continents. Nigeria is blessed with many species of birds scattered throughout the different ecological regions.","PeriodicalId":176249,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128760386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-16DOI: 10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00046
Wei Huang, X. Zou
Matching site with trees is a key principle in reforestation programs for centuries.1,2 The conventional approach to evaluate site quality was typically achieved through correlation analyses between tree growth and environmental factors, including indices of climate, soil type, soil fertility, and topography.3,4 This empirical approach works fine, but lacks the fundamental understanding of causal relationships between tree performance and its environment, and it brings inconsistency in key factors determining site quality among tree species, between sites, and among evaluators.
{"title":"A new approach to evaluate site quality for reforestation programs","authors":"Wei Huang, X. Zou","doi":"10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00046","url":null,"abstract":"Matching site with trees is a key principle in reforestation programs for centuries.1,2 The conventional approach to evaluate site quality was typically achieved through correlation analyses between tree growth and environmental factors, including indices of climate, soil type, soil fertility, and topography.3,4 This empirical approach works fine, but lacks the fundamental understanding of causal relationships between tree performance and its environment, and it brings inconsistency in key factors determining site quality among tree species, between sites, and among evaluators.","PeriodicalId":176249,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130125447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-03DOI: 10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00044
Temesgen Bedassa Gudeta
Forest trees are largely undomesticated and highly heterozygous, due to their out crossing breeding systems and, therefore, have large effective population sizes.1 Despite the high number of known species, approximately 450 different forest tree species are actively part of a deliberate domestication process through tree improvement programs (FAO).2 Knowledge of the genetic diversity of the threatened tree species in any region of the world may contribute to the creation of effective strategies for their preservation and future use. The majority of the world–wide forests represent natural forests (93%), with 12% dedicated as conservation forests. A major concern regarding forests health and resilience is the declining in forest genetic diversity as documented as early as 1967 (FAO conference). Genetic diversity serves several important purposes: (a) as a resource for tree breeding and improvement programs to develop well–adapted tree species varieties and to enhance the genetic gain for a multitude of useful traits; (b) to ensure the vitality of forests as a whole by their capacity to withstand diverse biotic and abiotic stressors under changing and unpredictable environmental conditions; and (c) the livelihoods of indigenous and local communities that use traditional knowledge. Rich genetic diversity within and among forest tree species thus provides an important basis for maintaining food security and enabling sustainable development (FAO).3
{"title":"Molecular marker based genetic diversity in forest tree populations","authors":"Temesgen Bedassa Gudeta","doi":"10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00044","url":null,"abstract":"Forest trees are largely undomesticated and highly heterozygous, due to their out crossing breeding systems and, therefore, have large effective population sizes.1 Despite the high number of known species, approximately 450 different forest tree species are actively part of a deliberate domestication process through tree improvement programs (FAO).2 Knowledge of the genetic diversity of the threatened tree species in any region of the world may contribute to the creation of effective strategies for their preservation and future use. The majority of the world–wide forests represent natural forests (93%), with 12% dedicated as conservation forests. A major concern regarding forests health and resilience is the declining in forest genetic diversity as documented as early as 1967 (FAO conference). Genetic diversity serves several important purposes: (a) as a resource for tree breeding and improvement programs to develop well–adapted tree species varieties and to enhance the genetic gain for a multitude of useful traits; (b) to ensure the vitality of forests as a whole by their capacity to withstand diverse biotic and abiotic stressors under changing and unpredictable environmental conditions; and (c) the livelihoods of indigenous and local communities that use traditional knowledge. Rich genetic diversity within and among forest tree species thus provides an important basis for maintaining food security and enabling sustainable development (FAO).3","PeriodicalId":176249,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal","volume":"432 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122469537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-28DOI: 10.15406/freij.2018.02.00043
H. D. Lightfoot
Current government policies are designed to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels because of the widespread belief that increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere will cause large and dangerous warming of the Earth’s atmosphere. Because 80% of the world’s energy comes from coal, oil and natural gas and are vital to providing the food, clothing and shelter that are the cornerstone of the well–being of our people, it is imperative that we examine the validity of this widespread belief.
{"title":"Carbon dioxide: sometimes it is a cooling gas, sometimes a warming gas","authors":"H. D. Lightfoot","doi":"10.15406/freij.2018.02.00043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/freij.2018.02.00043","url":null,"abstract":"Current government policies are designed to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels because of the widespread belief that increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere will cause large and dangerous warming of the Earth’s atmosphere. Because 80% of the world’s energy comes from coal, oil and natural gas and are vital to providing the food, clothing and shelter that are the cornerstone of the well–being of our people, it is imperative that we examine the validity of this widespread belief.","PeriodicalId":176249,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121737884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-15DOI: 10.15406/freij.2018.02.00042
G. Shukla, A. Kumari, K AbhaManohar, Vineeta, S. Chakravarty
During the past few decades, India has experienced many changes in its energy consumption pattern both in qualitative and quantitative terms.1 This is mainly due to rising population growth and increase of economic and developmental activity. The household sectors is one of the largest users of energy in India, accounting for about 30 % of final energy consumption (excluding energy used for transport) reflecting the importance of the sector in total national energy scenario.2 The pattern of household energy consumption represents the status of welfare as well as the stage of economic development. International Energy Agency predicts that population growth will render 2.7million people relying on plant base energy forms in the year 2030.1 The rural and urban poor population mainly depend on plant biomass resources (cow dung, crop residue, fuel wood) as compared to hydrocarbons to fulfill their daily energy needs.3 Fuel wood extracted from forest is one of the most important sources of energy in the developing and under developed countries.4–7 Much of the fuel wood is now also being obtained from trees outside from forest, such as bush fellow, scrub, dead trees, pruning and lopping.
{"title":"Fuelwood extraction by indigenous, rural and urban poors do not risk trees and forest: a case study from Jharkhand, India","authors":"G. Shukla, A. Kumari, K AbhaManohar, Vineeta, S. Chakravarty","doi":"10.15406/freij.2018.02.00042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/freij.2018.02.00042","url":null,"abstract":"During the past few decades, India has experienced many changes in its energy consumption pattern both in qualitative and quantitative terms.1 This is mainly due to rising population growth and increase of economic and developmental activity. The household sectors is one of the largest users of energy in India, accounting for about 30 % of final energy consumption (excluding energy used for transport) reflecting the importance of the sector in total national energy scenario.2 The pattern of household energy consumption represents the status of welfare as well as the stage of economic development. International Energy Agency predicts that population growth will render 2.7million people relying on plant base energy forms in the year 2030.1 The rural and urban poor population mainly depend on plant biomass resources (cow dung, crop residue, fuel wood) as compared to hydrocarbons to fulfill their daily energy needs.3 Fuel wood extracted from forest is one of the most important sources of energy in the developing and under developed countries.4–7 Much of the fuel wood is now also being obtained from trees outside from forest, such as bush fellow, scrub, dead trees, pruning and lopping.","PeriodicalId":176249,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal","volume":"161 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115899178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-13DOI: 10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00041
Joachim Hjr Makoi, Eliakim C. Matekere
Abbreviations: NIRC, national irrigation commission; NIP, national policies; NIA, national irrigation act; ZIOs, zonal irrigation offices; IS, irrigation schemes; IOs, irrigators organizations; RNIMP, revised national irrigation master plan; URT, united republic of Tanzania; NFRs, national food requirements; GDP, gross domestic product; ASDS, agriculture sector development strategy; ASDP, agriculture sector development programme; TDV, Tanzania development vision; RDS, rural development strategy; MDGs, millennium development goals; NIMP, national irrigation master plan; NSGRP, national strategy for growth and reduction of poverty; IWRM, integrated water resources management; IDF, irrigation development fund; SAGCOT, southern agricultural growth corridor of Tanzania
{"title":"Current policy priorities and regulatory approaches for irrigation and associated challenges of ‘farmer–led’ irrigation development in Tanzania","authors":"Joachim Hjr Makoi, Eliakim C. Matekere","doi":"10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00041","url":null,"abstract":"Abbreviations: NIRC, national irrigation commission; NIP, national policies; NIA, national irrigation act; ZIOs, zonal irrigation offices; IS, irrigation schemes; IOs, irrigators organizations; RNIMP, revised national irrigation master plan; URT, united republic of Tanzania; NFRs, national food requirements; GDP, gross domestic product; ASDS, agriculture sector development strategy; ASDP, agriculture sector development programme; TDV, Tanzania development vision; RDS, rural development strategy; MDGs, millennium development goals; NIMP, national irrigation master plan; NSGRP, national strategy for growth and reduction of poverty; IWRM, integrated water resources management; IDF, irrigation development fund; SAGCOT, southern agricultural growth corridor of Tanzania","PeriodicalId":176249,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126057891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-31DOI: 10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00040
Egbuche Christian Toochi
Sequestration in its concept is very complex which has been applicable to rates though vary greatly in consideration of age, composition, location of any forests and soil type. This provoking presentation seeks to question and recapture the view of how much CO2 does a tree take up? The emergence of climate change and global warming has been identified by scientist and occur frequently. This phenomenon is been triggered by anthropogenic (human) activities thereby the discharge of large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In a general scientific term, one way of reducing the emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is to store carbon or CO2 in any medium other than the atmosphere. The biological and geological mediums are two major and vast different ways of carbon sequestration. Land and forests have been accounted huge potential source of storing and referred as natural scrubbers or natures “carbon sinks”. The process of photosynthesis permits green plants to uptake CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it into organic carbon as they grow and in turn organic carbon is converted back to CO2 when it is eaten or decomposed known as the process of respiration. This is to say, activities that increase photosynthesis and/or decreases respiration is regarded of great advantage in the global carbon reduction. Terrestrial and mostly trees (plants) store the most carbon because of large volume storage and long–lived storage. Various parts of plants as trunks, leaves, wood, roots as well as the soil in which the plants are fixed as do not decompose or burn, stores carbon from the atmosphere. Plants of all categories as well as non tilled fields and grasslands are carbon sinks and storage and thereby store organic carbon in the soil. On global rating, soil carbon sequestration could offset as much as 15 percent of fossil fuel emissions. This mini review paper hereby supports activities that have carbon sinking benefits such as improved soil quality, increased crop yields, and some wildlife habitat conservation approaches. Problem significant
{"title":"Carbon sequestration: how much can forestry sequester CO2?","authors":"Egbuche Christian Toochi","doi":"10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FREIJ.2018.02.00040","url":null,"abstract":"Sequestration in its concept is very complex which has been applicable to rates though vary greatly in consideration of age, composition, location of any forests and soil type. This provoking presentation seeks to question and recapture the view of how much CO2 does a tree take up? The emergence of climate change and global warming has been identified by scientist and occur frequently. This phenomenon is been triggered by anthropogenic (human) activities thereby the discharge of large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In a general scientific term, one way of reducing the emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is to store carbon or CO2 in any medium other than the atmosphere. The biological and geological mediums are two major and vast different ways of carbon sequestration. Land and forests have been accounted huge potential source of storing and referred as natural scrubbers or natures “carbon sinks”. The process of photosynthesis permits green plants to uptake CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it into organic carbon as they grow and in turn organic carbon is converted back to CO2 when it is eaten or decomposed known as the process of respiration. This is to say, activities that increase photosynthesis and/or decreases respiration is regarded of great advantage in the global carbon reduction. Terrestrial and mostly trees (plants) store the most carbon because of large volume storage and long–lived storage. Various parts of plants as trunks, leaves, wood, roots as well as the soil in which the plants are fixed as do not decompose or burn, stores carbon from the atmosphere. Plants of all categories as well as non tilled fields and grasslands are carbon sinks and storage and thereby store organic carbon in the soil. On global rating, soil carbon sequestration could offset as much as 15 percent of fossil fuel emissions. This mini review paper hereby supports activities that have carbon sinking benefits such as improved soil quality, increased crop yields, and some wildlife habitat conservation approaches. Problem significant","PeriodicalId":176249,"journal":{"name":"Forestry Research and Engineering: International Journal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121172767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}