Pub Date : 2021-11-20DOI: 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.211
K. Matsui, Manabu Tanaka, T. Watanabe
Carbon tetrafluoride, CF4, is mainly used as the dry etching gas in the semiconductor industry. CF4 has a high global warming potential about 6,500, and is difficult to be decomposed. Various decomposition treatment methods are currently being used. A combustion and a catalyst degradation are widely implemented, while these methods possess some problems. The combustion method has insufficient temperature, which leads to nonnegligible emissions of NOx and SOx. Catalytic degradation is high cost process due to the replacement of catalysts, resulting from the poisoning of catalysts by sulfur and HF [1]. Abatement processing with thermal plasmas has been implemented in industrial fields due to their advantages of high temperature and high chemical activity. Long DC arc has a long electrode gap distance of 300 mm. This configuration leads to sufficiently long residence time for decomposition of harmful target [2]. The purpose of this study is to decompose CF4 by long DC arc and to investigate decomposition mechanism. The setup consists of a power supply, a plasma torch, and a scrubber. The arc current was 10 A. Nitrogen at 25 L/min was used as the plasma gas, while CF4 was injected at 0.5 L/min. Steam was introduced as the additive gas, and the flow rate was changed from 0.0 to 2.0 L/min. This is because H, O, and OH radicals dissociated from H2O molecular inhibit recombination of CF4 outside the discharge area. Molar ratio of H/F was changed as 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0. The produced gases were analyzed by a gas chromatograph (GC) and a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) to investigate the destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) and the composition of the produced gases. Figure 1 shows the relationship between the H/F molar ratio and DRE. The DRE was 0% without steam addition. This is because C and F radicals are easily recombined to CF4 after thermal decomposition. The maximum DRE of 97% was achieved with the steam flow rate of 2.0 L/min. High flow rate of steam leads to strong oxidation atmosphere, therefore C and O combine to form stable CO and CO2. In addition, highly reactive F radicals were recovered by forming HF. Figure 2 shows the mass spectra of the produced gases. The peaks of CF3 were decreased with the increase of H/F ratio. NO peak was detected only at H/F=2.0. A strong oxidizing atmosphere promoted the decomposition of CF4 and generation of nitrogen oxides. The recombination mechanism of CF4 after plasma decomposition is discussed here on the basis of thermodynamic consideration. Recombination temperature of HF is 4,740 K, while that of CF is 4,670 K, estimated from the temperature dependence of Gibbs free energy change. This small difference of recombination temperatures suggests that the recovery of F radicals by H is difficult due to the competitive reaction of CF recombination. In contrast, the recombination temperature of CO is 7,600 K. This fact indicates that the recovery of C by O radical is a key reaction to suppress CF4 recombin
{"title":"Decomposition Mechanism of SF6 by Long DC Arc Plasma","authors":"K. Matsui, Manabu Tanaka, T. Watanabe","doi":"10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.211","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon tetrafluoride, CF4, is mainly used as the dry etching gas in the semiconductor industry. CF4 has a high global warming potential about 6,500, and is difficult to be decomposed. Various decomposition treatment methods are currently being used. A combustion and a catalyst degradation are widely implemented, while these methods possess some problems. The combustion method has insufficient temperature, which leads to nonnegligible emissions of NOx and SOx. Catalytic degradation is high cost process due to the replacement of catalysts, resulting from the poisoning of catalysts by sulfur and HF [1]. Abatement processing with thermal plasmas has been implemented in industrial fields due to their advantages of high temperature and high chemical activity. Long DC arc has a long electrode gap distance of 300 mm. This configuration leads to sufficiently long residence time for decomposition of harmful target [2]. The purpose of this study is to decompose CF4 by long DC arc and to investigate decomposition mechanism. The setup consists of a power supply, a plasma torch, and a scrubber. The arc current was 10 A. Nitrogen at 25 L/min was used as the plasma gas, while CF4 was injected at 0.5 L/min. Steam was introduced as the additive gas, and the flow rate was changed from 0.0 to 2.0 L/min. This is because H, O, and OH radicals dissociated from H2O molecular inhibit recombination of CF4 outside the discharge area. Molar ratio of H/F was changed as 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0. The produced gases were analyzed by a gas chromatograph (GC) and a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) to investigate the destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) and the composition of the produced gases. Figure 1 shows the relationship between the H/F molar ratio and DRE. The DRE was 0% without steam addition. This is because C and F radicals are easily recombined to CF4 after thermal decomposition. The maximum DRE of 97% was achieved with the steam flow rate of 2.0 L/min. High flow rate of steam leads to strong oxidation atmosphere, therefore C and O combine to form stable CO and CO2. In addition, highly reactive F radicals were recovered by forming HF. Figure 2 shows the mass spectra of the produced gases. The peaks of CF3 were decreased with the increase of H/F ratio. NO peak was detected only at H/F=2.0. A strong oxidizing atmosphere promoted the decomposition of CF4 and generation of nitrogen oxides. The recombination mechanism of CF4 after plasma decomposition is discussed here on the basis of thermodynamic consideration. Recombination temperature of HF is 4,740 K, while that of CF is 4,670 K, estimated from the temperature dependence of Gibbs free energy change. This small difference of recombination temperatures suggests that the recovery of F radicals by H is difficult due to the competitive reaction of CF recombination. In contrast, the recombination temperature of CO is 7,600 K. This fact indicates that the recovery of C by O radical is a key reaction to suppress CF4 recombin","PeriodicalId":17698,"journal":{"name":"Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86416992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-20DOI: 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.206
M. Abe, M. Noguchi, A. Yamasaki
{"title":"Fabrication of Self-Supporting Geopolymer Membranes and Gas Permeation through the Membranes","authors":"M. Abe, M. Noguchi, A. Yamasaki","doi":"10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17698,"journal":{"name":"Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75470154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.143
Ryosuke Akimoto, Takehiro Yamaki, Yasuhiko Suzuki, M. Nakaiwa, Keigo Matsuda
{"title":"Feasibility Study of Micro Kalina Cycle for Hot Spring Power Generation","authors":"Ryosuke Akimoto, Takehiro Yamaki, Yasuhiko Suzuki, M. Nakaiwa, Keigo Matsuda","doi":"10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.143","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17698,"journal":{"name":"Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76421793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.132
Kazuya Miura, Hideki Tokanai
{"title":"Effect of Aspect Ratio on Mixed Convection Heat Transfer from the Heated Bottom Wall in Horizontal Rectangular Channel","authors":"Kazuya Miura, Hideki Tokanai","doi":"10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.132","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17698,"journal":{"name":"Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74084229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.148
K. Yunoki
{"title":"Fault Diagnosis Filter for Sensor and Actuator Based on System Identification Model","authors":"K. Yunoki","doi":"10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.148","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17698,"journal":{"name":"Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76423492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.125
M. Aida, A. Shono
{"title":"General Estimation of Just-Drawdown Speed of Floating Solids in Solid–Liquid Agitated Vessels","authors":"M. Aida, A. Shono","doi":"10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.125","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17698,"journal":{"name":"Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88296182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.169
K. Kamiya, Nobusuke Kobayashi, Y. Itaya, Tsuguhiko Nakagawa
{"title":"Evaluation of Performance and Durability of Calcium Ferrite in CO2–CO Conversion","authors":"K. Kamiya, Nobusuke Kobayashi, Y. Itaya, Tsuguhiko Nakagawa","doi":"10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17698,"journal":{"name":"Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72917998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-20DOI: 10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.140
Y. Ohira, Masamitsu Shimadzu
{"title":"Effect of Medium Concentration on Specific Growth Rate of Blue–Green alga, Spirulina platensis","authors":"Y. Ohira, Masamitsu Shimadzu","doi":"10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.47.140","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17698,"journal":{"name":"Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76274956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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