Pub Date : 2019-03-28DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190877583.003.0006
Stéphane François
This chapter discusses the life and work of Guillaume Faye, a pan-European revolutionary-conservative thinker who is at the origin of the renewal of the doctrinal corpus of the French “identitarian” Right, and more broadly of the Euro-American Right, with the concept of “archeofuturism,” forged in the mid-1990s using elements from postmodern philosophy and from the counterculture. His political involvement has gone through two main periods. From 1970 to 1986 he was a member of GRECE and can be regarded as its second theorist. After a withdrawal from activism between 1985 and 1996 to work in the French media, he returned as an identitarian theoretician. His complex and innovative thought, combining postmodern philosophy and discourses of identity, is read and appreciated by European and American militants.
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Pub Date : 2019-03-28DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190877583.003.0016
Benjamin R. Teitelbaum
This chapter discusses the life and work of Daniel Friberg, who takes a leading part in running a range of online media. Friberg’s main impact has been his implementation of metapolitics. Distinguished by his strategy and method rather than ideological inventions, Friberg advanced his career through a series of outreach, rebranding, and socialization initiatives. The products of this metapolitical activism include multiple newspapers and magazines, a publishing house, and online social media. By the 2010s these projects were replacing skinheadism as the social center of a fractious and sectarian Nordic radical nationalism. This unifying function has since been at the forefront of collaboration between American and European white activists.
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Pub Date : 2019-03-28DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190877583.003.0004
H. T. Hakl, Joscelyn Godwin
This chapter discusses the life and work of the Italian philosopher Julius Evola, who started his career in Futurism and Dadaism. Philosophic studies followed. After serving in the First World War he turned to mountaineering, experimented with ether, and nearly committed suicide. Far Eastern religions and esoteric currents became his next interest. He was introduced to René Guénon’s idea of tradition, which became the source of his political and racial ideas. He met Mussolini and members of the SS, who remained skeptical. After the Second World War, Evola wrote and translated. His elitist, antidemocratic political tracts based on transcendent ideas at first brought him only a few followers, some of whom turned to terrorist acts. He died lonely and frustrated in Rome. His revival started only in the 1980s; since then he has become one of the most widely read thinkers of the radical Right.
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Pub Date : 2019-03-28DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190877583.003.0007
Seth J. Bartee
This chapter discusses the life and work of Paul Gottfried, who is known as the founder of Paleoconservatism, a reformulation of the Right that advocated aspects of the conservatism of Edmund Burke, southern agrarian writers, and the National Review as it was before neoconservatism. His criticism of neoconservatives focused on their belief in the universal imperative of categories and ideas that led them to therefore disparage any kind of historicism. Gottfried maintained both Platonic and biblical categories in his conceptions of truth, beauty, justice, and revelation. He became the foremost critic of the Republican Party and neoconservatism. From 1999 until 2005 he expanded his criticisms of political ideology in the US and Europe. Since 2008 Gottfried has adopted the label of right-wing pluralist and allows most conservative dissidents into his organization, the H. L. Mencken Club, which became associated with the Alt Right during the 2016 presidential election.
本章讨论保罗·戈特弗里德的生活和工作，他被称为古保守主义的创始人，古保守主义是对右翼的重新表述，主张埃德蒙·伯克、南方农业作家和新保守主义之前的《国家评论》的保守主义方面。他对新保守主义者的批评集中在他们对范畴和思想的普遍必要性的信仰上，这导致他们因此贬低任何形式的历史决定论。戈特弗里德在他的真理、美、正义和启示的概念中保持了柏拉图式和圣经式的分类。他成为共和党和新保守主义的首要批评者。从1999年到2005年，他扩大了对美国和欧洲政治意识形态的批评。自2008年以来，戈特弗里德一直采用右翼多元主义者的标签，并允许大多数保守派持不同政见的人加入他的组织h·l·门肯俱乐部(H. L. menken Club)，该俱乐部在2016年总统大选期间与Alt Right联系在一起。
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Pub Date : 2019-02-21DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780190877583.003.0001
David Engels
This chapter discusses the life and work of Oswald Spengler, whose fame is based on his The Decline of the West, a monumental historical study that endeavored to show that all human civilizations live through similar phases of evolution. Spengler also dabbled with politics and attempted, in a series of essays, to promote the idea of a conservative renaissance in Germany. The rise of National Socialism put Spengler in a situation of ideological opposition and, after he criticized the regime because of its racial theory and its populism, made him a persona non grata until his death in 1937. After the Second World War, Spengler’s elitism and expectation of a German-dominated Europe dominated the reception of his work. This somewhat masked the complexity of his thought, which prefigures such modern debates as the criticism of technology, ecological issues, interreligious questions, the rise of Asia, and prehistoric human evolution.
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190877583.003.0008
Edward Ashbee
This chapter discusses the life and work of Patrick J. Buchanan, who served in three US administrations before making quixotic bids for the US presidency. He was the principal standard-bearer for paleoconservatism, and he popularized a form of politics structured around the white working-class that anticipated the 2016 Trump campaign. Buchanan’s campaigns challenged long-established elites and stressed faith in an American nation based upon a distinct white, northern European heritage. Seen thus, the nation has primacy over the market and is based upon a shared ethnicity rather than on universal principles. This starting point led Buchanan toward the white identitarianism that underpinned The Death of the West in which he contended that the nation was threatened by mass nonwhite immigration. Nonetheless, Buchanan’s efforts to popularize paleoconservative claims were out of step with political time. It took Trump’s campaign to bring the ideas associated with paleoconservatism to the forefront of politics.
本章讨论了帕特里克·j·布坎南的生活和工作，他曾在三届美国政府中任职，然后不切实际地竞选美国总统。他是古保守主义的主要旗手，他推广了一种围绕白人工人阶级构建的政治形式，这种政治形式预示着2016年特朗普的竞选。布坎南的竞选活动挑战了久已确立的精英阶层，强调了对建立在独特的北欧白人传统基础上的美国的信念。由此可见，国家凌驾于市场之上，并以共同的种族而非普遍原则为基础。这个出发点把布坎南引向了白人身份主义，这种身份主义支撑了《西方之死》(Death of the West)一书，他在书中主张，美国正受到大规模非白人移民的威胁。尽管如此，布坎南推广古保守主义主张的努力与政治时代脱节。特朗普的竞选活动将与古保守主义相关的思想带到了政治的最前沿。
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