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THE YOUTH PROTESTS OF 68 GENERATION IN TURKEY 土耳其68代年轻人的抗议
Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.46291/newera.187
Ali Rıza Karaçeli̇k
The pro imperialist atmospher which became widespread after the 2. World War, found hars responses in many states. Especially since the beginning of the 1960s, it gave birth tothe ’68 generation’, whose name will be referred to as the events of 1968 in history and will guide the next period. This movement, wich contains discourses such as freedom equality and dependence and was accepted espsciallyamong the universty youth of the period, tried to change and transform everything that was contrary to its discourses. In this study, the structure of the period in which the 1968 events, know as the ’68 generation’emerged in Turkey and how they affected the society, will be discussed in the light of the events experienced during the period.
二战后普遍存在的亲帝国主义气氛。第二次世界大战,发现在许多国家都有反应。特别是从20世纪60年代初开始,它诞生了“68一代”,他们的名字将被称为1968年的事件,并将指导下一个时期。这一运动包含了自由、平等和依赖等话语,并在这一时期的大学青年中得到了广泛的接受,它试图改变和改造一切与其话语相悖的东西。在本研究中,1968年事件(被称为“68一代”)在土耳其出现的时期结构,以及他们如何影响社会,将根据这一时期所经历的事件进行讨论。
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引用次数: 0
TEACHERS' VIEWS ON TEACHING WITH THE DESIGNED GAME 'MY PLACE ON THE PLANET' 教师对设计游戏“我在地球上的位置”教学的看法
Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.46291/newera.169
Ahmet Saykal, O. Karamustafaoğlu
In this research, it is aimed to determine the teachers’ views on teaching the Solar System subject of the 6th grade science course with a game titled My Place on the Planet. The study was carried out within the scope of the phenomenology method in a qualitative research design. Semi-structured interview technique, one of the qualitative data collection techniques, was used in the research. Easily accessible case sampling, one of the purposive sampling methods, was used to collect data. The study group consists of ten science teachers who personally conduct the 6th grade science course in randomly selected state secondary schools in the province of Amasya in the 2019-2020 academic year. The analysis of the research data was analyzed using content analysis, and the data were presented as frequency, percentage and one-to-one expressions of the teachers according to the themes created. According to the research findings, it was determined that science teachers frequently used the method of teaching with games in their lessons, teaching with games provided permanence in learning, active participation of students in teaching provided learning with fun, and teaching with games gave cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills. In addition, it has been concluded that the game titled My Place on the Planet will bring the intended gains and will be effective in teaching the subject of the Solar System. At the end of the study, recommendations based on the research results were presented to the interested parties.
本研究旨在通过“我在地球上的位置”的游戏来确定教师对六年级科学课程中太阳系主题的看法。本研究是在定性研究设计的现象学方法范围内进行的。本研究采用了定性数据收集技术之一的半结构化访谈技术。采用有目的抽样方法之一的易接近病例抽样来收集数据。该研究小组由10名科学教师组成,他们在2019-2020学年在阿马西亚省随机选择的公立中学亲自教授六年级科学课程。对研究数据的分析采用内容分析法,数据根据所创建的主题以频率、百分比和教师一对一表达的形式呈现。根据研究结果,科学教师在课堂上经常使用游戏教学的方法,游戏教学提供了学习的持久性,学生积极参与教学提供了学习的乐趣,游戏教学提供了认知,情感和心理运动技能。此外,它已经得出结论,游戏题为“我在地球上的位置”将带来预期的收益,并将有效地教授太阳系的主题。在研究结束时,根据研究结果向有关各方提出建议。
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引用次数: 0
IMAMAT ACCORDING TO THE JAFARI SCHOOL OF SHIATE 根据贾法里派的说法
Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.46291/newera.185
Alimahammad Zuftarov
Studies in some areas need to be reconsidered because they do not meet the need, are incomplete or incorrect. There are different reasons for this. If the researched subject is a sensitive subject of any sect, it should be researched and explained correctly, trying to maintain the same sensitivity. Besides, when considering the opinion of a sect, the sources of different sects should be consulted and a research far from bigotry should be revealed. If the allegations are not taken into consideration, we think that the same study should be handled again, since the study will not meet the need, and it will be incomplete or misunderstood. That's why we preferred to investigate the issue of imamate in Jafarism. The Shiite Jafari creed on the issue of imamate, being discussed among Islamic sects, is handled in this study. The views of different sects on imamate are mentioned and compared with the views of the Jafaris. The basis of the Jafari's taking the issue of imamate as a basic belief and the nasses that can be evidence for the Jafari scholars' own claims on the issue of imamate are discussed and their explanations on them are analyzed.
一些领域的研究需要重新考虑,因为它们不符合需要,不完整或不正确。这有不同的原因。如果研究的主题是任何教派的敏感主题,应该正确地研究和解释,尽量保持相同的敏感性。此外,在考虑一个教派的意见时,应该咨询不同教派的来源,并揭示一个远离偏执的研究。如果不考虑这些指控,我们认为应该重新处理同一项研究,因为研究将不符合需要,而且会不完整或被误解。这就是为什么我们更愿意调查犹太主义中的穆斯林问题。本研究涉及伊斯兰教派之间讨论的什叶派贾法里教义中关于教长的问题。不同教派对伊玛特的观点被提及,并与贾法里斯的观点进行了比较。论述了贾法里教派将教长问题作为一种基本信仰的依据,以及贾法里教派学者在教长问题上主张的证据,并分析了他们对这些主张的解释。
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引用次数: 0
YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND SOLUTIONS FOR TURKEY 发展中国家的青年失业问题及土耳其的解决办法
Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.46291/newera.188
A. Kaya
The unemployment problem, which started to become widespread with the Great Depression of 1929, started to affect the whole world with the increase of globalization. Most of the countries' economies have recently turned to struggling with the unemployment problem and have tried to produce policies in this direction. The problem of youth unemployment, which we can consider within the unemployment problem, has emerged as another issue that needs to be struggled for the national economies. The fact that young people, perhaps the most important factor in the development of countries, cannot be included in the market mechanism and remain idle in the economy has created problems for many economies. This research aims to examine the causes of youth unemployment in developing countries and to present rational and original solutions to these problems in Turkey. In this study based on the literature review, the causes of youth unemployment are elaborated by emphasizing the concept of youth unemployment and the structure of youth unemployment, the structure of youth unemployment in developing countries and Turkey has been examined in the light of data from institutions such as TUIK, International Labor Organization and the World Bank and solution proposals that can be used to combat youth unemployment in Turkey are listed. In terms of accepting the data used as more up-to-date, the fact that it covers the years 2000-2020 and that some countries that can be economically and socially equivalent to Turkey have been selected among the developing countries are the limitations of this study. Considering the data obtained, it has been determined that the share of graduates, especially at the higher education level, among the young unemployed is much higher than the graduates with a lower level of education, and this is due to the education-employment relationship.
失业问题从1929年的大萧条开始变得普遍,随着全球化的发展开始影响到全世界。大多数国家的经济最近都转向与失业问题作斗争,并试图朝着这个方向制定政策。在失业问题中可以考虑的青年失业问题,已经成为国民经济需要解决的另一个问题。年轻人也许是各国发展中最重要的因素,但他们不能被纳入市场机制,在经济中无所事事,这一事实给许多经济体造成了问题。本研究旨在研究发展中国家青年失业的原因,并为土耳其的这些问题提出理性和原创的解决方案。本研究在文献综述的基础上,通过强调青年失业的概念和青年失业的结构来阐述青年失业的原因,根据TUIK、国际劳工组织和世界银行等机构的数据,研究了发展中国家和土耳其的青年失业结构,并列出了可用于解决土耳其青年失业问题的解决方案建议。在接受最新数据方面,它涵盖了2000-2020年,并且在发展中国家中选择了一些在经济和社会上与土耳其相当的国家,这是本研究的局限性。考虑到所获得的数据,可以确定的是,在年轻失业者中,大学毕业生的比例,特别是高等教育水平的毕业生,远远高于教育水平较低的毕业生,这是由于教育-就业关系造成的。
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引用次数: 0
THE INFLUENCE OF THE MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK REFORMS ON THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ART AND CULTURE IN TURKEY IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY 穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克改革对二十世纪初土耳其艺术文化形成与发展的影响
Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.46291/newera.155
Anar İskendi̇rov
The name of the famous Ataturk, the founder of the Turkish Republic and the genius of the entire Turkic world, is very dear and native to all Turkic-speaking peoples in our time. With his unsurpassed genius, outstanding talents displayed on the battlefields and political war, passionate love for the Motherland and the entire Turkish world, Atatürk not only prevented the destruction and disintegration of the Turkish state and people, but also, by implementing such important reforms in society as education, the acquisition of scientific and cultural innovations, created the basis for the Turkish flag to rise to heaven with renewed vigor and fly in eternity. The Turkish people, with their ancient roots and extremely rich cultural heritage, have made a very valuable spiritual contribution to the fine arts of the world. With the formation of the Republic in Turkey, such areas of art as sculpture, graphics, advertising and poster began to develop. The creation of the first monuments of monumental sculpture in the history of Turkey and the appearance of many famous Turkish sculptors is connected with the establishment of the Republic. As a result of the application of education, science, and literacy in all spheres of Turkish society, many famous women-artists, artists, athletes, and civil servants-appeared during the Republic. The fact that the state does not bind artists within the framework of any ideology, gives them freedom of creativity, leads to the appearance of different styles and interesting creative searches in the Turkish art of the Republic period. This article is devoted to the study of the reflection in the Turkish art of the twentieth century of the unique reforms that the great Ataturk preached and applied.
著名的阿塔图尔克是土耳其共和国的缔造者和整个突厥世界的天才,他的名字对我们这个时代所有说突厥语的人来说都是非常宝贵和土生土长的。阿塔·尔克以他无与伦比的天才,在战场和政治战争中展现的杰出才能,对祖国和整个土耳其世界的热爱,不仅阻止了土耳其国家和人民的毁灭和解体,而且通过在社会上实施教育等重大改革,获得科学和文化创新,为土耳其国旗重新焕发活力升天和永恒飞翔奠定了基础。土耳其人民以其古老的根源和极其丰富的文化遗产,对世界美术作出了非常宝贵的精神贡献。随着土耳其共和国的成立,雕塑、图形、广告和海报等艺术领域开始发展。土耳其历史上第一批纪念性雕塑纪念碑的创建和许多著名土耳其雕塑家的出现与共和国的建立有关。由于教育、科学和扫盲在土耳其社会各个领域的应用,在共和国期间出现了许多著名的妇女——艺术家、艺术家、运动员和公务员。国家没有将艺术家束缚在任何意识形态的框架内,给予他们创作的自由,导致共和国时期土耳其艺术出现了不同的风格和有趣的创作探索。本文致力于研究20世纪土耳其艺术对伟大的阿塔图尔克鼓吹和实施的独特改革的反思。
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引用次数: 0
OBSTACLE MAPS 障碍地图
Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.46291/newera.162
E. Yurteri, Sabri Deri̇n, Fatma Polat, Murat Canpolat, Zekiye Barman, C. Polat, Emel Kaya, Selim Güllü
Using 3D printing as a production method and embodying the concepts of geography for visually impaired secondary school students and putting them into practice as a jigsaw puzzle will enable the students to develop their cognitive and psychomotor skills as well as the teacher. Touching and questioning a physical object enables students to acquire problem-solving skills in a more creative and practical way. However, for this, it is necessary to carry out studies and to create the necessary designs and print them. This work; It was designed to design a material for visually impaired students to learn mapping, to enrich the materials used in map teaching, to enable visually impaired students to do mapping activities on their own with the developed material, and to contribute to finding the necessary solutions in this regard. In order for our design to work smoothly and to fit the parts very easily while combining them, calculations were taken into consideration while designing in the computer environment. In order to test the hypotheses predicted in the hypothesis, a field study was conducted with visually impaired secondary school students in terms of functionality. Thanks to our design, which we 3D printed separately and in different colors, it was observed that the visually impaired secondary school students learned better by creating the maps consisting of "Turkey regions, Turkey cities, Turkey climate, Turkey precipitation and World continents" in the form of a puzzle, one by one, by placing them in the mold one by one, thanks to the legends. In the field survey, no scientific publications were found that show that visually impaired secondary school students work with various maps designed as puzzles by 3D printing. In addition, no application or approved application related to this subject was found in the patent and utility model scans made using international patent connections with the Turkish Patent Institute. It is thought that our research is a first in this study title
以3D列印作为制作方法,为视障中学生呈现地理概念,并以拼图的形式付诸实践,不但能培养学生的认知能力和精神运动能力,也能提升老师的认知能力。触摸和提问实物可以让学生以更有创意和更实用的方式获得解决问题的技能。然而,为此,有必要进行研究,并创建必要的设计和打印它们。这项工作;旨在为视障学生设计一套学习地图的教材,丰富地图教学的教材,使视障学生能够利用开发的教材自主开展地图活动,并为视障学生在地图教学中找到必要的解决方案做出贡献。为了使我们的设计工作顺利,并且在组合零件时非常容易地安装零件,在计算机环境中设计时考虑了计算。为了验证假设中所预测的假设,本研究以视障中学生为对象,进行了视觉功能方面的实地研究。通过我们的设计,我们分别用3D打印了不同颜色的设计,通过将“土耳其地区,土耳其城市,土耳其气候,土耳其降水和世界各大洲”的地图以拼图的形式一个接一个地放入模具中,通过传说,我们观察到视障中学生学习得更好。在实地调查中,没有发现任何科学出版物显示视障中学生使用3D打印设计成拼图的各种地图。此外,在利用与土耳其专利研究所的国际专利联系进行的专利和实用新型扫描中,没有发现与该主题有关的申请或批准的申请。我们的研究被认为是本研究标题中的第一个
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引用次数: 0
FRACTURES IN SPECIAL LEARNING DIFFICULTY 特殊学习困难的骨折
Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.46291/newera.164
Perihan Eryılmaz, Zeynep İşmarci, Duygu Yayik, Esra Mengüç, Kemal Koç
ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to reveal the effect of teaching the numerator and denominator relationship in the fraction subject, which is carried out using technological material, on the success of students with special learning difficulties. Our study was carried out with the participation of inclusion students studying in the 3rd grade of public schools in Çekmeköy district of Istanbul in the 2020-2021 academic year. In this research, a single-group pretest-posttest experimental design was used. In this research, computer-assisted teaching and individualized teaching methods from individual teaching models were used. The achievement test which is prepared by the researchers was used as a data collection tool. The difference between the obtained pre-test knowledge score and the post-test knowledge score was measured using the Wilcoxon sign test. According to the findings of the research; It has been determined that the use of technological materials in fraction teaching has a positive effect on the teaching success of students with special learning difficulties. Keywords: Special Learning Disability, Technological Material, Fraction Teaching
摘要本研究旨在揭示运用科技教材进行分数学科分子分母关系教学对特殊学习困难学生成功学习的影响。我们的研究是在2020-2021学年伊斯坦布尔Çekmeköy区公立学校三年级的包容性学生的参与下进行的。本研究采用单组前测后测实验设计。本研究采用了个性化教学模式下的计算机辅助教学和个性化教学方法。采用研究者自行编制的成就测验作为数据收集工具。测前知识得分与测后知识得分的差异采用Wilcoxon符号检验。根据研究结果;在分数教学中使用技术材料对特殊学习困难学生的教学成功有积极的影响。关键词:特殊学习障碍,技术材料,分数式教学
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引用次数: 1
GIFTED SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS REGARDING THE CONCEPT OF GEOGRAPHY 资优中学生对地理概念的认知
Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.46291/newera.175
Abdulkadır Ergün, Selman Ablak, Adem Uzun
In the present study, it is tried to determine how gifted secondary school students perceive the concept of “geography”. For this purpose, the metaphors developed by the gifted students regarding the related concept and the data obtained from the pictures/cartoons they drew were examined. Qualitative research techniques such as data collection through metaphors and document analysis were used together in the research, which was carried out in the survey model in the qualitative research design. The study group consists of 106 female and 110 male, a total of 216 students from the 5th, 6th and 7th grades of secondary school studying at Sivas Science and Art Center in the 2021-2022 academic year. The study group was selected by the maximum variation sampling method. Content analysis was used to analyze the data obtained from the participants. According to the findings, a total of 119 metaphors were developed regarding the concept of “geography” as follow: 42 from 72 participants at the 5th grade level, 44 from 57 participants at the 6th grade level, and 33 from 41 participants at the 7th grade level. These metaphors developed by the participants for the related concept are grouped under fourteen conceptual categories. According to these categories, it is seen that the majority of the participants perceive geography as “informative, has diverse braches and inclusive”. It is recommended that studies be carried out to determine whether there are differences in perception between gifted students and other students by increasing the research on the perceptions of geography of students studying in other secondary schools apart from Science and Art Centers. Anahtar Kelimeler Geography, perception, gifted student
本研究旨在探讨资优中学生对“地理”概念的认知。为此,我们检查了资优学生对相关概念的隐喻和从他们绘制的图片/漫画中获得的数据。本研究同时运用了隐喻收集数据和文献分析等质性研究技术,在质性研究设计的调查模型中进行。研究小组由106名女性和110名男性组成,共216名在2021-2022学年在Sivas科学与艺术中心学习的中学五年级,六年级和七年级的学生。采用最大变异抽样法选择研究组。内容分析用于分析从参与者处获得的数据。根据研究结果,针对“地理”概念,共开发了119个隐喻:五年级72名参与者开发了42个隐喻,六年级57名参与者开发了44个隐喻,七年级41名参与者开发了33个隐喻。参与者对相关概念的隐喻可分为14个概念类别。根据这些分类,大多数参与者认为地理是“信息丰富,分支多样,包容性强”的。建议增加对科学、艺术中心以外的其他中学学生的地理认知的研究,以确定资优学生和其他学生之间是否存在认知差异。地理,感知,天才学生
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引用次数: 0
SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF THE USING CULTURAL CODE IN CORPORATE ADVERTISEMENTS: THE CASE OF “THE VOICE OF INDEPENDENCE” COMMERCIAL 企业广告中文化代码运用的符号学分析——以“独立之声”广告为例
Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.46291/newera.172
Ahmet Neca Gökgül
In recent years, it has been observed that corporate advertisements, which serve important purposes such as communicating with their target audience and creating an image, have frequently benefited from cultural codes, and it is believed that brands use this method to establish emotional bonds with consumers. As communities adhering to the same culture make meaning of numerous cultural codes similarly, corporations increase their usage of cultural codes in corporate advertisements. In this context; The Turkish National Anthem, which is the most essential shared value of the Turkish nation, with all of its qualities, may be found in a wide range of fields. Corporate advertising, which is one of the areas in question, is one of the applications that commonly interact with national and spiritual values and strives to reach the public through these values. It has been discovered that the Turkish National Anthem is frequently included in corporate advertisements created for national feasts by Turkey's biggest brands and corporations. However, on the 100th anniversary of the adoption of the Turkish National Anthem on March 12, 1921, only THY (Turkish Airlines) developed a commercial among Turkey's prominent enterprises and brands. Although several institutions, organizations, political actors, and groups have created and published short videos about the meaning and significance of the day, THY stands out among the country's most influential brands in this regard. THY had previously utilized the Turkish National Anthem in several ads. The commercial film "The Voice of Independence" was created specifically for the 100th anniversary of the adoption of the Turkish National Anthem. Due to its characteristics, this commercial film, which is based on the Turkish National Anthem and constructed on numerous cultural codes, is evaluated in the research using Roland Barthes' semiotic comprehension and analysis approaches. While the semiotic method is centered on examining the commercial film, the narrative structure, general description and cultural codes are also analyzed.
近年来,人们观察到,企业广告具有与目标受众沟通和塑造形象等重要目的,经常受益于文化代码,并且认为品牌利用这种方法与消费者建立情感联系。由于拥有相同文化的社区对众多文化规范的理解是相似的,因此企业在企业广告中越来越多地使用文化规范。在这方面;土耳其国歌是土耳其民族最重要的共同价值,具有其所有的品质,可以在广泛的领域中找到。企业广告就是其中的一个领域,它是一种通常与国家和精神价值观相互作用的应用,并努力通过这些价值观到达公众。人们发现,土耳其国歌经常出现在土耳其最大的品牌和公司为全国性节日制作的企业广告中。然而,在1921年3月12日土耳其国歌采用100周年之际,在土耳其的知名企业和品牌中,只有THY(土耳其航空公司)制作了一则商业广告。虽然一些机构、组织、政治人物和团体制作并发布了关于这一天的意义和重要性的短视频,但在这方面,THY是该国最具影响力的品牌之一。THY之前曾在几则广告中使用过土耳其国歌。商业电影“独立之声”是专门为土耳其国歌采用100周年而制作的。由于其自身的特点,本研究采用罗兰·巴特的符号学理解和分析方法对这部以土耳其国歌为蓝本,构建在众多文化符码之上的商业片进行评价。符号学方法以考察商业电影为中心,对商业电影的叙事结构、总体描述和文化符码进行分析。
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引用次数: 0
MEHMET AKIF ERSOY IN THE PERIOD OF NATIONAL STRUGGLE 穆罕默德·阿基夫是在民族斗争时期出生的
Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.46291/newera.171
Ömer Faruk Kirmit
In the histories of nations, there are people whose names are written in gold letters and whose names are always remembered with pride and gratitude. In Turkish history, one of the foremost among them was Mehmet Akif Ersoy. He is the author of the National Anthem, the national and country poet, a great idea man. He was born in Istanbul in 1873 and died in Istanbul in 1935. He saw the last period of the Ottoman Empire and lived the first years of the Republic. It has not only emerged with its literary aspect, but has also been adopted and loved by the Turkish nation because it is sensitive to all the problems of the society. Mehmet Akif is a person with high moral character as well. He is a devout, patriotic person who defends the religious and national values he believes in, and does not spare his word no matter what. Akif, made a great contribution to the Turkish National Struggle that took place between 1919-1922, both with his pen and with his sermons. He encouraged the people to join the National Struggle. Mehmet Akif Ersoy, with his life and literary personality, influenced many people both in his own time and afterwards. Many articles have been written about him, his life, his contributions to literature, his importance in Turkish history, etc. Various studies have been conducted on such topics as. With this study, the support and benefits of Mehmet Akif during the National Struggle Period were tried to be clarified. The support that Mehmet Akif Ersoy gave during the National Struggle Period was not examined in detail, as the scope and limitations of the study were taken into account, and it was tried to be revealed only in general terms. Keywords Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Poet, Turkish National Anthem, National Struggle Period, The Republic of Turkey.
在国家的历史上,有些人的名字是用金色的字母写的,他们的名字总是带着骄傲和感激被记住。在土耳其历史上,其中最重要的人物之一是穆罕默德·阿基夫·埃尔索伊。他是国歌的作者,民族和乡村诗人,一个伟大的思想家。1873年生于伊斯坦布尔,1935年卒于伊斯坦布尔。他见证了奥斯曼帝国的最后时期,也经历了共和国的最初几年。它不仅以文学的面貌出现,而且因为它对社会的所有问题都很敏感而被土耳其民族所接受和喜爱。穆罕默德·阿基夫也是一个品德高尚的人。他是一个虔诚、爱国的人,捍卫他所信仰的宗教和国家价值观,无论如何都不吝惜言辞。阿基夫对1919年至1922年间发生的土耳其民族斗争做出了巨大贡献,无论是用他的笔还是用他的布道。他鼓励人民参加全国斗争。穆罕默德·阿基夫·埃尔索伊的一生和他的文学个性,在他的时代和后世影响了许多人。许多关于他的文章,他的生活,他对文学的贡献,他在土耳其历史上的重要性,等等。各种各样的研究已经进行了,如:通过这项研究,试图澄清穆罕默德·阿基夫在民族斗争时期的支持和利益。由于考虑到研究的范围和局限性,Mehmet Akif Ersoy在全国斗争期间给予的支持没有得到详细的审查,并试图仅以一般的方式加以揭示。关键词埃尔索伊诗人土耳其国歌民族斗争时期土耳其共和国
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引用次数: 0
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NEW ERA JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY SOCIAL STUDIES
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