Pub Date : 2024-05-20DOI: 10.1177/25166026241253923
Praveen Naik Bellampalli, Neelam Yadava
The study examines the poverty-induced migration and experiences among poor rural households in four villages of Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India. A sample of 320 migrant households was interviewed to explore poverty-driven migration and identify influencing factors in rural areas. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources, encompassing information on poverty status in India, including rural and urban poverty. Findings from the study indicate that drought, agricultural underdevelopment and a lack of employment opportunities in rural areas are fundamental factors contributing to poverty-induced migration. The study further reveals that household poverty has significantly increased, leading to challenges in sustaining livelihoods among migrants. Consequently, the labour force from rural areas is forced to migrate in search of livelihood opportunities. Policies and programmes meant for them need to be effectively implemented in rural areas.
{"title":"Exploring Povertydriven Migration in Rural Karnataka, India: A Call for Effective Implementation of Policies and Programmes","authors":"Praveen Naik Bellampalli, Neelam Yadava","doi":"10.1177/25166026241253923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25166026241253923","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines the poverty-induced migration and experiences among poor rural households in four villages of Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India. A sample of 320 migrant households was interviewed to explore poverty-driven migration and identify influencing factors in rural areas. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources, encompassing information on poverty status in India, including rural and urban poverty. Findings from the study indicate that drought, agricultural underdevelopment and a lack of employment opportunities in rural areas are fundamental factors contributing to poverty-induced migration. The study further reveals that household poverty has significantly increased, leading to challenges in sustaining livelihoods among migrants. Consequently, the labour force from rural areas is forced to migrate in search of livelihood opportunities. Policies and programmes meant for them need to be effectively implemented in rural areas.","PeriodicalId":179996,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Community and Social Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141123181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-19DOI: 10.1177/25166026241237325
Ajit Kumar
This article discusses the current debate in India centred on freebie schemes and budgetary priorities. Both are being shaped by India’s political economy within and by globalisation forces outside. Targeting high growth rates and making economies competitively fit are driving this globalization forces. Should budgets prioritise growth or distribution? The Bhagwati–Sen debate provides us insights into the pros and cons of this apparent choice. Economic growth in India has been reasonably good, but not enough employment has been created. The decline in poverty rate has been slower, and in absolute numbers, a staggering number are still poor. India, an erstwhile colonised nation-state, is currently focusing on an infrastructure-led growth budget. The current governing elites assume that growth will take place and benefits eventually will trickle down. It rests its hopes largely on the middle class for high growth rates. The counter-elite voice demands more budgetary allocation for the Indian labouring poor, largely rural. This allocation will widen the participatory base of the economy. The two viewpoints presented here represent two perspectives: an economic growth-led India and an inclusive India. This debate has significant implications for re/distributive policies and programmes and human development.
{"title":"Freebie Debates and Budgetary Priorities: Economic Growth-led India or Inclusive India","authors":"Ajit Kumar","doi":"10.1177/25166026241237325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25166026241237325","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the current debate in India centred on freebie schemes and budgetary priorities. Both are being shaped by India’s political economy within and by globalisation forces outside. Targeting high growth rates and making economies competitively fit are driving this globalization forces. Should budgets prioritise growth or distribution? The Bhagwati–Sen debate provides us insights into the pros and cons of this apparent choice. Economic growth in India has been reasonably good, but not enough employment has been created. The decline in poverty rate has been slower, and in absolute numbers, a staggering number are still poor. India, an erstwhile colonised nation-state, is currently focusing on an infrastructure-led growth budget. The current governing elites assume that growth will take place and benefits eventually will trickle down. It rests its hopes largely on the middle class for high growth rates. The counter-elite voice demands more budgetary allocation for the Indian labouring poor, largely rural. This allocation will widen the participatory base of the economy. The two viewpoints presented here represent two perspectives: an economic growth-led India and an inclusive India. This debate has significant implications for re/distributive policies and programmes and human development.","PeriodicalId":179996,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Community and Social Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140228829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.1177/25166026241233090
Julius Cesar Rosales Pascual
This study explored the media representations of farmer-victims in Kidapawan City, the Philippines. Specifically, this examined how Metropolis-based news media represented the farmers who were reportedly involved in socio-political issues with the government that paved the way to the Kidapawan Massacre dated 1 April 2016. Juxtaposed with the exploration was the examination of how the oppressed and marginalised group was presented in media reports within the context of social development. This researcher employed van Dijk’s (1998, A critical discourse analysis) Critical Discourse Analysis of selected 27 tabloid news stories. This critical research led to the way of thinking that because of the government’s inaction and the media’s neoliberal-capitalistic ideology, farmers’ plight was overlooked and silenced. In this elite-dominated Philippine society as well as in the Asia-Pacific, discourses of people-centred development were relatively scant and torpid. Hence, the conceptualisation of an alternative model, that is Communication and Social Development ( Pascual, 2018 : Media representations of the Kidapawan farmers and social development communication in the Kidapawan Massacre).
{"title":"Stories Sit in Places: News Media Representations and Social Development Communication of the Protesting Farmers in Central Mindanao, Philippines of the Kidapawan Massacre","authors":"Julius Cesar Rosales Pascual","doi":"10.1177/25166026241233090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25166026241233090","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored the media representations of farmer-victims in Kidapawan City, the Philippines. Specifically, this examined how Metropolis-based news media represented the farmers who were reportedly involved in socio-political issues with the government that paved the way to the Kidapawan Massacre dated 1 April 2016. Juxtaposed with the exploration was the examination of how the oppressed and marginalised group was presented in media reports within the context of social development. This researcher employed van Dijk’s (1998, A critical discourse analysis) Critical Discourse Analysis of selected 27 tabloid news stories. This critical research led to the way of thinking that because of the government’s inaction and the media’s neoliberal-capitalistic ideology, farmers’ plight was overlooked and silenced. In this elite-dominated Philippine society as well as in the Asia-Pacific, discourses of people-centred development were relatively scant and torpid. Hence, the conceptualisation of an alternative model, that is Communication and Social Development ( Pascual, 2018 : Media representations of the Kidapawan farmers and social development communication in the Kidapawan Massacre).","PeriodicalId":179996,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Community and Social Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140240304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-03DOI: 10.1177/25166026241231369
J. Tilak
{"title":"Vikram Singh Mehta, Neelima Khetan and Jayaypadma R. V. (Eds), Anchoring Change: Seventy-five Years of Grassroots Interventions that Made a Difference. Harper Collins India, 2022, 361 pp (paperback), ₹699. ISBN: 9789356921874","authors":"J. Tilak","doi":"10.1177/25166026241231369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25166026241231369","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":179996,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Community and Social Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140267143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-17DOI: 10.1177/25166026231221034
Jungho Suh
The primary aim of spiritual or religious intentional communities is that their members live their lives based on spiritual or religious principles and precepts. This article presents a case study of Sisa Asoke in Thailand as a contemporary example of a Buddhism-based intentional community. The article tracks down how Sisa Asoke has evolved into an ecovillage, which was not its primary intention. This study employs ethnographic methods, including participant observations, to gain insights into the community’s day-to-day activities, and interviews to provide an understanding of the community from the community’s perspective. The study categorises observation and interview data into the cultural, ecological, social and economic dimensions of sustainability, aligning with the definition of an ecovillage. The study finds that Sisa Asoke has collectively committed to organic agriculture, relying on local resources. Daily activities at Sisa Asoke are interrelated, showcasing the holistic integration of the four dimensions of sustainability. Furthermore, this study concludes that their shared belief in and practice of the Buddha’s teachings have catalysed the development of regenerative social and natural environments. Therefore, it can be inferred that Sisa Asoke has come very close to being classified as an ecovillage.
{"title":"Buddhism-based Intentional Communities Becoming Ecovillages: A Case of Sisa Asoke in Thailand","authors":"Jungho Suh","doi":"10.1177/25166026231221034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25166026231221034","url":null,"abstract":"The primary aim of spiritual or religious intentional communities is that their members live their lives based on spiritual or religious principles and precepts. This article presents a case study of Sisa Asoke in Thailand as a contemporary example of a Buddhism-based intentional community. The article tracks down how Sisa Asoke has evolved into an ecovillage, which was not its primary intention. This study employs ethnographic methods, including participant observations, to gain insights into the community’s day-to-day activities, and interviews to provide an understanding of the community from the community’s perspective. The study categorises observation and interview data into the cultural, ecological, social and economic dimensions of sustainability, aligning with the definition of an ecovillage. The study finds that Sisa Asoke has collectively committed to organic agriculture, relying on local resources. Daily activities at Sisa Asoke are interrelated, showcasing the holistic integration of the four dimensions of sustainability. Furthermore, this study concludes that their shared belief in and practice of the Buddha’s teachings have catalysed the development of regenerative social and natural environments. Therefore, it can be inferred that Sisa Asoke has come very close to being classified as an ecovillage.","PeriodicalId":179996,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Community and Social Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139618105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.1177/25166026231214334
M. R. Islam, F. A. Gharaibeh
The main objective of this study was to examine the status of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3, Good Health and Well-Being, in Asian Arab countries and to explore some challenges through critical observations. Utilising the Meta-Analysis method and the Search, Appraisal, Synthesis and Analysis framework, the UNDP’s ‘Arab Region SDG Index and Dashboard Report 2022’, and relevant secondary sources were analysed. Calculations were based on the value, rate and trend of the targets of SDG3. Results showed that (i) the average SDG Index Score (0–100) for the Asian 12 Arab countries was 60.06; (ii) seven countries’ targets showed significant challenges remaining and four countries faced major challenges; (iii) 11 countries were experiencing modern improvements; (iv) nine countries had better achievements on nine targets and lower achievements on the remaining seven targets, with some exceptions; and (v) the challenges encountered were regional-level policy gaps, state-level health structural problems, socio-economic and demographic settings, and community/individual-level unawareness about health and well-being. The analysis would be useful to the governments of the Arab Asian countries, development practitioners, health experts and policymakers.
{"title":"Good Health and Well-Being in Asian Arab Countries: Some Critical Observations","authors":"M. R. Islam, F. A. Gharaibeh","doi":"10.1177/25166026231214334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25166026231214334","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this study was to examine the status of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3, Good Health and Well-Being, in Asian Arab countries and to explore some challenges through critical observations. Utilising the Meta-Analysis method and the Search, Appraisal, Synthesis and Analysis framework, the UNDP’s ‘Arab Region SDG Index and Dashboard Report 2022’, and relevant secondary sources were analysed. Calculations were based on the value, rate and trend of the targets of SDG3. Results showed that (i) the average SDG Index Score (0–100) for the Asian 12 Arab countries was 60.06; (ii) seven countries’ targets showed significant challenges remaining and four countries faced major challenges; (iii) 11 countries were experiencing modern improvements; (iv) nine countries had better achievements on nine targets and lower achievements on the remaining seven targets, with some exceptions; and (v) the challenges encountered were regional-level policy gaps, state-level health structural problems, socio-economic and demographic settings, and community/individual-level unawareness about health and well-being. The analysis would be useful to the governments of the Arab Asian countries, development practitioners, health experts and policymakers.","PeriodicalId":179996,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Community and Social Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138594025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.1177/25166026231214349
M. Pawar, Preeti Jangra, Birjees Zahera
This article aims to discuss Lal Sakhi—The Women’s Voice Foundation’s (a non-government organisation in India), contribution to sustainable development and its innovative approaches to empower women, and how it faces challenges in that process. Drawing on the narratives of the Lal Sakhi founder and the secondary data, it discusses the origin of the organisation and motivations and vision of the founder. The analysis suggests that in a short period, Lal Sakhi has contributed to sustainable development by reducing the consumption of plastic and by enhancing hygienic practice among women. It directly contributes to achieving the sustainable development goals relating to health, hygiene and environment. The founder’s ‘Change Agents Movement’ is gradually growing, impacting the lives of thousands of women and girls. While appreciating the innovative and critical approaches of the organisation, it looks at some of the challenges and the potential for scaling up. In view of its programs, activities and creative approaches, and impact, we argue that the story of Lal Sakhi—The Women’s Voice Foundation is infectiously inspiring. Thus, we call people from all walks of life to contribute to this noble cause.
{"title":"Lal Sakhi—The Women’s Voice Foundation: Genesis, Innovation and Gender and Environmental Justice","authors":"M. Pawar, Preeti Jangra, Birjees Zahera","doi":"10.1177/25166026231214349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25166026231214349","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to discuss Lal Sakhi—The Women’s Voice Foundation’s (a non-government organisation in India), contribution to sustainable development and its innovative approaches to empower women, and how it faces challenges in that process. Drawing on the narratives of the Lal Sakhi founder and the secondary data, it discusses the origin of the organisation and motivations and vision of the founder. The analysis suggests that in a short period, Lal Sakhi has contributed to sustainable development by reducing the consumption of plastic and by enhancing hygienic practice among women. It directly contributes to achieving the sustainable development goals relating to health, hygiene and environment. The founder’s ‘Change Agents Movement’ is gradually growing, impacting the lives of thousands of women and girls. While appreciating the innovative and critical approaches of the organisation, it looks at some of the challenges and the potential for scaling up. In view of its programs, activities and creative approaches, and impact, we argue that the story of Lal Sakhi—The Women’s Voice Foundation is infectiously inspiring. Thus, we call people from all walks of life to contribute to this noble cause.","PeriodicalId":179996,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Community and Social Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138592931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-18DOI: 10.1177/25166026231187497
S. Nair, A. Soletti, Pravin Yadav
This article focuses on Pragati—A Field Action Project of the Centre for Health and Mental Health, School of Social Work, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India, and critically examines the project’s development. The project is uniquely positioned because it is one of the first community health models in India that social work professionals started. The article discusses the project’s work over the last three decades and argues for theory-based interventions focusing on rights-based and people-centred approaches. The article highlights the role of social work in health, the project’s strategies, successes, failures, lessons learned and the importance of an intervention-based people-centred model.
{"title":"Pragati: Sculpting a Social Model of Health in a Resource-Poor Context","authors":"S. Nair, A. Soletti, Pravin Yadav","doi":"10.1177/25166026231187497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25166026231187497","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on Pragati—A Field Action Project of the Centre for Health and Mental Health, School of Social Work, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India, and critically examines the project’s development. The project is uniquely positioned because it is one of the first community health models in India that social work professionals started. The article discusses the project’s work over the last three decades and argues for theory-based interventions focusing on rights-based and people-centred approaches. The article highlights the role of social work in health, the project’s strategies, successes, failures, lessons learned and the importance of an intervention-based people-centred model.","PeriodicalId":179996,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Community and Social Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115382633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.1177/25166026231193815
Ritika Sharma Kurup
{"title":"Cynthia Rayner and Francois Bonnici. The Systems Work of Social Change: How to Harness Connection, Context, and Power to Cultivate Deep and Enduring Change (Oxford University Press, 2021), 304 pp. $35, ISBN-13: ₹978-0198857457 (Hardcover).","authors":"Ritika Sharma Kurup","doi":"10.1177/25166026231193815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25166026231193815","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":179996,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Community and Social Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124382611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-16DOI: 10.1177/25166026231190290
Md. Ismail Hossain, I. Ahmad, N. Mehedi, Isahaque Ali, A. Azman
This article discusses needs and problems and resources in the Haor (wetland) region in Bangladesh and the potential for employing smart village ideas to address a few identified needs and problems. The study was conducted on 12 villages of the Tanguar Haor of Sunamganj District. A total of 20 key informant interviews (KIIs) and 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted following purposive sampling. The findings indicated that Haor people experience acute poverty, ill health, low level of education and endemic unemployment which are being worsened by frequent floods and climate-induced damages. The Haor area occupies some potential resources, including land, livestock, marshlands, electricity and mobile telephones, all of which could be mobilised to improve the quality of Haor people’s lives. The paper suggests applying the smart village model that touches every facet of wetland life, including agriculture, education, employment and healthcare to improve the living standard of the people of the Haor region.
{"title":"Haor (Wetland) Community in Bangladesh: Problems/Needs, Resources and Potential for Employing Smart Village Ideas","authors":"Md. Ismail Hossain, I. Ahmad, N. Mehedi, Isahaque Ali, A. Azman","doi":"10.1177/25166026231190290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25166026231190290","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses needs and problems and resources in the Haor (wetland) region in Bangladesh and the potential for employing smart village ideas to address a few identified needs and problems. The study was conducted on 12 villages of the Tanguar Haor of Sunamganj District. A total of 20 key informant interviews (KIIs) and 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted following purposive sampling. The findings indicated that Haor people experience acute poverty, ill health, low level of education and endemic unemployment which are being worsened by frequent floods and climate-induced damages. The Haor area occupies some potential resources, including land, livestock, marshlands, electricity and mobile telephones, all of which could be mobilised to improve the quality of Haor people’s lives. The paper suggests applying the smart village model that touches every facet of wetland life, including agriculture, education, employment and healthcare to improve the living standard of the people of the Haor region.","PeriodicalId":179996,"journal":{"name":"The International Journal of Community and Social Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122864096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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