Pub Date : 1982-05-01DOI: 10.1016/0390-6035(82)90016-5
F. Momo, A. Sotgiu
{"title":"E.S.R. and optical study of VO2+ in lithium zinc-phosphate glasses","authors":"F. Momo, A. Sotgiu","doi":"10.1016/0390-6035(82)90016-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0390-6035(82)90016-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18221,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"395-402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79826123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-05-01DOI: 10.1016/0390-6035(82)90011-6
K.-J. Euler
The working mode of manganese dioxide as the active constituent of battery electrodes is described. Only 30 p.c. of the electrode volume is occupied by the manganese dioxide itself. About 50 p.c. are the pore volume, and another 10 p.c. are filled by the electron conducting material, e.g. carbon black. The remaining 10 p.c. by volume are occupied by solid salts. The complicated electric processes within the porous electrodes are treated concisely.
In spite of numerous theoretical and experimental investigations, the discharging reaction of manganese dioxide is known only in a formalistic or thermodynamic approximation. The processes in the interface between the phases can only be studied by the application of analogous conclusions, so far. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the knowledge and deeper insight into the electronic conductivity of manganese dioxide will influence the future battery development very much.
{"title":"Manganese dioxide in dry cell electrodes","authors":"K.-J. Euler","doi":"10.1016/0390-6035(82)90011-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0390-6035(82)90011-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The working mode of manganese dioxide as the active constituent of battery electrodes is described. Only 30 p.c. of the electrode volume is occupied by the manganese dioxide itself. About 50 p.c. are the pore volume, and another 10 p.c. are filled by the electron conducting material, e.g. carbon black. The remaining 10 p.c. by volume are occupied by solid salts. The complicated electric processes within the porous electrodes are treated concisely.</p><p>In spite of numerous theoretical and experimental investigations, the discharging reaction of manganese dioxide is known only in a formalistic or thermodynamic approximation. The processes in the interface between the phases can only be studied by the application of analogous conclusions, so far. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the knowledge and deeper insight into the electronic conductivity of manganese dioxide will influence the future battery development very much.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18221,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 291-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0390-6035(82)90011-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72123562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-05-01DOI: 10.1016/0390-6035(82)90014-1
A. Santamaría, G. M. Guzmán, J. Peña
{"title":"Degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) during extrusion in a capillary rheometer","authors":"A. Santamaría, G. M. Guzmán, J. Peña","doi":"10.1016/0390-6035(82)90014-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0390-6035(82)90014-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18221,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry","volume":"22 1","pages":"347-357"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81926475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-05-01DOI: 10.1016/0390-6035(82)90020-7
F. Mazza, G. L. Mussinelli, E. Sivieri
{"title":"Electrode holder assembly for electrochemical measurements in hot highly aggressive environments","authors":"F. Mazza, G. L. Mussinelli, E. Sivieri","doi":"10.1016/0390-6035(82)90020-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0390-6035(82)90020-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18221,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry","volume":"3 1","pages":"439-443"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89243775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-05-01DOI: 10.1016/0390-6035(82)90019-0
L. Campanella, A. Corcia, R. Samperi, A. Gambacorta
{"title":"The nature of surface chemical heterogeneities of graphitized carbon black","authors":"L. Campanella, A. Corcia, R. Samperi, A. Gambacorta","doi":"10.1016/0390-6035(82)90019-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0390-6035(82)90019-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18221,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry","volume":"6 1","pages":"429-438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77774624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-05-01DOI: 10.1016/0390-6035(82)90015-3
M. Garfinkle
Stoichiometric chemical reactions in a closed isothermal system are studied in terms of classical and statistical thermodynamics. It is demonstrated that the affinity decay rate in such a system is independent of reaction mechanism. On this basis a general thermodynamic description of the reactions is provided, valid for reactions with diverse mechanisms. In contrast to earlier approaches dealing only with systems close to equilibrium, the present formalism is applicable to systems arbitrarily far from equilibrium. The agreement between computation and experiment is distinctly better than in calculations based on absolute rate theory.
{"title":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics of closed-system reactions","authors":"M. Garfinkle","doi":"10.1016/0390-6035(82)90015-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0390-6035(82)90015-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Stoichiometric chemical reactions in a closed isothermal system are studied in terms of classical and statistical thermodynamics. It is demonstrated that the affinity decay rate in such a system is independent of reaction mechanism. On this basis a general thermodynamic description of the reactions is provided, valid for reactions with diverse mechanisms. In contrast to earlier approaches dealing only with systems close to equilibrium, the present formalism is applicable to systems arbitrarily far from equilibrium. The agreement between computation and experiment is distinctly better than in calculations based on absolute rate theory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18221,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 359-393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0390-6035(82)90015-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72077022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-05-01DOI: 10.1016/0390-6035(82)90012-8
J.M. Abd El Kader, F.M. Abd El Wahab, M.G.A. Khedr, A.M. Shams El Din
The variation with time of the open circuit potentials of four FeCr alloys of increasing Cr content is followed in strongly aerated solutions of Cl−, Br−, I−, NO3−, SO4−−, WO4−−, CrO4−−, and H2PO4− of varying molarities, till the attainment of steady state values.
Difference in behaviour is noted between Alloy I (7% Cr) and the other three Alloys (⩾ 13% Cr). With Alloy I, film thickening is noted only in very dilute salt solutions, whilst film destruction and dissolution operates in more concentrated media. With the three other alloys film formation describes the behaviour. Film thickening in all solutions follows a direct logarithmic law, with rates depending on the nature of anion in solution, and alloy composition. The action of the various anions is specific. In solution of the same anion the thickness of the oxide film increases with the Cr content of the alloy. Phosphate solutions produce significantly thicker passivating films.
The behaviour of the FeCr alloys in CrO42− solutions is unexpected. Whilst passivation is expected, the changes in potential denote film destruction.
The steady-state potentials measured in solutions of equimolar concentrations of the various anions are not the same. These potentials tend towards more negative values with the increase of anion-content of the solution. Under otherwise the same conditions, the steady-state potentials tend towards nobler values with the increase of the Cr-content of the alloys.
{"title":"Oxide film thickening on the surface of iron-chromium alloys in relation to anion type and concentration","authors":"J.M. Abd El Kader, F.M. Abd El Wahab, M.G.A. Khedr, A.M. Shams El Din","doi":"10.1016/0390-6035(82)90012-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0390-6035(82)90012-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The variation with time of the open circuit potentials of four FeCr alloys of increasing Cr content is followed in strongly aerated solutions of Cl<sup>−</sup>, Br<sup>−</sup>, I<sup>−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>−−</sup>, WO<sub>4</sub><sup>−−</sup>, CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>−−</sup>, and H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> of varying molarities, till the attainment of steady state values.</p><p>Difference in behaviour is noted between Alloy I (7% Cr) and the other three Alloys (⩾ 13% Cr). With Alloy I, film thickening is noted only in very dilute salt solutions, whilst film destruction and dissolution operates in more concentrated media. With the three other alloys film formation describes the behaviour. Film thickening in all solutions follows a direct logarithmic law, with rates depending on the nature of anion in solution, and alloy composition. The action of the various anions is specific. In solution of the same anion the thickness of the oxide film increases with the Cr content of the alloy. Phosphate solutions produce significantly thicker passivating films.</p><p>The behaviour of the FeCr alloys in CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> solutions is unexpected. Whilst passivation is expected, the changes in potential denote film destruction.</p><p>The steady-state potentials measured in solutions of equimolar concentrations of the various anions are not the same. These potentials tend towards more negative values with the increase of anion-content of the solution. Under otherwise the same conditions, the steady-state potentials tend towards nobler values with the increase of the Cr-content of the alloys.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18221,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry","volume":"7 3","pages":"Pages 313-329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0390-6035(82)90012-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72077018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-05-01DOI: 10.1016/0390-6035(82)90013-X
D. Lazarov, S. Manev, K. Ivanov
{"title":"Oxidation of methanol on the surfaces of copper-silver alloys","authors":"D. Lazarov, S. Manev, K. Ivanov","doi":"10.1016/0390-6035(82)90013-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0390-6035(82)90013-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18221,"journal":{"name":"Materials Chemistry","volume":"9 1","pages":"331-346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84160615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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