Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is still a controversial theme in discussions about companies and what they do to benefit communities in which they operate and society at large, and many argue that it does not permit the maximisation shareholder value. CSR is nonetheless a significant matter to consider in any business conduct. A plethora of research proves that socially responsible companies benefit both themselves and society. A key benefit that emanates from CSR is ab enhanced relationship between a company and the community in which it operates. CSR must be leveraged by organisations who are committed to society and stakeholders. Only in this way can sustainable development be realised, and this must be done in a transparent and ethical fashion so that maximising profits do not remain the key drivers of CSR which is a mere façade as noted. Corporate social responsibility offers numerous advantages and strategic benefits to companies that adopt it and do so in a serious manner. This study aims to fill that gap in knowledge by providing a different perspective to the discussion on CSR in South Africa, using insights garnered from the UAE approach and that of some other nations. Keywords: Societal support, organisations, good governance, ethical practice, regulations.
{"title":"A Reflection on Corporate Social Responsibility in Africa contrasted with the UAE and some Asian Nations","authors":"Revantha Gajadhur, A. Nicolaides","doi":"10.30958/ajl.8-2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-2-4","url":null,"abstract":"Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is still a controversial theme in discussions about companies and what they do to benefit communities in which they operate and society at large, and many argue that it does not permit the maximisation shareholder value. CSR is nonetheless a significant matter to consider in any business conduct. A plethora of research proves that socially responsible companies benefit both themselves and society. A key benefit that emanates from CSR is ab enhanced relationship between a company and the community in which it operates. CSR must be leveraged by organisations who are committed to society and stakeholders. Only in this way can sustainable development be realised, and this must be done in a transparent and ethical fashion so that maximising profits do not remain the key drivers of CSR which is a mere façade as noted. Corporate social responsibility offers numerous advantages and strategic benefits to companies that adopt it and do so in a serious manner. This study aims to fill that gap in knowledge by providing a different perspective to the discussion on CSR in South Africa, using insights garnered from the UAE approach and that of some other nations. Keywords: Societal support, organisations, good governance, ethical practice, regulations.","PeriodicalId":184533,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF LAW","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126646142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reviews and discusses the issue of one’s duty, rights and wrongs within the Humanist African Philosophy of Ubuntu. ‘Ubuntu’ is an Nguni Bantu term denoting "humanity". It asserts that "I am because we are" and expresses of having a sense of "humanity towards others" which in the Zulu language is stated as “umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu”. The roots of African Life, culture and value systems in Southern Africa in particular are found in the philosophy of Ubuntu but they have also been partially influenced by specifically the Judaeo-Christian tradition. Ubuntu considers human rights as moral principles or norms that designate certain standards of human behaviour that are required in dealing with other human beings. One’s rights and duties in society are grounded in a multifaceted philosophy because of the moral aspects which are a mixture of heritage and tradition. Ubuntu avows that society, and not any transcendent being, provides human beings with their basic humanity. An authentic individual human being is part of a complex and important relational, communal, societal, environmental and even mystical world. One’s actions are correct to that extent that they are a matter of living harmoniously with others and doing one’s duty while acting ethically and within the ambit of the law, and thus demonstrating reverence towards others in communal associations. It calls for apology, and forgiveness when doing something wrong and ultimately reconciliation with guilty or injured parties. Keywords: Ubuntu; Rights; Wrongs; Duties; Metaphysics; African humanism
{"title":"Duty, Human Rights and Wrongs and the Notion of Ubuntu as Humanist Philosophy and Metaphysical Connection","authors":"A. Nicolaides","doi":"10.30958/ajl.8-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews and discusses the issue of one’s duty, rights and wrongs within the Humanist African Philosophy of Ubuntu. ‘Ubuntu’ is an Nguni Bantu term denoting \"humanity\". It asserts that \"I am because we are\" and expresses of having a sense of \"humanity towards others\" which in the Zulu language is stated as “umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu”. The roots of African Life, culture and value systems in Southern Africa in particular are found in the philosophy of Ubuntu but they have also been partially influenced by specifically the Judaeo-Christian tradition. Ubuntu considers human rights as moral principles or norms that designate certain standards of human behaviour that are required in dealing with other human beings. One’s rights and duties in society are grounded in a multifaceted philosophy because of the moral aspects which are a mixture of heritage and tradition. Ubuntu avows that society, and not any transcendent being, provides human beings with their basic humanity. An authentic individual human being is part of a complex and important relational, communal, societal, environmental and even mystical world. One’s actions are correct to that extent that they are a matter of living harmoniously with others and doing one’s duty while acting ethically and within the ambit of the law, and thus demonstrating reverence towards others in communal associations. It calls for apology, and forgiveness when doing something wrong and ultimately reconciliation with guilty or injured parties. Keywords: Ubuntu; Rights; Wrongs; Duties; Metaphysics; African humanism","PeriodicalId":184533,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF LAW","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129422856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The advent of artificial intelligence applied to law raises many doubts about the correct application of the reasonable doubt criterion and its elaboration according to the scientific method. The aim of the paper is to find the right algorithmic formula resulting from the right compromise between logic and interpretation of the presumption of innocence. Keywords: Jurimetrics; Reasonable Doubt; Criminal Procedure: Scientific Method; Algorithm
{"title":"Beyond any Reasonable Doubt between Science, Jurimetrics and Criminal Procedure: New Perspectives?","authors":"Rocco Neri","doi":"10.30958/ajl.8-2-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-2-5","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of artificial intelligence applied to law raises many doubts about the correct application of the reasonable doubt criterion and its elaboration according to the scientific method. The aim of the paper is to find the right algorithmic formula resulting from the right compromise between logic and interpretation of the presumption of innocence. Keywords: Jurimetrics; Reasonable Doubt; Criminal Procedure: Scientific Method; Algorithm","PeriodicalId":184533,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF LAW","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124315109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oil exploration and exploitation is characterised with inequality, marginalisation, neglect, divide and rule in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. There are different ethnic groups in this region. It worrisome to note that one ethnic group is favoured above others when it comes to the distribution of oil wealth. Distributive injustice gives room for lack of cohesion and unity among the inhabitants of the Niger Delta region. Policy makers, peace entrepreneurs, government, and international oil companies failed to realise effects of distributive injustice on peacebuilding processes in the Niger Delta. This article therefore, sets to identify reasons for protracted Niger Delta conflict. It sets to examine the nature of distributive injustice in the region. It also examines the impacts of distributive injustice on ethnic relations in the region. It examines how ethnicity brings about distribute injustice in the Niger Delta. This paper posits that resolution of ethnic divisions would lead to enduring peace in the Niger Delta. Distributive Theory is the theoretical explanation adopted in the study. The theory pointed out that equity, equality and fairness will reduce inequality in the distribution of oil wealth in the region. The total number of participants in the study was seventy-two. It was found that the general demands of the inhabitants of the Niger Delta could be stated as sharing of political offices, the creation of State structures, the creation of Local Government Headquarters, apology, oil bloc allocation, more compensation and the monetisation of benefits but distribution of these were ethnic based. Most ethnic groups in the region were neglected, abandoned, and discriminated against. Distributive justice including fairness, equity, and equality should be the focus of socio-political actors in order to ensure enduring peace in the Niger Delta, Nigeria Keywords: Distributive, Justice, Conflict, Oil, Ethnicity, Conflict, Peacebuilding
{"title":"Distributive Justice Narratives among Different Ethnic Groups in the Niger Delta Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Processes","authors":"O. Folami","doi":"10.30958/ajl.8-2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-2-3","url":null,"abstract":"Oil exploration and exploitation is characterised with inequality, marginalisation, neglect, divide and rule in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. There are different ethnic groups in this region. It worrisome to note that one ethnic group is favoured above others when it comes to the distribution of oil wealth. Distributive injustice gives room for lack of cohesion and unity among the inhabitants of the Niger Delta region. Policy makers, peace entrepreneurs, government, and international oil companies failed to realise effects of distributive injustice on peacebuilding processes in the Niger Delta. This article therefore, sets to identify reasons for protracted Niger Delta conflict. It sets to examine the nature of distributive injustice in the region. It also examines the impacts of distributive injustice on ethnic relations in the region. It examines how ethnicity brings about distribute injustice in the Niger Delta. This paper posits that resolution of ethnic divisions would lead to enduring peace in the Niger Delta. Distributive Theory is the theoretical explanation adopted in the study. The theory pointed out that equity, equality and fairness will reduce inequality in the distribution of oil wealth in the region. The total number of participants in the study was seventy-two. It was found that the general demands of the inhabitants of the Niger Delta could be stated as sharing of political offices, the creation of State structures, the creation of Local Government Headquarters, apology, oil bloc allocation, more compensation and the monetisation of benefits but distribution of these were ethnic based. Most ethnic groups in the region were neglected, abandoned, and discriminated against. Distributive justice including fairness, equity, and equality should be the focus of socio-political actors in order to ensure enduring peace in the Niger Delta, Nigeria Keywords: Distributive, Justice, Conflict, Oil, Ethnicity, Conflict, Peacebuilding","PeriodicalId":184533,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF LAW","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122861937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rights and discrimination of LGBTI people is constantly changing in the time and space. The approach to this specific group of people depends from the values and morality that is prevailing in the leading political parties of the state. All humans are equal and the first article of Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that „all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood”. This basic universal value seems to be forgotten in case of giving rights to LGBTI people. European case law has also fixed the superiority of the EU in this matter and some cases of the CJEU will be discussed to give an example of the power of interpretation of law. It shows how limiting one right (survival’s pension) will change also the power balance in same-sex partnership. This article will explore and analyse the legal, political approaches to LGBTI rights in European Union using the examples of Estonia and Poland. Keywords: Partnership; Same sex union; Charter of Fundamental Rights; Discrimination; LGBT; Human rights: Family rights; Survival’s pension
{"title":"The LGBTI Rights in European Union – Do Survivals get Pension?","authors":"L. Roots","doi":"10.30958/ajl.8-2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-2-1","url":null,"abstract":"The rights and discrimination of LGBTI people is constantly changing in the time and space. The approach to this specific group of people depends from the values and morality that is prevailing in the leading political parties of the state. All humans are equal and the first article of Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that „all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood”. This basic universal value seems to be forgotten in case of giving rights to LGBTI people. European case law has also fixed the superiority of the EU in this matter and some cases of the CJEU will be discussed to give an example of the power of interpretation of law. It shows how limiting one right (survival’s pension) will change also the power balance in same-sex partnership. This article will explore and analyse the legal, political approaches to LGBTI rights in European Union using the examples of Estonia and Poland. Keywords: Partnership; Same sex union; Charter of Fundamental Rights; Discrimination; LGBT; Human rights: Family rights; Survival’s pension","PeriodicalId":184533,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF LAW","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117243061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reviews and incorporates the findings of academic Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and sustainability studies to guide hotels in achieving sustainability through CSR initiatives. To date, limited empirical research on CSR in developing countries is available. A triple-bottom-line approach employs companies to balance the needs of stakeholders, allowing them to give back to society while still prospering. Organisations follow CSR activities for a number of reasons, including enhancing the organisational image and strengthening relationships with consumers and stakeholders. CSR is most widely used in developed countries, such as the USA, Canada, and the UK. Consequently, given the lack of progress in CSR implementation in the developing world, this article illustrates some of the gaps identified in developing countries. This is significant because, for the first time, scholars in developing countries are exploring deeply into the concept of CSR. Thus, the article clearly sets the stage for businesses to participate in CSR activities by identifying the return and advantages of making investments for CSR activities within its relevant sectors. In other words, investigating the relationship between CSR and company performance. This article fills the gap and is unique in that it analyses existing CSR practices and offers guidance to business organisations. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility; Company Performance; Sustainability; Circular Economy; Hospitality industries
{"title":"Corporate Social Responsibility in Developed as opposed to Developing Countries and the Link to Sustainability","authors":"Revantha Gajadhur","doi":"10.30958/ajl.8-2-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-2-6","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews and incorporates the findings of academic Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and sustainability studies to guide hotels in achieving sustainability through CSR initiatives. To date, limited empirical research on CSR in developing countries is available. A triple-bottom-line approach employs companies to balance the needs of stakeholders, allowing them to give back to society while still prospering. Organisations follow CSR activities for a number of reasons, including enhancing the organisational image and strengthening relationships with consumers and stakeholders. CSR is most widely used in developed countries, such as the USA, Canada, and the UK. Consequently, given the lack of progress in CSR implementation in the developing world, this article illustrates some of the gaps identified in developing countries. This is significant because, for the first time, scholars in developing countries are exploring deeply into the concept of CSR. Thus, the article clearly sets the stage for businesses to participate in CSR activities by identifying the return and advantages of making investments for CSR activities within its relevant sectors. In other words, investigating the relationship between CSR and company performance. This article fills the gap and is unique in that it analyses existing CSR practices and offers guidance to business organisations. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility; Company Performance; Sustainability; Circular Economy; Hospitality industries","PeriodicalId":184533,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF LAW","volume":"232 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131130871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of patient’s rights itself was fairly known before the last four or five decades, and medical malpractice of all kinds made the aggrieved party to seek redress at a court; but no special legislation, apart from rare exceptions, has ever existed to anchor the patient’s rights before the late 20th century. In the civil law tradition of the 20th century, especially its earlier decades, doctors could be held criminally or civilly liable for a wide variety of malpractice, including unauthorised medical intervention or divulgation of patient’s information, though such provisions did not develop actual rights, were quite general in their nature, and were individually assessed by the courts in each case. Within in the gradual change in the doctrines of medical law, the term “autonomy”, shaping the patient’s right to decide what medical interventions could or could not be performed upon his body, intervened into the existing legal scholarship, which was later augmented with various issues, such as access to medical records of the patient, refusal of blood transfusion, participation in medical experiments, deciding upon end-of-life situations or relating to various reproductive law considerations, not always permitted by national law. Many of these rights are much older than the concept of patient’s autonomy themselves, and have developed in the case law which itself has originated from lawsuits against doctors and hospitals for acts, being nearly obscure in the existing legal doctrine, such as unauthorised medical experiments. The given paper is aimed to discuss the academic development and overall gist of the patient’s right to autonomy, as well as some of its early interpretations in civil law doctrine. Keywords: patient’s rights, medical malpractice, theory of law, medical law, patient autonomy, civil law.
{"title":"The Concept of the Patient’s Autonomy: From the Vaults of Civil Law","authors":"A. Lytvynenko","doi":"10.30958/ajl.8-1-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-1-5","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of patient’s rights itself was fairly known before the last four or five decades, and medical malpractice of all kinds made the aggrieved party to seek redress at a court; but no special legislation, apart from rare exceptions, has ever existed to anchor the patient’s rights before the late 20th century. In the civil law tradition of the 20th century, especially its earlier decades, doctors could be held criminally or civilly liable for a wide variety of malpractice, including unauthorised medical intervention or divulgation of patient’s information, though such provisions did not develop actual rights, were quite general in their nature, and were individually assessed by the courts in each case. Within in the gradual change in the doctrines of medical law, the term “autonomy”, shaping the patient’s right to decide what medical interventions could or could not be performed upon his body, intervened into the existing legal scholarship, which was later augmented with various issues, such as access to medical records of the patient, refusal of blood transfusion, participation in medical experiments, deciding upon end-of-life situations or relating to various reproductive law considerations, not always permitted by national law. Many of these rights are much older than the concept of patient’s autonomy themselves, and have developed in the case law which itself has originated from lawsuits against doctors and hospitals for acts, being nearly obscure in the existing legal doctrine, such as unauthorised medical experiments. The given paper is aimed to discuss the academic development and overall gist of the patient’s right to autonomy, as well as some of its early interpretations in civil law doctrine. Keywords: patient’s rights, medical malpractice, theory of law, medical law, patient autonomy, civil law.","PeriodicalId":184533,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF LAW","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117258104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victoria Teles Valois De Amorim, Michely Vargas del Puppo Romanelo
This study will present the issue of Syrian refugees in Brazil, whose immigration event occurs because of the terrible conditions offered in their native country, which makes these individuals seek refuge in other countries, seeking, in addition to a better condition, a life that is worthy. It is understood that the concept of dignified life goes against what is advocated by the Brazilian Federal Constitution, as well as fundamental rights, and even more related to the dignity of the human person. Thus, this article will bring an analysis of the context of this event, which has been happening quite frequently, making Brazil one of the countries that most welcome immigrants in the world. However, one factor draws attention in the middle of this process, as the Covid-19 pandemic has been following the population for more than a year, which makes border controls more rigid. In addition, Brazil, with its native population, is already experiencing various social problems, such as hunger, unemployment, poor distribution of income and gold, which makes us rethink whether the rights and dealings with these refugees are truly effective, in order to welcome and help in the development of a dignified life. The research will have its principle bibliographic reviews, in books, journals and articles referring to the area, in order to bring different standards that can be worked in society and contribute to the scientific community. It is evident that a dignified life is only possible if the guarantees, freedom, equity, and other principles, such as the dignity of the human person, provided by the Federal Constitution are observed. with its native population, is already experiencing various social problems, such as hunger, unemployment, poor distribution of income and gold, which makes us rethink whether the rights and dealings with these refugees are being truly effective, in order to welcome and help in the development of a dignified life. The research will have its principle bibliographic reviews, in books, journals and articles referring to the area, in order to bring different standards that can be worked in society and contribute to the scientific community. It is evident that a dignified life is only possible if the guarantees, freedom, equity, and other principles, such as the dignity of the human person, provided by the Federal Constitution are observed. with its native population, is already experiencing various social problems, such as hunger, unemployment, poor distribution of income and gold, which makes us rethink whether the rights and dealings with these refugees are being truly effective, in order to welcome and help in the development of a dignified life. The research will have its principle bibliographic reviews, in books, journals and articles referring to the area, in order to bring different standards that can be worked in society and contribute to the scientific community. It is evident that a dignified life is only possible if the guaran
{"title":"Syrian Refugees in Brazil: Protection of Human Rights and their Developments","authors":"Victoria Teles Valois De Amorim, Michely Vargas del Puppo Romanelo","doi":"10.30958/ajl.8-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"This study will present the issue of Syrian refugees in Brazil, whose immigration event occurs because of the terrible conditions offered in their native country, which makes these individuals seek refuge in other countries, seeking, in addition to a better condition, a life that is worthy. It is understood that the concept of dignified life goes against what is advocated by the Brazilian Federal Constitution, as well as fundamental rights, and even more related to the dignity of the human person. Thus, this article will bring an analysis of the context of this event, which has been happening quite frequently, making Brazil one of the countries that most welcome immigrants in the world. However, one factor draws attention in the middle of this process, as the Covid-19 pandemic has been following the population for more than a year, which makes border controls more rigid. In addition, Brazil, with its native population, is already experiencing various social problems, such as hunger, unemployment, poor distribution of income and gold, which makes us rethink whether the rights and dealings with these refugees are truly effective, in order to welcome and help in the development of a dignified life. The research will have its principle bibliographic reviews, in books, journals and articles referring to the area, in order to bring different standards that can be worked in society and contribute to the scientific community. It is evident that a dignified life is only possible if the guarantees, freedom, equity, and other principles, such as the dignity of the human person, provided by the Federal Constitution are observed. with its native population, is already experiencing various social problems, such as hunger, unemployment, poor distribution of income and gold, which makes us rethink whether the rights and dealings with these refugees are being truly effective, in order to welcome and help in the development of a dignified life. The research will have its principle bibliographic reviews, in books, journals and articles referring to the area, in order to bring different standards that can be worked in society and contribute to the scientific community. It is evident that a dignified life is only possible if the guarantees, freedom, equity, and other principles, such as the dignity of the human person, provided by the Federal Constitution are observed. with its native population, is already experiencing various social problems, such as hunger, unemployment, poor distribution of income and gold, which makes us rethink whether the rights and dealings with these refugees are being truly effective, in order to welcome and help in the development of a dignified life. The research will have its principle bibliographic reviews, in books, journals and articles referring to the area, in order to bring different standards that can be worked in society and contribute to the scientific community. It is evident that a dignified life is only possible if the guaran","PeriodicalId":184533,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF LAW","volume":"54 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116475531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital platforms are a very important economic reality, also in consideration of the epidemiological emergency which has increased online daily transactions. When we talk about digital markets, we refer to the transformation of the markets, induced by the exploitation and use of new technologies, in which digital contracts are an increasingly widespread phenomenon. This paper aims to give some hints about such issue and its legal framework. There are different elements to be considered: contract requirements, weaker party protection, sharing economy and some issue about the so-called “zero price economy”. In short, the paper summarises some profiles of legal relevance of such topical and wide subject. Keywords: Digital single market; Platform contracts; Sharing economy; Weaker party protection; Zero price economy.
{"title":"Platform Contracts: Legal Framework and User Protection","authors":"M. Chiarella","doi":"10.30958/ajl.8-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"Digital platforms are a very important economic reality, also in consideration of the epidemiological emergency which has increased online daily transactions. When we talk about digital markets, we refer to the transformation of the markets, induced by the exploitation and use of new technologies, in which digital contracts are an increasingly widespread phenomenon. This paper aims to give some hints about such issue and its legal framework. There are different elements to be considered: contract requirements, weaker party protection, sharing economy and some issue about the so-called “zero price economy”. In short, the paper summarises some profiles of legal relevance of such topical and wide subject. Keywords: Digital single market; Platform contracts; Sharing economy; Weaker party protection; Zero price economy.","PeriodicalId":184533,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF LAW","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129672894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this essay, which starts from the current scenario triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and from the impact it has had on various sectors, the Authors lay the foundations for the study of a welfare of the heritage to accompany the cultural welfare through the creation of a model of integrated management of the same (heritage) both in aspects related to the enhancement and in those inherent in the process of cultural innovation, aiming attention at an international audience. A welfare that bets on the creation of “ecosystems” of welfare of the heritage able to connect to European clusters for a participatory management of the same, in the renewed scenario of economic recovery where the combination of culture and employment is central. All is analysed and contextualised in the welfare dimension/view. This essay, according to a definitive methodological approach in the opening paragraphs, reviews the value of culture and heritage in the European scenario - including a focus on the National Recovery and Resilience Plan - along with the themes of sustainable development and cultural indicators 2030, passing through the analysis of cultural activators and circular business models. In the second part, the effects of the pandemic on cultural employment are analysed, as well as scenarios of new professionalism in the job market in the sectors of heritage and culture, without neglecting the focus on the relationship between tourism and culture. According to a circular path, which is connected to the incipit of the essay that at the beginning refers to the Assembly of “Gli Stati Generali del Patrimonio Italiano” (The General States of the Italian Heritage), the Authors outline the perspectives de iure condendo also related to the workshop activities of the Assembly and to the need to iitiate among stakeholders (public and private) a continuous and participatory confrontation in order to promote, on the one hand, a new and sustainabe entrepreneurship of cultural heritage, and on the other hand, structural policies aimed at creating employment. Keywords: Cultural heritage; Welfare; Employment; Economic asset.
在本文中，作者从新冠肺炎疫情引发的当前情景出发，从其对各个部门的影响出发，通过在文化创新过程中固有的方面创建同一(遗产)的综合管理模式，为遗产福利伴随文化福利的研究奠定了基础，旨在引起国际受众的关注。在经济复苏的新场景中，文化和就业的结合是核心，这种福利押注于创造遗产福利的“生态系统”，能够连接到欧洲集群，以进行同样的参与式管理。所有这些都在福利维度/观点中进行了分析和背景化。本文通过对文化激活因素和循环商业模式的分析，回顾了欧洲情景中文化和遗产的价值，包括对国家复苏和复原力计划的关注，以及可持续发展和2030年文化指标的主题。在第二部分中，分析了流行病对文化就业的影响，以及遗产和文化部门就业市场中新专业主义的情景，同时不忽视对旅游与文化之间关系的关注。根据与文章开头提到的“Gli Stati Generali del Patrimonio Italiano”大会(意大利遗产的一般国家)相关的圆形路径，作者概述了与大会研讨会活动相关的简要观点，以及在利益相关者(公共和私人)之间发起持续和参与性对抗的必要性，以促进，一方面，一种新的和可持续的文化遗产企业精神，另一方面，旨在创造就业的结构性政策。关键词:文化遗产;福利;就业;经济资产。
{"title":"Work and Employment for the Heritage: System Analysis of an Economic Asset for an Innovative Welfare Model","authors":"Ivan Drogo Inglese, Roberta Caragnano","doi":"10.30958/ajl.8-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"In this essay, which starts from the current scenario triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and from the impact it has had on various sectors, the Authors lay the foundations for the study of a welfare of the heritage to accompany the cultural welfare through the creation of a model of integrated management of the same (heritage) both in aspects related to the enhancement and in those inherent in the process of cultural innovation, aiming attention at an international audience. A welfare that bets on the creation of “ecosystems” of welfare of the heritage able to connect to European clusters for a participatory management of the same, in the renewed scenario of economic recovery where the combination of culture and employment is central. All is analysed and contextualised in the welfare dimension/view. This essay, according to a definitive methodological approach in the opening paragraphs, reviews the value of culture and heritage in the European scenario - including a focus on the National Recovery and Resilience Plan - along with the themes of sustainable development and cultural indicators 2030, passing through the analysis of cultural activators and circular business models. In the second part, the effects of the pandemic on cultural employment are analysed, as well as scenarios of new professionalism in the job market in the sectors of heritage and culture, without neglecting the focus on the relationship between tourism and culture. According to a circular path, which is connected to the incipit of the essay that at the beginning refers to the Assembly of “Gli Stati Generali del Patrimonio Italiano” (The General States of the Italian Heritage), the Authors outline the perspectives de iure condendo also related to the workshop activities of the Assembly and to the need to iitiate among stakeholders (public and private) a continuous and participatory confrontation in order to promote, on the one hand, a new and sustainabe entrepreneurship of cultural heritage, and on the other hand, structural policies aimed at creating employment. Keywords: Cultural heritage; Welfare; Employment; Economic asset.","PeriodicalId":184533,"journal":{"name":"ATHENS JOURNAL OF LAW","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122059099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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