Pub Date : 2024-09-23eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240073
Johan Alvarado-Ocampo, Elizabeth Abrahams-Sandí, Lissette Retana-Moreira
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayered membrane-delimited particles secreted by almost any cell type, involved in different functions according to the cell of origin and its state. From these, cell to cell communication, pathogen-host interactions and modulation of the immune response have been widely studied. Moreover, these vesicles could be employed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including infections produced by pathogens of diverse types; regarding parasites, the secretion, characterisation, and roles of EVs have been studied in particular cases. Moreover, the heterogeneity of EVs presents challenges at every stage of studies, which motivates research in this area. In this review, we summarise some aspects related to the secretion and roles of EVs from several groups of pathogens, with special focus on the most recent research regarding EVs secreted by extracellular protozoan parasites.
{"title":"Overview of extracellular vesicles in pathogens with special focus on human extracellular protozoan parasites.","authors":"Johan Alvarado-Ocampo, Elizabeth Abrahams-Sandí, Lissette Retana-Moreira","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760240073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760240073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayered membrane-delimited particles secreted by almost any cell type, involved in different functions according to the cell of origin and its state. From these, cell to cell communication, pathogen-host interactions and modulation of the immune response have been widely studied. Moreover, these vesicles could be employed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including infections produced by pathogens of diverse types; regarding parasites, the secretion, characterisation, and roles of EVs have been studied in particular cases. Moreover, the heterogeneity of EVs presents challenges at every stage of studies, which motivates research in this area. In this review, we summarise some aspects related to the secretion and roles of EVs from several groups of pathogens, with special focus on the most recent research regarding EVs secreted by extracellular protozoan parasites.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11421424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142349766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230214
Rodrigo Cunha Oliveira, Darren Martin, Juliana Sacramento Mota de Souza, Luiz Carlos Júnior Alcântara, Monick Lindenmeyer Guimarães, Carlos Brites, Joana Paixão Monteiro-Cunha
Background: The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infections in Brazil are predominantly caused by two subtypes, B and C.
Objectives: Here we present the characterisation of a novel HIV-1 recombinant form, indicating a new Brazilian CRF_BC, named CRF146_BC.
Methods: RDP, JphMM and Simplot recombination tools were used to evaluate the mosaic pattern.
Findings: In this work, we identified three HIV-1 nucleotide sequences previously classified as unique recombinant forms (URFs), plus one new partial genome sharing the same BC recombination pattern. The mosaic genome is almost entirely represented by the subtype C sequence, with a small subtype B recombination region in the pol gene, at the Integrase level. The phylogenetic analyses strongly indicate a common origin between the strains, which were isolated in Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia states.
Main conclusions: Thus, the new HIV-1 CRF146_BC is circulating in three different Brazilian regions: South, Southeast and Northeast.
背景:巴西的人类免疫缺陷病毒 1(HIV-1)感染主要由 B 和 C 两种亚型引起:在此,我们介绍了一种新型 HIV-1 重组形式的特征,它表明了一种新的巴西 CRF_BC,名为 CRF146_BC:方法:使用 RDP、JphMM 和 Simplot 重组工具评估马赛克模式:在这项工作中,我们发现了三个以前被归类为独特重组形式(URF)的 HIV-1 核苷酸序列,以及一个具有相同 BC 重组模式的新的部分基因组。在整合酶水平上,马赛克基因组几乎完全由 C 亚型序列代表,在 pol 基因中有一个小的 B 亚型重组区。系统发生学分析强烈表明,这些分离自南里约格朗德州、里约热内卢州和巴伊亚州的菌株具有共同的起源:因此,新的 HIV-1 CRF146_BC 在巴西三个不同地区流行:主要结论:因此,新的 HIV-1 CRF146_BC 在巴西三个不同地区流行:南部、东南部和东北部。
{"title":"Description of the new HIV-1 intersubtype B/C circulating recombinant form (CRF146_BC) detected in Brazil.","authors":"Rodrigo Cunha Oliveira, Darren Martin, Juliana Sacramento Mota de Souza, Luiz Carlos Júnior Alcântara, Monick Lindenmeyer Guimarães, Carlos Brites, Joana Paixão Monteiro-Cunha","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760230214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760230214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infections in Brazil are predominantly caused by two subtypes, B and C.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Here we present the characterisation of a novel HIV-1 recombinant form, indicating a new Brazilian CRF_BC, named CRF146_BC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>RDP, JphMM and Simplot recombination tools were used to evaluate the mosaic pattern.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>In this work, we identified three HIV-1 nucleotide sequences previously classified as unique recombinant forms (URFs), plus one new partial genome sharing the same BC recombination pattern. The mosaic genome is almost entirely represented by the subtype C sequence, with a small subtype B recombination region in the pol gene, at the Integrase level. The phylogenetic analyses strongly indicate a common origin between the strains, which were isolated in Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia states.</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>Thus, the new HIV-1 CRF146_BC is circulating in three different Brazilian regions: South, Southeast and Northeast.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11421422/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142349765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230100
Vaughn Shirey, Jorge Rabinovich
Background: Kissing bugs are the vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease (CD). Despite their epidemiological relevance, kissing bug species are under sampled in terms of their diversity and it is unclear what biases exist in available kissing bug data. Under climate change, range maps for kissing bugs may become less accurate as species shift their ranges to track climatic tolerance.
Objectives: Quantify inventory completeness in available kissing bug data. Assess how well range maps are at conveying information about current distributions and potential future distributions subject to shift under climate change. Intersect forecasted changes in kissing bug distributions with contemporary sampling gaps to identify regions for future sampling of the group. Identify whether a phylogenetic signal is present in expert range knowledge as more closely related species may be similarly well or lesser understood.
Methods: We used species distribution models (SDM), specifically constructed from Bayesian additive regression trees, with Bioclim variables, to forecast kissing bug distributions into 2100 and intersect these with current sampling gaps to identify priority regions for sampling. Expert range maps were assessed by the agreement between the expert map and SDM generated occurrence probability. We used classical hypothesis testing methods as well as tests of phylogenetic signal to meet our objectives.
Findings: Expert range maps vary in their quality of depicting current kissing bug distributions. Most expert range maps decline in their ability to convey information about kissing bug occurrence over time, especially in under sampled areas. We found limited evidence for a phylogenetic signal in expert range map performance.
Main conclusions: Expert range maps are not a perfect account of species distributions and may degrade in their ability to accurately convey distribution knowledge under future climates. We identify regions where future sampling of kissing bugs will be crucial for completing biodiversity inventories.
{"title":"Climate change-induced degradation of expert range maps drawn for kissing bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and long-standing current and future sampling gaps across the Americas.","authors":"Vaughn Shirey, Jorge Rabinovich","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760230100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-02760230100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Kissing bugs are the vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease (CD). Despite their epidemiological relevance, kissing bug species are under sampled in terms of their diversity and it is unclear what biases exist in available kissing bug data. Under climate change, range maps for kissing bugs may become less accurate as species shift their ranges to track climatic tolerance.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Quantify inventory completeness in available kissing bug data. Assess how well range maps are at conveying information about current distributions and potential future distributions subject to shift under climate change. Intersect forecasted changes in kissing bug distributions with contemporary sampling gaps to identify regions for future sampling of the group. Identify whether a phylogenetic signal is present in expert range knowledge as more closely related species may be similarly well or lesser understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used species distribution models (SDM), specifically constructed from Bayesian additive regression trees, with Bioclim variables, to forecast kissing bug distributions into 2100 and intersect these with current sampling gaps to identify priority regions for sampling. Expert range maps were assessed by the agreement between the expert map and SDM generated occurrence probability. We used classical hypothesis testing methods as well as tests of phylogenetic signal to meet our objectives.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Expert range maps vary in their quality of depicting current kissing bug distributions. Most expert range maps decline in their ability to convey information about kissing bug occurrence over time, especially in under sampled areas. We found limited evidence for a phylogenetic signal in expert range map performance.</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>Expert range maps are not a perfect account of species distributions and may degrade in their ability to accurately convey distribution knowledge under future climates. We identify regions where future sampling of kissing bugs will be crucial for completing biodiversity inventories.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11421423/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142349764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Leishmaniasis is a neglected zoonosis caused by parasites of Leishmania spp. The main drug used to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the antimoniate of meglumine. This drug, which has strong adverse and toxic effects, is usually administered intravenously, further complicating the difficult treatment. Factors such as Leishmania gene expression and genomic mutations appear to play a role in the development of drug resistance.
Objectives: This systematic review summarises the results of the literature evaluating parasite genetic markers possibly associated with resistance to pentavalent antimony in CL.
Methods: This study followed PRISMA guidelines and included articles from PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS databases. Inclusion criteria were studies that (i) investigated mutations in the genome and/or changes in gene expression of Leishmania associated with treatment resistance; (ii) used antimony drugs in the therapy of CL; (iii) used naturally resistant strains isolated from patients. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess article quality and risk of bias.
Findings: A total of 23 articles were selected, of which 18 investigated gene expression and nine genomic mutations. Of these 23 articles, four examined gene expression and genomic mutations in the same samples. Regarding gene expression, genes from the ABC transporter protein family, AQP1, MRPA, TDR1 and TRYR were most frequently associated with drug resistance. In one of the articles in which mutations were investigated, a mutation was found in HSP70 (T579A) and in three articles mutations were found in AQP1 (A516C, G562A and G700A). A limitation of this review is that in most of the included studies, parasites were isolated from cultured lesion samples and drug resistance was assessed using in vitro drug susceptibility testing. These approaches may not be ideal for accurate genetic evaluation and detection of treatment failure.
Main conclusions: The development of further studies to evaluate the genetic resistance factors of Leishmania spp. is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of the parasite and improve patient treatment and infection control.
{"title":"Leishmania spp. genetic factors associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis antimony pentavalent drug resistance: a systematic review.","authors":"Raphaela Lisboa Andrade Nery, Thaline Mabel Sousa Santos, Luana Leandro Gois, Aldina Barral, Ricardo Khouri, Caroline Alves Feitosa, Luciane Amorim Santos","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760230240","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760230240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leishmaniasis is a neglected zoonosis caused by parasites of Leishmania spp. The main drug used to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the antimoniate of meglumine. This drug, which has strong adverse and toxic effects, is usually administered intravenously, further complicating the difficult treatment. Factors such as Leishmania gene expression and genomic mutations appear to play a role in the development of drug resistance.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This systematic review summarises the results of the literature evaluating parasite genetic markers possibly associated with resistance to pentavalent antimony in CL.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study followed PRISMA guidelines and included articles from PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS databases. Inclusion criteria were studies that (i) investigated mutations in the genome and/or changes in gene expression of Leishmania associated with treatment resistance; (ii) used antimony drugs in the therapy of CL; (iii) used naturally resistant strains isolated from patients. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess article quality and risk of bias.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>A total of 23 articles were selected, of which 18 investigated gene expression and nine genomic mutations. Of these 23 articles, four examined gene expression and genomic mutations in the same samples. Regarding gene expression, genes from the ABC transporter protein family, AQP1, MRPA, TDR1 and TRYR were most frequently associated with drug resistance. In one of the articles in which mutations were investigated, a mutation was found in HSP70 (T579A) and in three articles mutations were found in AQP1 (A516C, G562A and G700A). A limitation of this review is that in most of the included studies, parasites were isolated from cultured lesion samples and drug resistance was assessed using in vitro drug susceptibility testing. These approaches may not be ideal for accurate genetic evaluation and detection of treatment failure.</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>The development of further studies to evaluate the genetic resistance factors of Leishmania spp. is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of the parasite and improve patient treatment and infection control.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11370656/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240002
Raquel Gonçalves, Kathryn P Hacker, Carlos Condori, Sherrie Xie, Katty Borrini-Mayori, Lina Mollesaca Riveros, Roger Quispe Apaza, Manuel Ysidro Arratea, Gustavo Nativio, Ricardo Castillo-Neyra, Valerie A Paz-Soldan, Michael Z Levy
Background: The city of El Pedregal grew out of a desert, following an agricultural irrigation project in southern Peru.
Objectives: To describe infestation patterns by triatomines and bed bugs and their relationship to migration and urbanization.
Methods: We conducted door-to-door entomological surveys for triatomines and bed bugs. We assessed spatial clustering of infestations and compared the year of construction of infested to un-infested households. To gain a better understanding of the context surrounding triatomine infestations, we conducted in-depth interviews with residents to explore their migration histories, including previous experiences with infestation.
Findings: We inspected 5,164 households for Triatoma infestans (known locally as the Chirimacha); 21 (0.41%) were infested. These were extremely spatially clustered (Ripley's K p-value < 0.001 at various spatial scales). Infested houses were older than controls (Wilcoxon rank-sum: W = 33; p = 0.02). We conducted bed bug specific inspections in 34 households; 23 of these were infested. These were spatially dispersed across El Pedregal, and no difference was observed in construction age between bed bug infested houses and control houses (W = 6.5, p = 0.07).
Main conclusions: The establishment of agribusiness companies in a desert area demanded a permanent work force, leading to the emergence of a new city. Migrant farmers, seeking work opportunities or escaping from adverse climatic events, arrived with few resources, and constructed their houses with precarious materials. T. infestans, a Chagas disease vector, was introduced to the city and colonized houses, but its dispersal was constrained by presence of vacant houses. We discuss how changes in the socioeconomic and agricultural landscape can increase vulnerability to vector-borne illnesses.
背景在秘鲁南部的一个农业灌溉项目之后,El Pedregal 市从一片沙漠中发展起来:描述三蠹和臭虫的侵扰模式及其与移民和城市化的关系:方法:我们挨家挨户进行昆虫学调查,寻找三蠹和臭虫。我们评估了虫害的空间聚集情况,并比较了虫害家庭与未虫害家庭的建筑年份。为了更好地了解三蠹虫害的相关情况,我们对居民进行了深入访谈,以了解他们的迁移历史,包括以前的虫害经历:我们对 5,164 户家庭进行了三吸虫(当地人称为 Chirimacha)检查,其中 21 户(0.41%)受到三吸虫侵扰。这些家庭在空间上极为集中(在不同空间尺度上,Ripley's K 的 p 值均小于 0.001)。虫害房屋的房龄高于对照房屋(Wilcoxon rank-sum: W = 33; p = 0.02)。我们对 34 户家庭进行了臭虫专项检查,其中 23 户存在臭虫。这些住户分布在 El Pedregal 的各个地区,在建筑年限方面,受臭虫侵扰的房屋与对照房屋没有差异(W = 6.5,p = 0.07):主要结论:在沙漠地区建立农业综合企业需要长期劳动力,这导致了新城市的出现。为寻找工作机会或躲避不利气候事件而迁徙的农民带着很少的资源来到这里,用不稳定的材料建造房屋。南美锥虫病病媒 T. infestans 被引入城市并在房屋中定居,但其传播受到空置房屋的限制。我们讨论了社会经济和农业景观的变化如何增加了对病媒传播疾病的脆弱性。
{"title":"Irrigation, migration and infestation: a case study of Chagas disease vectors and bed bugs in El Pedregal, Peru.","authors":"Raquel Gonçalves, Kathryn P Hacker, Carlos Condori, Sherrie Xie, Katty Borrini-Mayori, Lina Mollesaca Riveros, Roger Quispe Apaza, Manuel Ysidro Arratea, Gustavo Nativio, Ricardo Castillo-Neyra, Valerie A Paz-Soldan, Michael Z Levy","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760240002","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760240002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The city of El Pedregal grew out of a desert, following an agricultural irrigation project in southern Peru.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe infestation patterns by triatomines and bed bugs and their relationship to migration and urbanization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted door-to-door entomological surveys for triatomines and bed bugs. We assessed spatial clustering of infestations and compared the year of construction of infested to un-infested households. To gain a better understanding of the context surrounding triatomine infestations, we conducted in-depth interviews with residents to explore their migration histories, including previous experiences with infestation.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>We inspected 5,164 households for Triatoma infestans (known locally as the Chirimacha); 21 (0.41%) were infested. These were extremely spatially clustered (Ripley's K p-value < 0.001 at various spatial scales). Infested houses were older than controls (Wilcoxon rank-sum: W = 33; p = 0.02). We conducted bed bug specific inspections in 34 households; 23 of these were infested. These were spatially dispersed across El Pedregal, and no difference was observed in construction age between bed bug infested houses and control houses (W = 6.5, p = 0.07).</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>The establishment of agribusiness companies in a desert area demanded a permanent work force, leading to the emergence of a new city. Migrant farmers, seeking work opportunities or escaping from adverse climatic events, arrived with few resources, and constructed their houses with precarious materials. T. infestans, a Chagas disease vector, was introduced to the city and colonized houses, but its dispersal was constrained by presence of vacant houses. We discuss how changes in the socioeconomic and agricultural landscape can increase vulnerability to vector-borne illnesses.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11370655/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-30eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240055
Felipe Dutra-Rêgo, Michelli Santos da Silva, Ana Paula Isnard, Jansen Fernandes Medeiros, José Dilermando Andrade Filho, Mariana Lourenço Freire
Sand flies play a crucial role as vectors of bacteria, viruses, and protists, with Leishmania being the most notable among them, transmitted to vertebrate hosts during blood feeding. Understanding the feeding behaviours of sand flies is imperative for gaining insights into their eco-epidemiological roles in the transmission of these infectious agents. This systematic review aimed to answer the question 'What are the blood-feeding sources identified in Brazilian sand flies?' to provide an analysis of their blood-feeding habits. The diverse range of at least 16 vertebrate orders identified as blood sources for 54 sand fly species across different geographic regions was summarised, and the factors potentially associated with the risk of bias in the included studies were analysed. The findings broaden the discussion concerning methods used to identify blood meal sources and shed light on the implications of sand fly feeding behaviours for the transmission dynamics of Leishmania.
{"title":"You are what you eat: a systematic review exploring the interaction between Brazilian sand flies and their vertebrate food sources.","authors":"Felipe Dutra-Rêgo, Michelli Santos da Silva, Ana Paula Isnard, Jansen Fernandes Medeiros, José Dilermando Andrade Filho, Mariana Lourenço Freire","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760240055","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760240055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sand flies play a crucial role as vectors of bacteria, viruses, and protists, with Leishmania being the most notable among them, transmitted to vertebrate hosts during blood feeding. Understanding the feeding behaviours of sand flies is imperative for gaining insights into their eco-epidemiological roles in the transmission of these infectious agents. This systematic review aimed to answer the question 'What are the blood-feeding sources identified in Brazilian sand flies?' to provide an analysis of their blood-feeding habits. The diverse range of at least 16 vertebrate orders identified as blood sources for 54 sand fly species across different geographic regions was summarised, and the factors potentially associated with the risk of bias in the included studies were analysed. The findings broaden the discussion concerning methods used to identify blood meal sources and shed light on the implications of sand fly feeding behaviours for the transmission dynamics of Leishmania.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11368077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142126175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230178
Bruna Letícia Martins, Jonatas Perico, Daniele Ferreira de Faria Bertoluci, Adriana Sierra Assencio Almeida Barbosa, Patricia Sammarco Rosa, Maria Renata Sales Nogueira, Vânia Nieto Brito de Souza, Ana Carla Pereira Latini
Background: The impact of nutrient availability on the survival of Mycobacterium leprae and the development of leprosy remains largely unknown. Iron is essential for the survival and replication of pathogens, while vitamin D has been involved with pathogen elimination and immunoregulation.
Objectives: We evaluated the influence of dietary iron and vitamin D supplementation and restriction on the inflammatory response of mouse immune cells in vitro.
Methods: After 30 days of standard or modified diets, peritoneal cells and splenocytes were stimulated with the alive microorganisms and sonicated antigens of M. leprae, respectively. The production of inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and cell proliferation were evaluated.
Findings: In peritoneal cells, vitamin D supplementation and iron restriction reduced the production of IL-6 and TNF in response to M. leprae, while splenocytes presented a reduction in TNF production under the same conditions. Lower levels of IFN-γ and TNF were observed in both iron-supplemented and iron-deficient splenocytes. Besides, iron supplementation also reduced the production of IL-6 and IL-10. No changes in the production of reactive oxygen species or in cell proliferation were observed related to different diets.
Main conclusions: Taken together, these data point to an interference of the status of these nutrients on the interaction between the host and M. leprae, with the potential to interfere with the progression of leprosy. Our results highlight the impact of nutritional aspects on this neglected disease, which is significantly associated with unfavourable social conditions.
背景:营养供应对麻风分枝杆菌的存活和麻风病发展的影响在很大程度上仍是未知数。铁对病原体的生存和复制至关重要,而维生素 D 则与病原体的消除和免疫调节有关:我们评估了膳食中铁和维生素 D 的补充和限制对体外小鼠免疫细胞炎症反应的影响:方法:在标准或改良膳食30天后,分别用活体微生物和麻风杆菌超声抗原刺激腹膜细胞和脾脏细胞。评估了炎症细胞因子、活性氧和细胞增殖的产生情况:研究结果:在腹膜细胞中,补充维生素 D 和限制铁的摄入可减少 IL-6 和 TNF 对麻风杆菌的反应,而脾细胞在相同条件下 TNF 的产生也有所减少。在补铁和缺铁的脾细胞中均观察到较低水平的 IFN-γ 和 TNF。此外,补铁还能减少 IL-6 和 IL-10 的产生。在活性氧的产生或细胞增殖方面没有观察到与不同饮食有关的变化:综上所述,这些数据表明,这些营养物质的状况会影响宿主与麻风杆菌之间的相互作用,并有可能影响麻风病的进展。我们的研究结果凸显了营养因素对这种被忽视的疾病的影响,而这种疾病与不利的社会条件密切相关。
{"title":"Iron and vitamin D intake on a diet are able to modify the in vitro immune response to Mycobacterium leprae.","authors":"Bruna Letícia Martins, Jonatas Perico, Daniele Ferreira de Faria Bertoluci, Adriana Sierra Assencio Almeida Barbosa, Patricia Sammarco Rosa, Maria Renata Sales Nogueira, Vânia Nieto Brito de Souza, Ana Carla Pereira Latini","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760230178","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760230178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The impact of nutrient availability on the survival of Mycobacterium leprae and the development of leprosy remains largely unknown. Iron is essential for the survival and replication of pathogens, while vitamin D has been involved with pathogen elimination and immunoregulation.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We evaluated the influence of dietary iron and vitamin D supplementation and restriction on the inflammatory response of mouse immune cells in vitro.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After 30 days of standard or modified diets, peritoneal cells and splenocytes were stimulated with the alive microorganisms and sonicated antigens of M. leprae, respectively. The production of inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and cell proliferation were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>In peritoneal cells, vitamin D supplementation and iron restriction reduced the production of IL-6 and TNF in response to M. leprae, while splenocytes presented a reduction in TNF production under the same conditions. Lower levels of IFN-γ and TNF were observed in both iron-supplemented and iron-deficient splenocytes. Besides, iron supplementation also reduced the production of IL-6 and IL-10. No changes in the production of reactive oxygen species or in cell proliferation were observed related to different diets.</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>Taken together, these data point to an interference of the status of these nutrients on the interaction between the host and M. leprae, with the potential to interfere with the progression of leprosy. Our results highlight the impact of nutritional aspects on this neglected disease, which is significantly associated with unfavourable social conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11329276/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142017962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240018
Jorge Emilio De All, Juan Francisco Caminos Eguillor, Simón Marcelo Cohen, Héctor Freilij, Arnaldo Dubin
Background: Chagas disease is a systemic illness with widespread microvascular involvement. Experimental and clinical studies suggest that functional and structural microcirculatory abnormalities might be relevant to the disease progression.
Objectives: To show the presence of sublingual microcirculatory alterations in patients with chronic Chagas disease.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study including adult patients with serologic diagnosis of Chagas disease (n = 41) and control volunteers with negative serology (n = 38), from an endemic rural population. Study participants underwent clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and sublingual videomicroscopic assessment. Videos were acquired by a sidestream-dark-field (SDF) imaging device and evaluated by a software-assisted analysis (AVA 3.2 software).
Findings: Most of Chagas disease patients were in the indeterminate phase (n = 34) and had lower heart rate and more echocardiographic abnormalities than control group (50 vs. 26%, p = 0.03). They also exhibited higher small microvessels total and perfused vascular density (20.12 ± 2.33 vs. 19.05 ± 2.25 and 20.03 ± 2.28 vs. 19.01 ± 2.25 mm/mm2, p < 0.05 for both). Other microvascular variables did not differ between groups.
Main conclusions: Patients with chronic Chagas disease exhibited increases in sublingual total and perfused microvascular density. Angiogenesis might be the underlying mechanism. The videomicroscopic assessment of mucosal sublingual microcirculation might be an additional tool in the monitoring of Chagas disease.
{"title":"Sublingual microcirculatory alterations in Chagas disease: an observational study in an endemic rural population.","authors":"Jorge Emilio De All, Juan Francisco Caminos Eguillor, Simón Marcelo Cohen, Héctor Freilij, Arnaldo Dubin","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760240018","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760240018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chagas disease is a systemic illness with widespread microvascular involvement. Experimental and clinical studies suggest that functional and structural microcirculatory abnormalities might be relevant to the disease progression.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To show the presence of sublingual microcirculatory alterations in patients with chronic Chagas disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study including adult patients with serologic diagnosis of Chagas disease (n = 41) and control volunteers with negative serology (n = 38), from an endemic rural population. Study participants underwent clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and sublingual videomicroscopic assessment. Videos were acquired by a sidestream-dark-field (SDF) imaging device and evaluated by a software-assisted analysis (AVA 3.2 software).</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Most of Chagas disease patients were in the indeterminate phase (n = 34) and had lower heart rate and more echocardiographic abnormalities than control group (50 vs. 26%, p = 0.03). They also exhibited higher small microvessels total and perfused vascular density (20.12 ± 2.33 vs. 19.05 ± 2.25 and 20.03 ± 2.28 vs. 19.01 ± 2.25 mm/mm2, p < 0.05 for both). Other microvascular variables did not differ between groups.</p><p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>Patients with chronic Chagas disease exhibited increases in sublingual total and perfused microvascular density. Angiogenesis might be the underlying mechanism. The videomicroscopic assessment of mucosal sublingual microcirculation might be an additional tool in the monitoring of Chagas disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11304841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141897752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240057er
[This corrects the article doi: 10.1590/0074-02760240057].
[此处更正了文章 doi:10.1590/0074-02760240057]。
{"title":"ERRATUM.","authors":"","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760240057er","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760240057er","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article doi: 10.1590/0074-02760240057].</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11285857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26eCollection Date: 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240058
Marlene Benchimol, Wanderley de Souza
The incorporation of different molecules by eukaryotic cells occurs through endocytosis, which is critical to the cell's survival and ability to reproduce. Although this process has been studied in greater detail in mammalian and yeast cells, several groups working with pathogenic protists have made relevant contributions. This review analysed the most relevant data on the endocytic process in anaerobic protists (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Tritrichomonas foetus). Many protozoa can exert endocytic activity across their entire surface and do so with great intensity, as with E. histolytica. The available data on the endocytic pathway and the participation of PI-3 kinase, Rab, and Rho molecular complexes is reviewed from a historical perspective.
{"title":"Endocytosis in anaerobic parasitic protists.","authors":"Marlene Benchimol, Wanderley de Souza","doi":"10.1590/0074-02760240058","DOIUrl":"10.1590/0074-02760240058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incorporation of different molecules by eukaryotic cells occurs through endocytosis, which is critical to the cell's survival and ability to reproduce. Although this process has been studied in greater detail in mammalian and yeast cells, several groups working with pathogenic protists have made relevant contributions. This review analysed the most relevant data on the endocytic process in anaerobic protists (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Tritrichomonas foetus). Many protozoa can exert endocytic activity across their entire surface and do so with great intensity, as with E. histolytica. The available data on the endocytic pathway and the participation of PI-3 kinase, Rab, and Rho molecular complexes is reviewed from a historical perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":18469,"journal":{"name":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11285859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}