Pub Date : 2017-01-18DOI: 10.1017/9781316227220.008
L. Moore, M. Galand, A. J. Kliore, A. Nagy, J. O’Donoghue
This chapter summarizes our current understanding of the ionosphere of Saturn. We give an overview of Saturn ionospheric science from the Voyager era to the present, with a focus on the wealth of new data and discoveries enabled by Cassini, including a massive increase in the number of electron density altitude profiles. We discuss recent ground-based detection of the effect of "ring rain" on Saturn's ionosphere, and present possible model interpretations of the observations. Finally, we outline current model-data discrepancies and indicate how future observations can help in advancing our understanding of the various controlling physical and chemical processes.
{"title":"Saturn’s Ionosphere","authors":"L. Moore, M. Galand, A. J. Kliore, A. Nagy, J. O’Donoghue","doi":"10.1017/9781316227220.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316227220.008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter summarizes our current understanding of the ionosphere of Saturn. We give an overview of Saturn ionospheric science from the Voyager era to the present, with a focus on the wealth of new data and discoveries enabled by Cassini, including a massive increase in the number of electron density altitude profiles. We discuss recent ground-based detection of the effect of \"ring rain\" on Saturn's ionosphere, and present possible model interpretations of the observations. Finally, we outline current model-data discrepancies and indicate how future observations can help in advancing our understanding of the various controlling physical and chemical processes.","PeriodicalId":185956,"journal":{"name":"Saturn in the 21st Century","volume":"59 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131830873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-23DOI: 10.1017/9781316227220.013
A. S'anchez-Lavega, G. Fischer, L. Fletcher, E. Garc'ia-Melendo, B. Hesman, S. P'erez-Hoyos, K. Sayanagi, L. Sromovsky
In December 2010, a major storm erupted in Saturn's northern hemisphere near 37 degree planetographic latitude. This rather surprising event, occurring at an unexpected latitude and time, is the sixth "Great White Spot" (GWS) storm observed over the last century and a half. Such GWS events are planetary-scale atmospheric phenomena that dramatically change the typically bland appearance of the planet. Occurring while the Cassini mission was on-orbit at Saturn, the Great Storm of 2010-2011 was well-suited for intense scrutiny by the suite of sophisticated instruments onboard the Cassini spacecraft as well by modern instrumentation on ground-based telescopes and onboard the Hubble Space Telescope. This GWS erupted on December 5th and generated a major dynamical disturbance that affected the whole latitude band from 25 deg to 48 deg N. Lightning events were prominent and detected as outbursts and flashes at both optical and radio wavelengths. The activity of the head ceased after about seven months, leaving the cloud structure and ambient winds perturbed. The tops of the optically dense clouds of the storm's head reached the 300 mbar altitude level where a mixture of ices was detected. The energetics of the frequency and power of lightning, as well as the estimated power generated by the latent heat released in the water-based convection, both indicate that the power released for the storm was a significant fraction of Saturn's total radiated power. The effects of the storm propagated into the stratosphere forming two warm airmasses at the 0.5-5 mbar pressure level altitude. Related to the stratospheric disturbance, hydrocarbon composition excesses were found. The decades-long interval between storms is probably related to the insolation cycle and the long radiative time constant of Saturn's atmosphere, and several theories for temporarily storing energy have been proposed.
{"title":"The Great Saturn Storm of 2010–2011","authors":"A. S'anchez-Lavega, G. Fischer, L. Fletcher, E. Garc'ia-Melendo, B. Hesman, S. P'erez-Hoyos, K. Sayanagi, L. Sromovsky","doi":"10.1017/9781316227220.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316227220.013","url":null,"abstract":"In December 2010, a major storm erupted in Saturn's northern hemisphere near 37 degree planetographic latitude. This rather surprising event, occurring at an unexpected latitude and time, is the sixth \"Great White Spot\" (GWS) storm observed over the last century and a half. Such GWS events are planetary-scale atmospheric phenomena that dramatically change the typically bland appearance of the planet. Occurring while the Cassini mission was on-orbit at Saturn, the Great Storm of 2010-2011 was well-suited for intense scrutiny by the suite of sophisticated instruments onboard the Cassini spacecraft as well by modern instrumentation on ground-based telescopes and onboard the Hubble Space Telescope. This GWS erupted on December 5th and generated a major dynamical disturbance that affected the whole latitude band from 25 deg to 48 deg N. Lightning events were prominent and detected as outbursts and flashes at both optical and radio wavelengths. The activity of the head ceased after about seven months, leaving the cloud structure and ambient winds perturbed. The tops of the optically dense clouds of the storm's head reached the 300 mbar altitude level where a mixture of ices was detected. The energetics of the frequency and power of lightning, as well as the estimated power generated by the latent heat released in the water-based convection, both indicate that the power released for the storm was a significant fraction of Saturn's total radiated power. The effects of the storm propagated into the stratosphere forming two warm airmasses at the 0.5-5 mbar pressure level altitude. Related to the stratospheric disturbance, hydrocarbon composition excesses were found. The decades-long interval between storms is probably related to the insolation cycle and the long radiative time constant of Saturn's atmosphere, and several theories for temporarily storing energy have been proposed.","PeriodicalId":185956,"journal":{"name":"Saturn in the 21st Century","volume":"345 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124259587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-14DOI: 10.1017/9781316227220.002
S. Atreya, A. Crida, T. Guillot, J. Lunine, N. Madhusudhan, O. Mousis
Saturn formed beyond the snow line in the primordial solar nebula that made it possible for it to accrete a large mass. Disk instability and core accretion models have been proposed for Saturn's formation, but core accretion is favored on the basis of its volatile abundances, internal structure, hydrodynamic models, chemical characteristics of protoplanetary disk, etc. The observed frequency, properties and models of exoplanets provide additional supporting evidence for core accretion. The heavy elements with mass greater than 4He make up the core of Saturn, but are presently poorly constrained, except for carbon. The C/H ratio is super-solar, and twice that in Jupiter. The enrichment of carbon and other heavy elements in Saturn and Jupiter requires special delivery mechanisms for volatiles to these planets. In this chapter we will review our current understanding of the origin and evolution of Saturn and its atmosphere, using a multi-faceted approach that combines diverse sets of observations on volatile composition and abundances, relevant properties of the moons and rings, comparison with the other gas giant planet, Jupiter, analogies to the extrasolar giant planets, as well as pertinent theoretical models.
{"title":"The Origin and Evolution of Saturn, with Exoplanet Perspective","authors":"S. Atreya, A. Crida, T. Guillot, J. Lunine, N. Madhusudhan, O. Mousis","doi":"10.1017/9781316227220.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316227220.002","url":null,"abstract":"Saturn formed beyond the snow line in the primordial solar nebula that made it possible for it to accrete a large mass. Disk instability and core accretion models have been proposed for Saturn's formation, but core accretion is favored on the basis of its volatile abundances, internal structure, hydrodynamic models, chemical characteristics of protoplanetary disk, etc. The observed frequency, properties and models of exoplanets provide additional supporting evidence for core accretion. The heavy elements with mass greater than 4He make up the core of Saturn, but are presently poorly constrained, except for carbon. The C/H ratio is super-solar, and twice that in Jupiter. The enrichment of carbon and other heavy elements in Saturn and Jupiter requires special delivery mechanisms for volatiles to these planets. In this chapter we will review our current understanding of the origin and evolution of Saturn and its atmosphere, using a multi-faceted approach that combines diverse sets of observations on volatile composition and abundances, relevant properties of the moons and rings, comparison with the other gas giant planet, Jupiter, analogies to the extrasolar giant planets, as well as pertinent theoretical models.","PeriodicalId":185956,"journal":{"name":"Saturn in the 21st Century","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126714736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-08-05DOI: 10.1017/9781316227220.007
T. Stallard, S. Badman, U. Dyudina, D. Grodent, L. Lamy
{"title":"Saturn’s Aurorae","authors":"T. Stallard, S. Badman, U. Dyudina, D. Grodent, L. Lamy","doi":"10.1017/9781316227220.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316227220.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":185956,"journal":{"name":"Saturn in the 21st Century","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114386544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_4
J. Fortney, R. Helled, N. Nettelmann, D. Stevenson, M. Marley, W. Hubbard, L. Iess
{"title":"The Interior of Saturn","authors":"J. Fortney, R. Helled, N. Nettelmann, D. Stevenson, M. Marley, W. Hubbard, L. Iess","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9217-6_4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":185956,"journal":{"name":"Saturn in the 21st Century","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114828707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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