Pub Date : 2019-01-21DOI: 10.15406/MOJBOC.2019.03.00090
A. K. Banerjee, Alexis Maldonado, D. Arrieche, W. Vera, Elvia V. Cabrera, P. Poon, Liadis Bedoya
The innumerable applications of boron trifluoride etherate of boron trifluoride etherate in organic synthesi1,2 encouraged us to write a micro review on this reagent. The commercially available boron trifluoride etherate (b.p. 126oC), a brown liquid, is very toxic by inhalation, causes severe burns, reacts violently with water, hot alkali or alkaline earth (not Mg) metals with incandescence. It can be purified by distillation. This review would discuss only four principal use of boron trifluoride etherate: (a) hydroboration–oxidation reaction, (b) cleavage and rearrangement of epoxides, (c) esterification (d) cyclization. In addition, some other minor uses of boron trifluoride etherate will be briefly described.
{"title":"Boron trifluoride etherate in organic synthesis","authors":"A. K. Banerjee, Alexis Maldonado, D. Arrieche, W. Vera, Elvia V. Cabrera, P. Poon, Liadis Bedoya","doi":"10.15406/MOJBOC.2019.03.00090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJBOC.2019.03.00090","url":null,"abstract":"The innumerable applications of boron trifluoride etherate of boron trifluoride etherate in organic synthesi1,2 encouraged us to write a micro review on this reagent. The commercially available boron trifluoride etherate (b.p. 126oC), a brown liquid, is very toxic by inhalation, causes severe burns, reacts violently with water, hot alkali or alkaline earth (not Mg) metals with incandescence. It can be purified by distillation. This review would discuss only four principal use of boron trifluoride etherate: (a) hydroboration–oxidation reaction, (b) cleavage and rearrangement of epoxides, (c) esterification (d) cyclization. In addition, some other minor uses of boron trifluoride etherate will be briefly described.","PeriodicalId":18674,"journal":{"name":"MOJ Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83608671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-29DOI: 10.15406/MOJBOC.2018.02.00087
Ajay Kumar Paliki, S. Botsa, Sailaja Bbv
Recently, nanomaterials have great attention due to their unique size, shape, and crystallinity dependent optical, electronic, magnetic and chemical properties.1 Metal tungstates such as. Bi2WO6, CdWO4, PbWO4, MnWO4 and FeWO4 are inorganic functional nanomaterials and widely used in scintillators materials, sensors, magnetic devices, photocatlaytic and magnetism field.2 Among them, ZnWO4 has a great potential in photocatalytic degradation of organic dye pollutants under UV light illumination.2−3 But, the efficiency is very low because of sunlight captures only 5% while visible light captures the 35%. Hence, this material activity brings to visible region by doping of ions, form hybrids or composites with graphene or CNT. Graphene is a sp2 hybridized carbon with zero band gap energy and has specific physicochemicoelectrical properties thus it shows excellent applications in photocatalysis and organic conversions.4 There have been persistent efforts to load photocatalysts on the structure of graphene oxide (GO) to enhance the photo catalytic activity, but few studies have focused on the surface coating by GO on the photcatalyst for enhancing the photo catalytic efficiency and producing visible photocatalytic activity.
{"title":"Catalytic activity of graphene oxide hybridized ZnWO4 for dyes degradation and oxidation of functionalized benzyl alcohols","authors":"Ajay Kumar Paliki, S. Botsa, Sailaja Bbv","doi":"10.15406/MOJBOC.2018.02.00087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJBOC.2018.02.00087","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, nanomaterials have great attention due to their unique size, shape, and crystallinity dependent optical, electronic, magnetic and chemical properties.1 Metal tungstates such as. Bi2WO6, CdWO4, PbWO4, MnWO4 and FeWO4 are inorganic functional nanomaterials and widely used in scintillators materials, sensors, magnetic devices, photocatlaytic and magnetism field.2 Among them, ZnWO4 has a great potential in photocatalytic degradation of organic dye pollutants under UV light illumination.2−3 But, the efficiency is very low because of sunlight captures only 5% while visible light captures the 35%. Hence, this material activity brings to visible region by doping of ions, form hybrids or composites with graphene or CNT. Graphene is a sp2 hybridized carbon with zero band gap energy and has specific physicochemicoelectrical properties thus it shows excellent applications in photocatalysis and organic conversions.4 There have been persistent efforts to load photocatalysts on the structure of graphene oxide (GO) to enhance the photo catalytic activity, but few studies have focused on the surface coating by GO on the photcatalyst for enhancing the photo catalytic efficiency and producing visible photocatalytic activity.","PeriodicalId":18674,"journal":{"name":"MOJ Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87094155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-17DOI: 10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00086
David A Hunt
The work of Parham, Jones and Sayed,1 which demonstrates that bromine-lithium exchange, occurs in preference to carbonyl addition in aromatic amide derivatives of o-bromo-β-phenylpropionic acid, led to the consideration of using o-bromoaryl phthalimides 1a-c as precursors for the preparation of multi-ring nitrogen heterocycles and for elaborations of aromatic systems requiring an amine-protecting group (Figure 1). While the chemistry of the addition of Grignard and organolithium reagents to phthalimides is well known,2 to the best of our knowledge, attempts to carry out the addition of the these reagents to brominated phthalimide derivatives such as 1a-c have not been studied.
{"title":"Reaction of o-bromoaryl- and o-bromoarylalkyl phthalimides with n-butyllithium at low temperatures","authors":"David A Hunt","doi":"10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00086","url":null,"abstract":"The work of Parham, Jones and Sayed,1 which demonstrates that bromine-lithium exchange, occurs in preference to carbonyl addition in aromatic amide derivatives of o-bromo-β-phenylpropionic acid, led to the consideration of using o-bromoaryl phthalimides 1a-c as precursors for the preparation of multi-ring nitrogen heterocycles and for elaborations of aromatic systems requiring an amine-protecting group (Figure 1). While the chemistry of the addition of Grignard and organolithium reagents to phthalimides is well known,2 to the best of our knowledge, attempts to carry out the addition of the these reagents to brominated phthalimide derivatives such as 1a-c have not been studied.","PeriodicalId":18674,"journal":{"name":"MOJ Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83385200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-19DOI: 10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00085
Satya P Gupta
{"title":"Roles of metals in human health","authors":"Satya P Gupta","doi":"10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00085","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18674,"journal":{"name":"MOJ Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry","volume":"2010 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82558748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-05DOI: 10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00084
Torosyan Gh, Hovhannisyan Nr
1,3-diketones as ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) and diethyl malonate (DEM) are widely used to obtain a wide range of highly effective excipients in fine organic synthesis, specially for pharmaceutical industry. Microwave (MW) radiation exposure can significantly speed up reactions and increase the exit of the targeted materials, reducing the resorption in organic synthesis. MW radiation is a crucial tool for the development of green chemistry. Advantages of this method are lack of heat, cleanliness of the reaction, practical instantaneous heating of the reaction mass to the given temperature and, in particular, replacing the traditional solvent with an elevated and polar solvent.1,2 In this presentation have comprised the studied technique of alkylation in the usual phase transfer catalysis (PTC) in the same PTC condition with the combination of MW technique for the choice more convenient conditions for this important product synthesis. It is had been known, that the combination of the MW–PTC techniques was used in the alkylation of active methylene containing substrates such as ethyl acetoacetate.3
{"title":"Benzylation of 1,3-diketons in the phase transfer catalysis condition by microwave irradiation","authors":"Torosyan Gh, Hovhannisyan Nr","doi":"10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00084","url":null,"abstract":"1,3-diketones as ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) and diethyl malonate (DEM) are widely used to obtain a wide range of highly effective excipients in fine organic synthesis, specially for pharmaceutical industry. Microwave (MW) radiation exposure can significantly speed up reactions and increase the exit of the targeted materials, reducing the resorption in organic synthesis. MW radiation is a crucial tool for the development of green chemistry. Advantages of this method are lack of heat, cleanliness of the reaction, practical instantaneous heating of the reaction mass to the given temperature and, in particular, replacing the traditional solvent with an elevated and polar solvent.1,2 In this presentation have comprised the studied technique of alkylation in the usual phase transfer catalysis (PTC) in the same PTC condition with the combination of MW technique for the choice more convenient conditions for this important product synthesis. It is had been known, that the combination of the MW–PTC techniques was used in the alkylation of active methylene containing substrates such as ethyl acetoacetate.3","PeriodicalId":18674,"journal":{"name":"MOJ Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89471510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-15DOI: 10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00083
Gnanasamb, Amirthalingam Vasuki, N. Nithya
The benzimidazole moiety is amongst the diversely active scaffolds as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer and antimalarial agents.1‒4 Therefore, developing new approaches towards the synthesis of benzimdazole fused heterocycles have always been on need.5 Also, indeno and isoquinolino fused heterocycles have gained greater attention because of their medicinal and synthetic importance over years and the broad range of biological activity.6‒8 Therefore, benzimidazole fused indene, pyridine or isoquinoline are of great interest in general and many synthetic procedures are available till date.1 Moved by these results we desired to achieve a facile general synthetic protocol to obtain these diverse molecules. Multicomponent reaction has always proved to be a versatile tool towards the synthesis of structurally diverse and complex heterocycles in simple one pot manner.9 Our research group is actively engaged in developing multi-component reaction protocols for the synthesis of skeletally diverse, functionalized and biologically relevant small heterocyclic hybrids.10‒12 We report a simple and rapid procedure for the preparation of benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2a]pyridines (Figure 2) with 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)acetonitrile.
{"title":"A facile pseudo three component reaction for the synthesis of benzo [4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives","authors":"Gnanasamb, Amirthalingam Vasuki, N. Nithya","doi":"10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00083","url":null,"abstract":"The benzimidazole moiety is amongst the diversely active scaffolds as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer and antimalarial agents.1‒4 Therefore, developing new approaches towards the synthesis of benzimdazole fused heterocycles have always been on need.5 Also, indeno and isoquinolino fused heterocycles have gained greater attention because of their medicinal and synthetic importance over years and the broad range of biological activity.6‒8 Therefore, benzimidazole fused indene, pyridine or isoquinoline are of great interest in general and many synthetic procedures are available till date.1 Moved by these results we desired to achieve a facile general synthetic protocol to obtain these diverse molecules. Multicomponent reaction has always proved to be a versatile tool towards the synthesis of structurally diverse and complex heterocycles in simple one pot manner.9 Our research group is actively engaged in developing multi-component reaction protocols for the synthesis of skeletally diverse, functionalized and biologically relevant small heterocyclic hybrids.10‒12 We report a simple and rapid procedure for the preparation of benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2a]pyridines (Figure 2) with 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)acetonitrile.","PeriodicalId":18674,"journal":{"name":"MOJ Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89134367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-08DOI: 10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00081
G. Vasuki
The small molecules that target microtubules is an attractive and an active area in cancer drug discovery.1‒4 These molecules bind to the tubulin, an α, βheterodimer and disrupt the dynamics of microtubule. Microtubule targeting agents can be classified into two categories. Microtubule stabilizing agents such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, epothilones, and discodermolide binds to the tubulin polymer and stabilize the microtubules. Microtubule destabilizing agents such as vinca alkaloids, colchicine and combretastatins binds to tubulin dimers and cause destabilization.5 The equilibrium between tubulin and microtubule is altered, which results in disruption of mitotic spindle. This effects a critical transition in the cell cycle, leading to cell death. Out of these different pockets on tubulin, colchicine is a significant source of inspiration for the design of new drugs as the colchicine binding site inhibitors binds with high affinity at the interface of α and β-tubulin. These are effective against multidrug mechanisms but however, the potential clinical applications of colchicine site tubulin inhibitors have been nullified by the significant toxicities against the normal cells, low solubility, and low bioavailability.6,7 The increase in resistance of cancer cells against current clinical drugs and poor tolerance of the existing anticancer drugs, intensifies the need to identify new molecules as anticancer drugs with high potency, minimal side effects.
{"title":"Design and synthesis of Azolidinedione/Thiazolidinediones teth-ered benzo[f]chromene derivatives and there in silico evaluation as tubulin inhibitors","authors":"G. Vasuki","doi":"10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00081","url":null,"abstract":"The small molecules that target microtubules is an attractive and an active area in cancer drug discovery.1‒4 These molecules bind to the tubulin, an α, βheterodimer and disrupt the dynamics of microtubule. Microtubule targeting agents can be classified into two categories. Microtubule stabilizing agents such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, epothilones, and discodermolide binds to the tubulin polymer and stabilize the microtubules. Microtubule destabilizing agents such as vinca alkaloids, colchicine and combretastatins binds to tubulin dimers and cause destabilization.5 The equilibrium between tubulin and microtubule is altered, which results in disruption of mitotic spindle. This effects a critical transition in the cell cycle, leading to cell death. Out of these different pockets on tubulin, colchicine is a significant source of inspiration for the design of new drugs as the colchicine binding site inhibitors binds with high affinity at the interface of α and β-tubulin. These are effective against multidrug mechanisms but however, the potential clinical applications of colchicine site tubulin inhibitors have been nullified by the significant toxicities against the normal cells, low solubility, and low bioavailability.6,7 The increase in resistance of cancer cells against current clinical drugs and poor tolerance of the existing anticancer drugs, intensifies the need to identify new molecules as anticancer drugs with high potency, minimal side effects.","PeriodicalId":18674,"journal":{"name":"MOJ Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89318790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-06DOI: 10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00080
I. Shamsuddin, Sani N, A. M, A. Mk
The alarming awareness related to environmental and waste management issues around the universe, status and negative effects of fossil resources, are some of the reasons why biodegradable polymers and the need for their usage is increasingly promoted for sustainable development. Moreover, there is no sustainable economic development without a sustainable environment. Researchers universally have proven that fossil resources pose a serious threat to existence of humans, plants and animals by the generation of greenhouse gases and CFC’s. Critically observing the scenario, there is no need to exaggerate the importance of the safe and healthy environment to universal sustainable development. It is a prerequisite on which human and other living things existence lies. Biodegradable biopolymers from research results do not pose such a threat to the environment and its inhabitants compared to fossil based polymers, and therefore, there is need for biodegradable biopolymers universally. Abaza et al., cited in Pathak et al.1 opined that any global scheme of development created without taking the environment into account will actually be a house built on sand.
人们对世界各地的环境和废物管理问题、矿物资源的现状和负面影响的惊人认识，是日益促进可持续发展的可生物降解聚合物及其使用需求的一些原因。此外，没有可持续的环境，就没有可持续的经济发展。研究人员普遍证明，化石资源通过产生温室气体和氯氟烃对人类、植物和动物的生存构成严重威胁。仔细观察这一情况，没有必要夸大安全和健康环境对普遍可持续发展的重要性。它是人类和其他生物存在的先决条件。与化石基聚合物相比，研究结果表明可生物降解的生物聚合物不会对环境及其居民构成威胁，因此，普遍需要可生物降解的生物聚合物。Pathak et al.1中引用的Abaza等人认为，任何不考虑环境的全球发展计划实际上都是建在沙子上的房子。
{"title":"Biodegradable polymers for sustainable environmental and economic development","authors":"I. Shamsuddin, Sani N, A. M, A. Mk","doi":"10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/mojboc.2018.02.00080","url":null,"abstract":"The alarming awareness related to environmental and waste management issues around the universe, status and negative effects of fossil resources, are some of the reasons why biodegradable polymers and the need for their usage is increasingly promoted for sustainable development. Moreover, there is no sustainable economic development without a sustainable environment. Researchers universally have proven that fossil resources pose a serious threat to existence of humans, plants and animals by the generation of greenhouse gases and CFC’s. Critically observing the scenario, there is no need to exaggerate the importance of the safe and healthy environment to universal sustainable development. It is a prerequisite on which human and other living things existence lies. Biodegradable biopolymers from research results do not pose such a threat to the environment and its inhabitants compared to fossil based polymers, and therefore, there is need for biodegradable biopolymers universally. Abaza et al., cited in Pathak et al.1 opined that any global scheme of development created without taking the environment into account will actually be a house built on sand.","PeriodicalId":18674,"journal":{"name":"MOJ Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74107735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-03DOI: 10.15406/MOJBOC.2018.02.00079
N. Trang, Trieu Tien Sang, N. Hoang, N. G. Khanh, Tran Trung Duc
Infertility is defined as the failure of a couple to achieve a pregnancy after at least one year of frequent unprotected intercourse.1,2 It has been reported that the male partner contributes in 40% of the cases of infertility. Globally, the incidence of fertility is estimated to be about 13-18%.1,3 Due to the various reasons caused male infertility, it is essential to identify appropriate diagnosis methods to detect them. There are many tests that have been applied for several decades such as semen analysis, genetic tests and hormones methods. Recently, some of biochemical markers including zinc and fructose are becoming significant implications for diagnosing the cause in male infertility.4 They have thus been established as good indicators of human male fertility. An understanding of the factors affecting these characteristics is critical to proper understanding of the mechanisms underlying male infertility.5,6 Fructose is essential for spermatozoa metabolism and spermatozoa motility.7 Fructose is an energy source for spermatozoa. It is produced by the seminal vesicles with some contribution from the ampulla of the ductus deferens.8,9 Determination of seminal fructose concentration has been used in examination of obstructive azoospermia and inflammation of male accessory glands.10,11 The role of fructose concentrations in seminal plasma for total and sperm density has been investigated by several authors. Rajalakhshmi M, et al.,12 and Gonzales13 reported that an increase in sperm concentration is often accompanied by a decrease in fructose concentration in seminal plasma, because sperm using fructose as the primary source of energy,12,13 However, others studies have also shown that fructose concentrations in seminal plasma of patients with oligozoospermia and azoospermia did not decrease as compared to normal men.
{"title":"Assessment of the level of seminal zinc and fructose concentration in seminal plasma of Vietnamese infertile men","authors":"N. Trang, Trieu Tien Sang, N. Hoang, N. G. Khanh, Tran Trung Duc","doi":"10.15406/MOJBOC.2018.02.00079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJBOC.2018.02.00079","url":null,"abstract":"Infertility is defined as the failure of a couple to achieve a pregnancy after at least one year of frequent unprotected intercourse.1,2 It has been reported that the male partner contributes in 40% of the cases of infertility. Globally, the incidence of fertility is estimated to be about 13-18%.1,3 Due to the various reasons caused male infertility, it is essential to identify appropriate diagnosis methods to detect them. There are many tests that have been applied for several decades such as semen analysis, genetic tests and hormones methods. Recently, some of biochemical markers including zinc and fructose are becoming significant implications for diagnosing the cause in male infertility.4 They have thus been established as good indicators of human male fertility. An understanding of the factors affecting these characteristics is critical to proper understanding of the mechanisms underlying male infertility.5,6 Fructose is essential for spermatozoa metabolism and spermatozoa motility.7 Fructose is an energy source for spermatozoa. It is produced by the seminal vesicles with some contribution from the ampulla of the ductus deferens.8,9 Determination of seminal fructose concentration has been used in examination of obstructive azoospermia and inflammation of male accessory glands.10,11 The role of fructose concentrations in seminal plasma for total and sperm density has been investigated by several authors. Rajalakhshmi M, et al.,12 and Gonzales13 reported that an increase in sperm concentration is often accompanied by a decrease in fructose concentration in seminal plasma, because sperm using fructose as the primary source of energy,12,13 However, others studies have also shown that fructose concentrations in seminal plasma of patients with oligozoospermia and azoospermia did not decrease as compared to normal men.","PeriodicalId":18674,"journal":{"name":"MOJ Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74365454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olea europaea and Citrus aurantium are wild plants distributed in the Mediterranean region and grown since ancient time. Leaves of Olea europaea and Citrus aurantium contain so many biologically active ingredients such as fats/lipids, saponin, flavonoids, terpenoids etc. Occasionally, saponin was considered as a biological naturally occurring plant glycoside, characterized by their strong foaming properties in an aqueous solution that can be used as a ligand for decontamination of aqueous solutions due to its ability to form chemical complexes with heavy metals.1,2 Also, saponin has been applied as a surfactant having the complex-forming ability for determination of iron spectrophotometrically.3 The surfactant properties of saponin have been utilized as an important agent for heavy metal removal from aqueous wastes and remediation of contaminated sites. According to modern literature, saponins have served as a natural chelating agent to eliminate problems due to several heavy metals such as Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As from soil and wastewater.4‒7 It has been shown that heavy metals were retained from its original solution due to some form of complexation with a carboxyl group (-COOH) in saponin.8 From a chemical point of view, the biochemical reaction between heavy metals and saponin represents a modern approach to (1) the synthesis of new organometallic complexes; (2) decontamination of industrial and radioactive effluents; (3) a non-traditional method for isolation of saponin from the plant kingdom. Our previous studies1 prove the presence of an oleanolic acid or hederagenin as an aglycone of triterpenoid saponin in Olea europaea and Citrus aurantium leaves as shown as in Figure 1. This means that there are at least two active centers (-OH and –COOH groups) coordinated directly with heavy metal atoms forming a complex. The concentration of the heavy metal, the concentration of saponin extract and pH were found the chemical operational variables affecting the biochemical reaction between saponin and heavy metal containing aqueous solutions. The present work aimed firstly to evaluate the biochemical reactions between saponin extracted from Olea europaea and Citrus aurantium leaves and lead/cadmium aqueous solutions under different physical environments. The effects of temperature, agitation, and synergism between them are the main operating factors under investigation affecting the reaction. Secondly, physicochemical characteristics of Olea europaea and Citrus aurantium leaves were determined to ensure the presence of a structure-behavior relationship.
{"title":"Biochemical reactions for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions","authors":"Maher Mohamed Abed El-Aziza, Mohamed Ammar Khalifab","doi":"10.15406/MOJBOC.2018.02.00078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJBOC.2018.02.00078","url":null,"abstract":"Olea europaea and Citrus aurantium are wild plants distributed in the Mediterranean region and grown since ancient time. Leaves of Olea europaea and Citrus aurantium contain so many biologically active ingredients such as fats/lipids, saponin, flavonoids, terpenoids etc. Occasionally, saponin was considered as a biological naturally occurring plant glycoside, characterized by their strong foaming properties in an aqueous solution that can be used as a ligand for decontamination of aqueous solutions due to its ability to form chemical complexes with heavy metals.1,2 Also, saponin has been applied as a surfactant having the complex-forming ability for determination of iron spectrophotometrically.3 The surfactant properties of saponin have been utilized as an important agent for heavy metal removal from aqueous wastes and remediation of contaminated sites. According to modern literature, saponins have served as a natural chelating agent to eliminate problems due to several heavy metals such as Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As from soil and wastewater.4‒7 It has been shown that heavy metals were retained from its original solution due to some form of complexation with a carboxyl group (-COOH) in saponin.8 From a chemical point of view, the biochemical reaction between heavy metals and saponin represents a modern approach to (1) the synthesis of new organometallic complexes; (2) decontamination of industrial and radioactive effluents; (3) a non-traditional method for isolation of saponin from the plant kingdom. Our previous studies1 prove the presence of an oleanolic acid or hederagenin as an aglycone of triterpenoid saponin in Olea europaea and Citrus aurantium leaves as shown as in Figure 1. This means that there are at least two active centers (-OH and –COOH groups) coordinated directly with heavy metal atoms forming a complex. The concentration of the heavy metal, the concentration of saponin extract and pH were found the chemical operational variables affecting the biochemical reaction between saponin and heavy metal containing aqueous solutions. The present work aimed firstly to evaluate the biochemical reactions between saponin extracted from Olea europaea and Citrus aurantium leaves and lead/cadmium aqueous solutions under different physical environments. The effects of temperature, agitation, and synergism between them are the main operating factors under investigation affecting the reaction. Secondly, physicochemical characteristics of Olea europaea and Citrus aurantium leaves were determined to ensure the presence of a structure-behavior relationship.","PeriodicalId":18674,"journal":{"name":"MOJ Bioorganic & Organic Chemistry","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89026074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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