Article 27(8) requires the State to take legislative and other measures to implement the principle that not more than two-thirds of the members of elective or appointive bodies shall be of the same gender. Judiciary is one of the arms of the government is obligated to comply with the two-thirds gender principle. Kenya’s Judiciary is largely compliant with the two-thirds gender principle as outlined in Article 27(8) of the Constitution of Kenya. However, specific courts which include the Supreme Court and the Kadhis that remain not compliant with gender principle. The gender parity is at lower courts. Gender parity at higher courts and specialized courts is skewed more towards the male gender.
{"title":"Compliance of Two-Thirds Gender Principle: An Assessment of Kenya’s Judiciary","authors":"L. Kemboi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3785166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3785166","url":null,"abstract":"Article 27(8) requires the State to take legislative and other measures to implement the principle that not more than two-thirds of the members of elective or appointive bodies shall be of the same gender. Judiciary is one of the arms of the government is obligated to comply with the two-thirds gender principle. Kenya’s Judiciary is largely compliant with the two-thirds gender principle as outlined in Article 27(8) of the Constitution of Kenya. However, specific courts which include the Supreme Court and the Kadhis that remain not compliant with gender principle. The gender parity is at lower courts. Gender parity at higher courts and specialized courts is skewed more towards the male gender.","PeriodicalId":188016,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Women","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131062441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander Guzmán, Cristian A. Pinto-Gutiérrez, María-Andrea Trujillo
We analyze women’s participation and the effects of team gender diversity on initial coin offering (ICO) success measured by the total funding amount raised in the actual ICO and the project’s long-term survival. Using a database featuring 875 initial coin offerings between 2017 and 2019, we find that women are significantly under-represented in ICO projects (on average, only 13% of team members are women). However, for projects that do have participation of women, we find that team gender diversity increases the total funding raised in the ICO. Moreover, when we separate team members into areas of expertise or roles in the project, we find that the presence of women in critical positions, such as being a founder or having financial or legal responsibilities, significantly reduces the likelihood of long-term coin failure. Our results are consistent with the notion that investors perceive women’s participation in leadership positions as a positive signal of desirable organizational practices that will translate into better performance. Our results are also consistent with the idea that having women, who abide by ethical values and are less prone to fraud, reduces the likelihood that informationally opaque ICOs turn out to be scams.
{"title":"Signaling Value Through Gender Diversity: Evidence from Initial Coin Offerings","authors":"Alexander Guzmán, Cristian A. Pinto-Gutiérrez, María-Andrea Trujillo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3695558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3695558","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze women’s participation and the effects of team gender diversity on initial coin offering (ICO) success measured by the total funding amount raised in the actual ICO and the project’s long-term survival. Using a database featuring 875 initial coin offerings between 2017 and 2019, we find that women are significantly under-represented in ICO projects (on average, only 13% of team members are women). However, for projects that do have participation of women, we find that team gender diversity increases the total funding raised in the ICO. Moreover, when we separate team members into areas of expertise or roles in the project, we find that the presence of women in critical positions, such as being a founder or having financial or legal responsibilities, significantly reduces the likelihood of long-term coin failure. Our results are consistent with the notion that investors perceive women’s participation in leadership positions as a positive signal of desirable organizational practices that will translate into better performance. Our results are also consistent with the idea that having women, who abide by ethical values and are less prone to fraud, reduces the likelihood that informationally opaque ICOs turn out to be scams.","PeriodicalId":188016,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Women","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128336704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.18356/2076099X-27-3-8
A. Fernandes, H. Kee
This paper studies foreign direct investment spillovers on the gender-related labour market practice of domestic firms, based on a unique firm-to-firm data set of Bangladesh’s textiles and garment sectors. The paper looks at the female employment of domestic firms that are directly and indirectly related to foreign- owned firms through supply chain linkages. These domestic firms are either the local suppliers or customers of foreign-owned firms, or they share local suppliers and customers with foreign-owned firms. The estimates show that domestic firms related to foreign-owned firms have significantly more female administrative workers, but not necessarily more female non-administrative workers, owing to the former participating in more firm-to-firm interactions.
{"title":"Women Empowerment, Supply Chain Linkages and FDI: Evidence from Bangladesh","authors":"A. Fernandes, H. Kee","doi":"10.18356/2076099X-27-3-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18356/2076099X-27-3-8","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies foreign direct investment spillovers on the gender-related labour market practice of domestic firms, based on a unique firm-to-firm data set of Bangladesh’s textiles and garment sectors. The paper looks at the female employment of domestic firms that are directly and indirectly related to foreign- owned firms through supply chain linkages. These domestic firms are either the local suppliers or customers of foreign-owned firms, or they share local suppliers and customers with foreign-owned firms. The estimates show that domestic firms related to foreign-owned firms have significantly more female administrative workers, but not necessarily more female non-administrative workers, owing to the former participating in more firm-to-firm interactions.","PeriodicalId":188016,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Women","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114851411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malay Abstract: Hukum waris sangat dibutuhkan untuk menghilangkan kemudharatan akibat perebutan dan ketidakadilan pembagian harta warisan. Hukum waris menawarkan solusi terbaik yang penuh hikmah dan keadilan. Namun solusi tersebut tidak sepenuhnya diterima dan dijalankan umat Islam. Kritikan dan pandangan keliru pun dilontarkan terhadap teks al-Quran. Terutama interpretasi tentang ketidaksamaan pembagian waris antara laki-laki dan perempuan yang dipahami sebagai ketidakadilan dan diskriminasi terhadap perempuan. Bertolak dari kenyataan ini penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji ayat-ayat waris secara komprehensif dan melibatkan banyak pandangan dari para ulama dan pakar Muslim. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan tafsir yang melibatkan kajian kebahasaan, sejarah, dan relevansinya dengan konteks kekinian didapati bahwa tidak sepenuhnya anggapan tentang diskriminasi itu benar. Bahkan menampakkan asumsi yang tidak tepat, karena dalam banyak kasus justru bagian perempuan lebih banyak dari bagian laki-laki.
English Abstract: Inheritance law is needed to eliminate damage caused by the struggle and injustice in the distribution of inheritance. Inheritance law offers the best solution that is full of wisdom and justice. But the solution is not fully accepted and implemented by Muslims. Criticism and wrong views were leveled against the text of the Koran. Especially the interpretation of the inequality of inheritance between men and women is understood as injustice and discrimination against women. Departing from this reality, this study aims to examine the verses of inheritance comprehensively and involve many views from Muslim scholars and experts. By using the interpretation approach which involves the study of language, history, and its relevance to the present context, it is found that the notion of discrimination is not entirely correct. In fact, the assumptions appear to be incorrect, because in many cases the share of women is more than that of men.
{"title":"HAK WARIS PEREMPUAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF SURAT AN-NISA’ ANTARA TEORI, PRAKTEK DAN RELEVANSINYA DALAM KONTEKS KE-INDONESIAAN (The Rights Of Women's Heritage In An-Nisa Letter's Perspective Between Theory, Practice And Relevance In The Context Of Indonesia)","authors":"Warto Ahmad Saifuddin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3636987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3636987","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Malay Abstract:</b> Hukum waris sangat dibutuhkan untuk menghilangkan kemudharatan akibat perebutan dan ketidakadilan pembagian harta warisan. Hukum waris menawarkan solusi terbaik yang penuh hikmah dan keadilan. Namun solusi tersebut tidak sepenuhnya diterima dan dijalankan umat Islam. Kritikan dan pandangan keliru pun dilontarkan terhadap teks al-Quran. Terutama interpretasi tentang ketidaksamaan pembagian waris antara laki-laki dan perempuan yang dipahami sebagai ketidakadilan dan diskriminasi terhadap perempuan. Bertolak dari kenyataan ini penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji ayat-ayat waris secara komprehensif dan melibatkan banyak pandangan dari para ulama dan pakar Muslim. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan tafsir yang melibatkan kajian kebahasaan, sejarah, dan relevansinya dengan konteks kekinian didapati bahwa tidak sepenuhnya anggapan tentang diskriminasi itu benar. Bahkan menampakkan asumsi yang tidak tepat, karena dalam banyak kasus justru bagian perempuan lebih banyak dari bagian laki-laki.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> Inheritance law is needed to eliminate damage caused by the struggle and injustice in the distribution of inheritance. Inheritance law offers the best solution that is full of wisdom and justice. But the solution is not fully accepted and implemented by Muslims. Criticism and wrong views were leveled against the text of the Koran. Especially the interpretation of the inequality of inheritance between men and women is understood as injustice and discrimination against women. Departing from this reality, this study aims to examine the verses of inheritance comprehensively and involve many views from Muslim scholars and experts. By using the interpretation approach which involves the study of language, history, and its relevance to the present context, it is found that the notion of discrimination is not entirely correct. In fact, the assumptions appear to be incorrect, because in many cases the share of women is more than that of men.<br>","PeriodicalId":188016,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Women","volume":"447 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121976567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The clothed body, whether dressed thoughtfully or not, performs a social narrative of gender, wealth, status, nationality, and occupation embedded within a larger network of intersectional positionalities. Clothing conveys a set of values of not only the individual but also of the cultural politics of their milieu. For women Heads of State and/or Government, who are uniquely situated to project a diverse intersection of identities as well as access clothing choices socially unavailable to their male counterparts, a nuanced analysis of the garment choices of these professionals on the international stage yields significant findings about how women negotiate their roles as politicians, national figures, religious or areligious representatives, and as individuals. Three contemporary case studies of women Heads of State and/or Government in office between 2000 and 2013 from Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines interrogate these strategic choices of clothing by holistically cataloging and then analyzing the style, color, and pattern of the attire of each figure. Contextualized within their respective cultures and histories, the ways in which their clothing serve to mimic masculine color coding as seen by Australia’s Prime Minister, re-entrench religion within politics as seen by Indonesia’s President, and ‘self-Orientalize’ the national, post-colonial identity as seen by the Philippine’s President, each woman’s clothing informed her leadership and vice versa. This thesis analyzes the complex negotiations between identity, power, and politics through clothing for women political leaders. How do women Heads of State and/or Government visually communicate national narratives of identity and express political authority through their aesthetic wardrobe choices? How do these clothes project inscriptions of femininity, modesty, religiosity, development, and the national self? Discovering these strategies can provide a foundation for future study of the occupational uniform of women in historically masculine roles as well as the power of the national body as represented by women to reflect but also perpetuate particular socially normative ideals of the modern empowered woman across cultures.
{"title":"How Power Dresses: The Gendered Aesthetics of Uniform A Comparative Case Study of Contemporary Women Heads of State and/or Government in Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines","authors":"M. Hughes","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3593805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3593805","url":null,"abstract":"The clothed body, whether dressed thoughtfully or not, performs a social narrative of gender, wealth, status, nationality, and occupation embedded within a larger network of intersectional positionalities. Clothing conveys a set of values of not only the individual but also of the cultural politics of their milieu. For women Heads of State and/or Government, who are uniquely situated to project a diverse intersection of identities as well as access clothing choices socially unavailable to their male counterparts, a nuanced analysis of the garment choices of these professionals on the international stage yields significant findings about how women negotiate their roles as politicians, national figures, religious or areligious representatives, and as individuals. Three contemporary case studies of women Heads of State and/or Government in office between 2000 and 2013 from Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines interrogate these strategic choices of clothing by holistically cataloging and then analyzing the style, color, and pattern of the attire of each figure. Contextualized within their respective cultures and histories, the ways in which their clothing serve to mimic masculine color coding as seen by Australia’s Prime Minister, re-entrench religion within politics as seen by Indonesia’s President, and ‘self-Orientalize’ the national, post-colonial identity as seen by the Philippine’s President, each woman’s clothing informed her leadership and vice versa. This thesis analyzes the complex negotiations between identity, power, and politics through clothing for women political leaders. How do women Heads of State and/or Government visually communicate national narratives of identity and express political authority through their aesthetic wardrobe choices? How do these clothes project inscriptions of femininity, modesty, religiosity, development, and the national self? Discovering these strategies can provide a foundation for future study of the occupational uniform of women in historically masculine roles as well as the power of the national body as represented by women to reflect but also perpetuate particular socially normative ideals of the modern empowered woman across cultures.","PeriodicalId":188016,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Women","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129452160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is how the song sung for the first time by “Toiling Women’s Liberation Movement” members in the late seventies ended. It represented the gusto of a newly formed mass organisation of tribal women of Dhulia district (Vibhuti Patel, 1987). It became popular among the women’s groups not only in Maharashtra but also all over India. This song represented the new understanding of ‘politics’. Politics as not only electoral politics or membership of political parties, but as collective action of women against oppressive patriarchal power with a long term goal of social transformation that ensured women’s liberation from exploitation, degradation, injustice, subjugation and superstition, casteism and communalism.
{"title":"Getting Foothold in Politics","authors":"V. Patel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3182358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3182358","url":null,"abstract":"This is how the song sung for the first time by “Toiling Women’s Liberation Movement” members in the late seventies ended. It represented the gusto of a newly formed mass organisation of tribal women of Dhulia district (Vibhuti Patel, 1987). It became popular among the women’s groups not only in Maharashtra but also all over India. This song represented the new understanding of ‘politics’. Politics as not only electoral politics or membership of political parties, but as collective action of women against oppressive patriarchal power with a long term goal of social transformation that ensured women’s liberation from exploitation, degradation, injustice, subjugation and superstition, casteism and communalism.","PeriodicalId":188016,"journal":{"name":"WGSRN: Women","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126174158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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