Pub Date : 2020-01-01Epub Date: 2020-09-28DOI: 10.1159/000506356
Barbara A Centeno, Jasreman Dhillon
{"title":"Preface.","authors":"Barbara A Centeno, Jasreman Dhillon","doi":"10.1159/000506356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000506356","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18805,"journal":{"name":"Monographs in clinical cytology","volume":"26 ","pages":"VI-VII"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38428677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01Epub Date: 2020-09-28DOI: 10.1159/000455737
Jasreman Dhillon
Non-ductal tumors of the pancreas are relatively rare tumors and include pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas, acinar cell carcinoma, solid pseudopapillary neoplasm, and pancreatoblastoma. These tumors have a morphology and biology that is distinct from that of ductal neoplasms of the pancreas. PanNETs are the most common tumors among this group. A brief summary of each tumor is described here with an emphasis on the clinical presentation, cytological features, tumor histology, and immunohistochemical profile. Differential diagnoses for each entity are also discussed.
{"title":"Non-Ductal Tumors of the Pancreas.","authors":"Jasreman Dhillon","doi":"10.1159/000455737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000455737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Non-ductal tumors of the pancreas are relatively rare tumors and include pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas, acinar cell carcinoma, solid pseudopapillary neoplasm, and pancreatoblastoma. These tumors have a morphology and biology that is distinct from that of ductal neoplasms of the pancreas. PanNETs are the most common tumors among this group. A brief summary of each tumor is described here with an emphasis on the clinical presentation, cytological features, tumor histology, and immunohistochemical profile. Differential diagnoses for each entity are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":18805,"journal":{"name":"Monographs in clinical cytology","volume":"26 ","pages":"92-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000455737","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38428678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01Epub Date: 2020-09-28DOI: 10.1159/000455736
Jasreman Dhillon, Michel Betancourt
The most frequent indication for pancreatic fine-needle aspiration sampling is to confirm or exclude a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC is the most common malignant neoplasm of the pancreas, and the term pancreatic cancer typically connotes this entity. The conventional type of PDAC is a tubular adenocarcinoma, with a number of morphological variations described. Morphologically distinct but related entities include adenosquamous carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-type giant cells. Unrelated carcinomas with ductal lineage include colloid carcinoma and medullary carcinoma. Less commonly reported carcinomas include signet ring cell carcinoma, hepatoid carcinoma, and oncocytic carcinoma. Here we will focus on the cytological findings of PDAC and other carcinomas of ductal lineage, briefly touching upon their clinical features, histologic appearance, and clinically useful serum markers. The differential diagnosis, pitfalls, and useful ancillary studies will also be reviewed. A diagnosis of PDAC should not be taken lightly given that it can potentially result in a pancreatic resection. Familiarity with the entities described in this review will help practicing cytopathologists confront these cases with appropriate information needed in order to render a clinically valuable diagnosis.
{"title":"Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.","authors":"Jasreman Dhillon, Michel Betancourt","doi":"10.1159/000455736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000455736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The most frequent indication for pancreatic fine-needle aspiration sampling is to confirm or exclude a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PDAC is the most common malignant neoplasm of the pancreas, and the term pancreatic cancer typically connotes this entity. The conventional type of PDAC is a tubular adenocarcinoma, with a number of morphological variations described. Morphologically distinct but related entities include adenosquamous carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, and undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-type giant cells. Unrelated carcinomas with ductal lineage include colloid carcinoma and medullary carcinoma. Less commonly reported carcinomas include signet ring cell carcinoma, hepatoid carcinoma, and oncocytic carcinoma. Here we will focus on the cytological findings of PDAC and other carcinomas of ductal lineage, briefly touching upon their clinical features, histologic appearance, and clinically useful serum markers. The differential diagnosis, pitfalls, and useful ancillary studies will also be reviewed. A diagnosis of PDAC should not be taken lightly given that it can potentially result in a pancreatic resection. Familiarity with the entities described in this review will help practicing cytopathologists confront these cases with appropriate information needed in order to render a clinically valuable diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18805,"journal":{"name":"Monographs in clinical cytology","volume":"26 ","pages":"74-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38429870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01Epub Date: 2017-11-27DOI: 10.1159/000479766
Pinamonti Maurizio, Zanconati Fabrizio
Histological Features Cysts are composed of a fibrous wall that may be lined by a cuboidal single-layer glandular epithelium or by apocrine metaplastic cells (apocrine cysts). The epithelial layer may be absent due to the internal pressure in the cyst. The content may consist of serous fluid or lipoproteinaceous dense material, sometimes comprising detached epithelial cells or foamy histiocytes ( Fig. 2 ).
{"title":"Cystic Lesions.","authors":"Pinamonti Maurizio, Zanconati Fabrizio","doi":"10.1159/000479766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000479766","url":null,"abstract":"Histological Features Cysts are composed of a fibrous wall that may be lined by a cuboidal single-layer glandular epithelium or by apocrine metaplastic cells (apocrine cysts). The epithelial layer may be absent due to the internal pressure in the cyst. The content may consist of serous fluid or lipoproteinaceous dense material, sometimes comprising detached epithelial cells or foamy histiocytes ( Fig. 2 ).","PeriodicalId":18805,"journal":{"name":"Monographs in clinical cytology","volume":"24 ","pages":"33-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000479766","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35288631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01Epub Date: 2017-11-27DOI: 10.1159/000479773
Pinamonti Maurizio, Zanconati Fabrizio
The presence and quantification of ER and PR in breast carcinoma cells can be evaluated using immunocytochemistry (ICC). Immunostaining can be performed on alcohol-fixed direct smears, like those used for Pap stains, as well as on liquid-based cytology (LBC) preparations and cell block sections. Many laboratories with a long experience in cytology make large use of direct smears for immunocytochemistry, since it is possible to evaluate the adequacy of the sample, and specifically cancer cells can be found in the smear through morphological examination of the Pap-stained slide, which is then destained and used for ICC. However, direct smears may be problematic due to the presence of background material containing significant levels of cellular debris, especially in highly necrotic cancers, which may hinder a proper evaluation. Moreover, even more important, standardization of the ICC results is particularly difficult on direct smears. This is due to the differences in the protocols used for conventional cytology and the consequent differences in the quality of the cellular material. LBC partly solves this problem thanks to its peculiar processing, and it can be very useful for ICC as well as molecular biology analyses [Rossi et al., 2010]. In contrast to direct smears, LBC enables to obtain many slides of comparable Since Elwood V. Jensen’s discovery in 1958 that estrogen receptors play a key role in the growth and survival of most breast cancers and the evidence that hormonal therapies could dramatically alter the history of patients, the diagnosis of cancer has been more and more associated with a series of additional information on prognostic and predictive factors. After that, between the 1990s and early 2000, a second sensational discovery brought another great change in the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer patients, since those with amplification of the human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene, once burdened with a poor prognosis, could benefit from a targeted therapy, which sensibly improved their survival. Currently, the accurate assessment of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 status is essential and mandatory in all breast carcinomas [Allred, 2010]. If until 10 years ago molecular characterization could be performed directly on the surgical specimen, at present a change in the direction of patient management towards neoadjuvant therapies imposes more and more frequently a detailed characterization before surgical treatment, which is based on core biopsy or FNAC material [Hennigs et al., 2016]. The cytopathological methods available for this analysis are mainly immunocytochemistry (ICC) and in situ hybridization (ISH), which are briefly described in this chapter.
{"title":"Ancillary Techniques.","authors":"Pinamonti Maurizio, Zanconati Fabrizio","doi":"10.1159/000479773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000479773","url":null,"abstract":"The presence and quantification of ER and PR in breast carcinoma cells can be evaluated using immunocytochemistry (ICC). Immunostaining can be performed on alcohol-fixed direct smears, like those used for Pap stains, as well as on liquid-based cytology (LBC) preparations and cell block sections. Many laboratories with a long experience in cytology make large use of direct smears for immunocytochemistry, since it is possible to evaluate the adequacy of the sample, and specifically cancer cells can be found in the smear through morphological examination of the Pap-stained slide, which is then destained and used for ICC. However, direct smears may be problematic due to the presence of background material containing significant levels of cellular debris, especially in highly necrotic cancers, which may hinder a proper evaluation. Moreover, even more important, standardization of the ICC results is particularly difficult on direct smears. This is due to the differences in the protocols used for conventional cytology and the consequent differences in the quality of the cellular material. LBC partly solves this problem thanks to its peculiar processing, and it can be very useful for ICC as well as molecular biology analyses [Rossi et al., 2010]. In contrast to direct smears, LBC enables to obtain many slides of comparable Since Elwood V. Jensen’s discovery in 1958 that estrogen receptors play a key role in the growth and survival of most breast cancers and the evidence that hormonal therapies could dramatically alter the history of patients, the diagnosis of cancer has been more and more associated with a series of additional information on prognostic and predictive factors. After that, between the 1990s and early 2000, a second sensational discovery brought another great change in the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer patients, since those with amplification of the human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene, once burdened with a poor prognosis, could benefit from a targeted therapy, which sensibly improved their survival. Currently, the accurate assessment of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 status is essential and mandatory in all breast carcinomas [Allred, 2010]. If until 10 years ago molecular characterization could be performed directly on the surgical specimen, at present a change in the direction of patient management towards neoadjuvant therapies imposes more and more frequently a detailed characterization before surgical treatment, which is based on core biopsy or FNAC material [Hennigs et al., 2016]. The cytopathological methods available for this analysis are mainly immunocytochemistry (ICC) and in situ hybridization (ISH), which are briefly described in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":18805,"journal":{"name":"Monographs in clinical cytology","volume":"24 ","pages":"106-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000479773","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35288637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01Epub Date: 2017-11-27DOI: 10.1159/000479765
Pinamonti Maurizio, Zanconati Fabrizio
{"title":"Cytology of Inflammatory and Reactive Changes.","authors":"Pinamonti Maurizio, Zanconati Fabrizio","doi":"10.1159/000479765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000479765","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18805,"journal":{"name":"Monographs in clinical cytology","volume":"24 ","pages":"25-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000479765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35288630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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