Pub Date : 2019-02-13DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81152
K. Mishra, C. Kaur, S. Verma, Anilkumar Sahu, D. Dash, P. Kashyap, S. Mishra
In the past few decades, an emerging drug delivery system that came into light is transder- mal drug delivery system. It has become the talk of the town in the field of drug delivery because of its better and easy accessibility. Though it is one of the attractive routes, trans- port of drug through the skin has remained a challenge. To overcome the challenge, vesicular system has been adopted so as to have better skin permeation of bioactive agents. Vesicular system like liposome has shown inefficiency to cross the layers of skin. Then transethosomes and nanoethosomes are employed for delivering drug into the deeper layer of skin. Nanoethosomes and transethosomes have same composition that is water, ethanol and phospholipid. Transethosome contains edge activator additionally. Due to the presence of ethanol and edge activator, it displayed enhanced skin permeation. Vesicular system gives a better patient compliance, being a non-invasive method of drug administra- tion. In this chapter, we attempted to provide brief information about methods of preparation, characterization and pharmaceutical uses of nanoethosomes and transethosomes.
{"title":"Transethosomes and Nanoethosomes: Recent Approach on Transdermal Drug Delivery System","authors":"K. Mishra, C. Kaur, S. Verma, Anilkumar Sahu, D. Dash, P. Kashyap, S. Mishra","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81152","url":null,"abstract":"In the past few decades, an emerging drug delivery system that came into light is transder- mal drug delivery system. It has become the talk of the town in the field of drug delivery because of its better and easy accessibility. Though it is one of the attractive routes, trans- port of drug through the skin has remained a challenge. To overcome the challenge, vesicular system has been adopted so as to have better skin permeation of bioactive agents. Vesicular system like liposome has shown inefficiency to cross the layers of skin. Then transethosomes and nanoethosomes are employed for delivering drug into the deeper layer of skin. Nanoethosomes and transethosomes have same composition that is water, ethanol and phospholipid. Transethosome contains edge activator additionally. Due to the presence of ethanol and edge activator, it displayed enhanced skin permeation. Vesicular system gives a better patient compliance, being a non-invasive method of drug administra- tion. In this chapter, we attempted to provide brief information about methods of preparation, characterization and pharmaceutical uses of nanoethosomes and transethosomes.","PeriodicalId":18882,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicines","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82671162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81156
T. Mocan, O. Moșteanu, C. Matea, T. Pop, N. Al-Hajjar, C. Puia, L. Furcea, Cristina Bura, L. Mocan
Nanotechnology potential in antimicrobial therapy is increasingly demonstrated by various data. Results reveal antibacterial properties, comparable to that of conventional antibiotics. Working on parallel experiments, researchers continue to bring evidence demonstrating age-old-recognized antibacterial properties of various natural components of plant and animal origin. Later years brought an increasing trend for combining synthetic and natural composition in new constructs. The tendency aims to bring more on different essential aspects, such as active substance release, improvement of antibacterial effect, and up-regulation of the mechanisms at the structure-cell interface. Present chap ter structures the up-to-date achievements in the field, including the concept of design, biological effects, benefits, mechanisms, and limitations of the field. Also, expected future research directions are to be discussed. The a performed using followed of log (active different 15, 30 and 24 h) paint additive with the generation of nanoparticles (partially covered with silver) by means of flame spray pyrolysis, followed by powder dispersion through stirring and sonication. Characterization of obtained product included specific surface area assessment, transmission electron microscopy analyzes, x-ray fluorescence testing, and dynamic light scattering measurements, demonstrating the structure, conformation, and dimensions of nanoparticles included in the product. Testing of antimicrobial effect was performed using a standardized method (ISO 22196:2011, modeled by Japanese standard JIS Z 2801:2000). In brief, survival counts were estimated after spreading of different concentrations of ZnO-Ag nanopowder (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%) and ZnO nanopowder on solidified plates containing 10 9 colony forming units of each of the microorganism (tryptone soy agar, 0.6% (W/v) yeast extract, nutrient agar). Results showed significant antimicrobial effect against Salmonella spp. , Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas spp. with an inhibition zone of >5 mm silver and gold nanoparticles who demonstrated no antimicrobial effect. The results demonstrate the enhancing of antimicrobial properties due to green synthesis protocol [25]. Intracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles by using a special strain of Rhodococcus species was reported. Experimental protocol included isolation of Rhodococcus sp., maintenance (potato-dextrose agar slants), monthly subculturing, and preservation. Mycelia were produced by growing of actinomycete in MGYP medium, separation (centrifugation 200 rpm, 27°C, 96 h), and wash ing. Gold nanoparticles were isolated by resuspension of mycelia in aqueous HAuCl 4 solution (10 − 3 M). Successful biotransformation was certified by UV-VIS spectra, TEM, and XRD analyzes [26 ]. Also, Bacillus licheniformis has been successfully used for synthesis of silver nanocrystals. Isolation of bacteria (collection, incubation 37°C, 48 h) and characterization of isolates were follow
{"title":"Nano-Antimicrobial Solutions Using Synthetic-Natural Hybrid Designs","authors":"T. Mocan, O. Moșteanu, C. Matea, T. Pop, N. Al-Hajjar, C. Puia, L. Furcea, Cristina Bura, L. Mocan","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.81156","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology potential in antimicrobial therapy is increasingly demonstrated by various data. Results reveal antibacterial properties, comparable to that of conventional antibiotics. Working on parallel experiments, researchers continue to bring evidence demonstrating age-old-recognized antibacterial properties of various natural components of plant and animal origin. Later years brought an increasing trend for combining synthetic and natural composition in new constructs. The tendency aims to bring more on different essential aspects, such as active substance release, improvement of antibacterial effect, and up-regulation of the mechanisms at the structure-cell interface. Present chap ter structures the up-to-date achievements in the field, including the concept of design, biological effects, benefits, mechanisms, and limitations of the field. Also, expected future research directions are to be discussed. The a performed using followed of log (active different 15, 30 and 24 h) paint additive with the generation of nanoparticles (partially covered with silver) by means of flame spray pyrolysis, followed by powder dispersion through stirring and sonication. Characterization of obtained product included specific surface area assessment, transmission electron microscopy analyzes, x-ray fluorescence testing, and dynamic light scattering measurements, demonstrating the structure, conformation, and dimensions of nanoparticles included in the product. Testing of antimicrobial effect was performed using a standardized method (ISO 22196:2011, modeled by Japanese standard JIS Z 2801:2000). In brief, survival counts were estimated after spreading of different concentrations of ZnO-Ag nanopowder (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4%) and ZnO nanopowder on solidified plates containing 10 9 colony forming units of each of the microorganism (tryptone soy agar, 0.6% (W/v) yeast extract, nutrient agar). Results showed significant antimicrobial effect against Salmonella spp. , Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas spp. with an inhibition zone of >5 mm silver and gold nanoparticles who demonstrated no antimicrobial effect. The results demonstrate the enhancing of antimicrobial properties due to green synthesis protocol [25]. Intracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles by using a special strain of Rhodococcus species was reported. Experimental protocol included isolation of Rhodococcus sp., maintenance (potato-dextrose agar slants), monthly subculturing, and preservation. Mycelia were produced by growing of actinomycete in MGYP medium, separation (centrifugation 200 rpm, 27°C, 96 h), and wash ing. Gold nanoparticles were isolated by resuspension of mycelia in aqueous HAuCl 4 solution (10 − 3 M). Successful biotransformation was certified by UV-VIS spectra, TEM, and XRD analyzes [26 ]. Also, Bacillus licheniformis has been successfully used for synthesis of silver nanocrystals. Isolation of bacteria (collection, incubation 37°C, 48 h) and characterization of isolates were follow","PeriodicalId":18882,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicines","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81224357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It has long been established that a diet rich in fresh fruits, vegetables, seeds, grains and legumes and antioxidants, and other beneficial compounds may help prevent vari ous human diseases. However, diet is not a cure for treatment of severe diseases, but it may help prevent some ailments, and it can help the body overcome the effects of conventional treatments. Natural compounds not only serve as a drug or template for drugs but also, in many instances, had been a source of discovery of novel biology that provided better understanding of target and pathway involved in the disease processes. In addition, drugs derived from natural compounds work better for patients than do drugs manufactured synthetically. Approximately, 40% of drugs in the pipeline and 70% of synthetic therapeutic molecules are plagued with poor solubility, oral bioavailability, and delivery. Drugs with poor solubility encounter limited transport during oral admin - istration because of low concentration gradient between the gut and the blood vessels. To increase body fluid saturation solubility of poorly soluble drug, new delivery methods need to be developed using natural dietary plant metabolites.
{"title":"The Role of Natural Dietary Products in Nanomedicine","authors":"Heshu Sulaiman Rahman, Hemn Hassan Othman, Rasedee Abdullah, Nozlena Abdul Smad, Noorjahan Banu Alitheen","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79932","url":null,"abstract":"It has long been established that a diet rich in fresh fruits, vegetables, seeds, grains and legumes and antioxidants, and other beneficial compounds may help prevent vari ous human diseases. However, diet is not a cure for treatment of severe diseases, but it may help prevent some ailments, and it can help the body overcome the effects of conventional treatments. Natural compounds not only serve as a drug or template for drugs but also, in many instances, had been a source of discovery of novel biology that provided better understanding of target and pathway involved in the disease processes. In addition, drugs derived from natural compounds work better for patients than do drugs manufactured synthetically. Approximately, 40% of drugs in the pipeline and 70% of synthetic therapeutic molecules are plagued with poor solubility, oral bioavailability, and delivery. Drugs with poor solubility encounter limited transport during oral admin - istration because of low concentration gradient between the gut and the blood vessels. To increase body fluid saturation solubility of poorly soluble drug, new delivery methods need to be developed using natural dietary plant metabolites.","PeriodicalId":18882,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicines","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76584087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80225
Brennetta J. Crenshaw, B. Sims, Q. Matthews
Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that are formed during inward budding of multivesicular bodies and the maturation of endosomes. They are secreted by almost all cell types under normal, pathological, and physiological conditions. They are found in mostly all biological fluids, such as breast milk, blood, urine, and semen. Exosomes are involved in cell-to-cell communication through the biological transfer of lipids, proteins, DNAs, RNAs, mRNAs, and miRNAs. Exosomes are enriched in tetraspanins, enzymes, heat shock proteins, and membrane trafficking proteins. There are numerous techniques that are used to isolate, purify, and characterize exosomes from biofluids. Isolation/purification techniques include ultracentrifugation, filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, etc. Characterization techniques include flow cytometry, electron microscopy, NanoSight tracking analysis, Western blot, etc. These techniques are often used to help principal investigators understand the properties and biological functions of exosomes. However, some of these techniques can be very complicated and challenging, resulting in various drawbacks. Exosomes can be used as potential carriers for therapeutics. Thus, they can serve as biomarkers to diagnosis various diseases that are associated with cancer, genetics, viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc. Therefore, with advances in science and technology, many innovative techniques have been established to exploit the biological properties of exosomes.
{"title":"Biological Function of Exosomes as Diagnostic Markers and Therapeutic Delivery Vehicles in Carcinogenesis and Infectious Diseases","authors":"Brennetta J. Crenshaw, B. Sims, Q. Matthews","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80225","url":null,"abstract":"Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that are formed during inward budding of multivesicular bodies and the maturation of endosomes. They are secreted by almost all cell types under normal, pathological, and physiological conditions. They are found in mostly all biological fluids, such as breast milk, blood, urine, and semen. Exosomes are involved in cell-to-cell communication through the biological transfer of lipids, proteins, DNAs, RNAs, mRNAs, and miRNAs. Exosomes are enriched in tetraspanins, enzymes, heat shock proteins, and membrane trafficking proteins. There are numerous techniques that are used to isolate, purify, and characterize exosomes from biofluids. Isolation/purification techniques include ultracentrifugation, filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, etc. Characterization techniques include flow cytometry, electron microscopy, NanoSight tracking analysis, Western blot, etc. These techniques are often used to help principal investigators understand the properties and biological functions of exosomes. However, some of these techniques can be very complicated and challenging, resulting in various drawbacks. Exosomes can be used as potential carriers for therapeutics. Thus, they can serve as biomarkers to diagnosis various diseases that are associated with cancer, genetics, viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc. Therefore, with advances in science and technology, many innovative techniques have been established to exploit the biological properties of exosomes.","PeriodicalId":18882,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicines","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75980891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80238
N. Ivanova, Viliana Gugleva, Mirena Dobreva, I. Pehlivanov, S. Stefanov, V. Andonova
Nanoparticles can surmount some essential problems of conventional small molecules or biomacromolecules (e.g., DNA, RNA, and protein) used in some diseases by allowing targeted delivery and overcome through biological barriers. Recently, silver nanopar- ticles have been harnessed as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents, including antisense oligonucleotides, and other small molecules. Silver is the most profit-oriented precious metal used in the preparation of nanoparticles and nanomaterials because of its antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant and unusually enhanced physicochemi- cal properties compared to the bulk material such as optical, thermal, electrical, and catalytic properties. Small silver nanoparticles offer many advantages as drug carriers, including adjustable size and shape, enhanced stability of surface-bound nucleic acids, high-density surface ligand attachment, transmembrane delivery without harsh trans - fection agents, protection of the attached therapeutics from degradation, and potential for improved timed/controlled intracellular drug-delivery. Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles is gaining interest due to its inexpensiveness, providing a healthier work environment, and protecting human health leading to lessening waste and safer products. The chapter presents the essential physicochemical characteristics, antibacterial, and anticancer properties which silver nanoparticles obtained by plant-mediated methods possess, and their application as drug-delivery systems with a critical view on the possible toxicity on the human body.
{"title":"Silver Nanoparticles as Multi-Functional Drug Delivery Systems","authors":"N. Ivanova, Viliana Gugleva, Mirena Dobreva, I. Pehlivanov, S. Stefanov, V. Andonova","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.80238","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoparticles can surmount some essential problems of conventional small molecules or biomacromolecules (e.g., DNA, RNA, and protein) used in some diseases by allowing targeted delivery and overcome through biological barriers. Recently, silver nanopar- ticles have been harnessed as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents, including antisense oligonucleotides, and other small molecules. Silver is the most profit-oriented precious metal used in the preparation of nanoparticles and nanomaterials because of its antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant and unusually enhanced physicochemi- cal properties compared to the bulk material such as optical, thermal, electrical, and catalytic properties. Small silver nanoparticles offer many advantages as drug carriers, including adjustable size and shape, enhanced stability of surface-bound nucleic acids, high-density surface ligand attachment, transmembrane delivery without harsh trans - fection agents, protection of the attached therapeutics from degradation, and potential for improved timed/controlled intracellular drug-delivery. Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles is gaining interest due to its inexpensiveness, providing a healthier work environment, and protecting human health leading to lessening waste and safer products. The chapter presents the essential physicochemical characteristics, antibacterial, and anticancer properties which silver nanoparticles obtained by plant-mediated methods possess, and their application as drug-delivery systems with a critical view on the possible toxicity on the human body.","PeriodicalId":18882,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicines","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72801596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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