Pub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0007
Alexander D. Barder
This chapter explores the history of racialized threats and fears of Asia in the Western imagination. It shows that the discourse of the “yellow peril” can be understood as a process of world-making of “Asian” alterity through ideas of threat and insecurity; it is a discourse of anxiety wherein the global racial imaginary is seen as being in crisis and what potentially replaces it is a world of disorder and violence. The second section of the chapter then examines how both the Japanese and the Americans engaged in the racialization of each other: first, in terms of how the Japanese empire itself internalized its own version of racial order in response to the global racial imaginary; second, for the United States, as a way of intensifying the violence against a racial other, which can be traced back to the settler colonial plans of the nineteenth century. I conclude the chapter by showing how the global racial imaginary functioned within the United States during the early Cold War period by representing the Soviet Union as the Asiatic other.
{"title":"The “Yellow Peril” and the Asia-Pacific War","authors":"Alexander D. Barder","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the history of racialized threats and fears of Asia in the Western imagination. It shows that the discourse of the “yellow peril” can be understood as a process of world-making of “Asian” alterity through ideas of threat and insecurity; it is a discourse of anxiety wherein the global racial imaginary is seen as being in crisis and what potentially replaces it is a world of disorder and violence. The second section of the chapter then examines how both the Japanese and the Americans engaged in the racialization of each other: first, in terms of how the Japanese empire itself internalized its own version of racial order in response to the global racial imaginary; second, for the United States, as a way of intensifying the violence against a racial other, which can be traced back to the settler colonial plans of the nineteenth century. I conclude the chapter by showing how the global racial imaginary functioned within the United States during the early Cold War period by representing the Soviet Union as the Asiatic other.","PeriodicalId":189212,"journal":{"name":"Global Race War","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116341249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0004
Alexander D. Barder
This chapter examines the nineteenth-century history of American settler colonialism, what it reveals about the transformation of global politics in terms of racial violence, and, as a consequence, how it comes to structure ideas about global peace and order. It examines more specifically the case of American settler colonialism in the nineteenth century and the very ideas of the vanishing Indian. The nineteenth-century American Indian Wars were a critical dimension of the relationship between savage or racial warfare and global order. The discussion turns to Theodore Roosevelt’s idea that global politics is not (or not primarily) the realm of power politics; rather, the cleavages remain those of civilized races perpetually dominating or fearing racial violence from uncivilized barbarians. As a consequence, savage wars or racial wars become part and parcel of American imperial expansion, and their legacy is derived from the history of American settler colonialism.
{"title":"Global Racial Violence","authors":"Alexander D. Barder","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the nineteenth-century history of American settler colonialism, what it reveals about the transformation of global politics in terms of racial violence, and, as a consequence, how it comes to structure ideas about global peace and order. It examines more specifically the case of American settler colonialism in the nineteenth century and the very ideas of the vanishing Indian. The nineteenth-century American Indian Wars were a critical dimension of the relationship between savage or racial warfare and global order. The discussion turns to Theodore Roosevelt’s idea that global politics is not (or not primarily) the realm of power politics; rather, the cleavages remain those of civilized races perpetually dominating or fearing racial violence from uncivilized barbarians. As a consequence, savage wars or racial wars become part and parcel of American imperial expansion, and their legacy is derived from the history of American settler colonialism.","PeriodicalId":189212,"journal":{"name":"Global Race War","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134603280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0005
Alexander D. Barder
The centenary of the genocide of the Ottoman Armenians was commemorated in 2015 by the worldwide Armenian diaspora community, as well as within Armenia itself. This chapter critically examines the ways in which the memory of the genocide of the Armenians has been framed in terms of race, with Western observers from 1915 on applying racialized discourses to the Ottomans and the events of the Armenian genocide. The chapter considers the evolution of notions of “racial extermination” and racial incompatibility and incommensurability in the era of imperialism prior to and during the First World War, and draws attention to the nexus between imperial revisionism, global politics, and genocidal racial violence. Finally, the chapter considers the links between the Armenian genocide and the genocidal politics of the Nazi regime.
{"title":"Race Annihilation, War, and the Global Imperial Order","authors":"Alexander D. Barder","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The centenary of the genocide of the Ottoman Armenians was commemorated in 2015 by the worldwide Armenian diaspora community, as well as within Armenia itself. This chapter critically examines the ways in which the memory of the genocide of the Armenians has been framed in terms of race, with Western observers from 1915 on applying racialized discourses to the Ottomans and the events of the Armenian genocide. The chapter considers the evolution of notions of “racial extermination” and racial incompatibility and incommensurability in the era of imperialism prior to and during the First World War, and draws attention to the nexus between imperial revisionism, global politics, and genocidal racial violence. Finally, the chapter considers the links between the Armenian genocide and the genocidal politics of the Nazi regime.","PeriodicalId":189212,"journal":{"name":"Global Race War","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131951883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0009
Alexander D. Barder
This chapter focuses on the development of the notion of the “clash of civilizations” as the reformulation of a racialized discourse of international politics and its political salience during the so-called global war on terror. Huntington’s work provides, in a sense, a revitalization and reformulation of the global racial imaginary and its capacity to actualize enmity and violence. Specifically, the chapter examines the processes of racialization of Islam and a new form of enmity, which takes on increasingly important political effects during the 1990s and after September 11, 2001, global politics. The chapter concludes by situating the wider American global war on terror within this frame of civilization versus barbarism.
{"title":"Civilizational Conflict as Race War","authors":"Alexander D. Barder","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the development of the notion of the “clash of civilizations” as the reformulation of a racialized discourse of international politics and its political salience during the so-called global war on terror. Huntington’s work provides, in a sense, a revitalization and reformulation of the global racial imaginary and its capacity to actualize enmity and violence. Specifically, the chapter examines the processes of racialization of Islam and a new form of enmity, which takes on increasingly important political effects during the 1990s and after September 11, 2001, global politics. The chapter concludes by situating the wider American global war on terror within this frame of civilization versus barbarism.","PeriodicalId":189212,"journal":{"name":"Global Race War","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132835851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0010
Alexander D. Barder
This chapter explores contemporary ideas of racial conflict and its manifestation in forms of racial domestic terrorism. First, the chapter explores importance of Enoch Powell’s late 1960s polemics against immigration in the United Kingdom. For Powell, the fear that unregulated immigration would be symptomatic of a larger concern of the decline of the West. Nonetheless, Powell’s position regained salience with the contemporary articulation of fears that immigration from the global South will “replace” Western population. Here the work of Renaud Camus is salient. The chapter argues that the idea of a world in which white Western racial hierarchy is dismantled is a world at odds with the imagined social cohesion of the West itself.
{"title":"The “Great Replacement”","authors":"Alexander D. Barder","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores contemporary ideas of racial conflict and its manifestation in forms of racial domestic terrorism. First, the chapter explores importance of Enoch Powell’s late 1960s polemics against immigration in the United Kingdom. For Powell, the fear that unregulated immigration would be symptomatic of a larger concern of the decline of the West. Nonetheless, Powell’s position regained salience with the contemporary articulation of fears that immigration from the global South will “replace” Western population. Here the work of Renaud Camus is salient. The chapter argues that the idea of a world in which white Western racial hierarchy is dismantled is a world at odds with the imagined social cohesion of the West itself.","PeriodicalId":189212,"journal":{"name":"Global Race War","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125590200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0006
Alexander D. Barder
This chapter examines the fusion between a geopolitical imaginary rooted in the state system and Nazi Germany’s specific racialized “imperial” imaginary. Here the idea of race war is at its very center. The key historical moment is during the summer and fall of 1941, when the annihilation of the Jews becomes completely conflated with Germany’s long-term strategic goals. A race war, as conceived by Nazi Germany, was the logical consequence of a social imaginary that joined race, biology, and nature and that transcended politically defined boundaries. There was no prioritization of the geopolitical nation-state over the racial enemy, between geopolitical blocs versus the Jewish “internal” racialized enemy or the external “Asiatic hordes.”
{"title":"Nazi Grand Strategy, Genocide, and Dismantlement of the State System, 1941–1945","authors":"Alexander D. Barder","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the fusion between a geopolitical imaginary rooted in the state system and Nazi Germany’s specific racialized “imperial” imaginary. Here the idea of race war is at its very center. The key historical moment is during the summer and fall of 1941, when the annihilation of the Jews becomes completely conflated with Germany’s long-term strategic goals. A race war, as conceived by Nazi Germany, was the logical consequence of a social imaginary that joined race, biology, and nature and that transcended politically defined boundaries. There was no prioritization of the geopolitical nation-state over the racial enemy, between geopolitical blocs versus the Jewish “internal” racialized enemy or the external “Asiatic hordes.”","PeriodicalId":189212,"journal":{"name":"Global Race War","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127586191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0002
Alexander D. Barder
Long relegated to the margins of history in the study of international relations, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804 should be considered of paramount importance for understanding the emergence of a global racial imaginary of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The consequences of the liquidation of slavery and French colonialism on the island were felt throughout the western hemisphere and constituted a perpetual source of anxiety about the possibilities of racial rebellion. This chapter examines the intellectual effects of the Haitian Revolution in order to demonstrate the crystallization of a global racial hierarchy. This global racial hierarchy took for granted the ineluctable supremacy of “white” Western Europeans and Americans but was, nonetheless, deeply anxious about the possibilities of its future demise. A key element in this intellectual history, examined in this chapter, is the idea of racial violence or war that is used to interpret the events of the Haitian Revolution.
{"title":"Interpreting the Haitian Revolution","authors":"Alexander D. Barder","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Long relegated to the margins of history in the study of international relations, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804 should be considered of paramount importance for understanding the emergence of a global racial imaginary of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The consequences of the liquidation of slavery and French colonialism on the island were felt throughout the western hemisphere and constituted a perpetual source of anxiety about the possibilities of racial rebellion. This chapter examines the intellectual effects of the Haitian Revolution in order to demonstrate the crystallization of a global racial hierarchy. This global racial hierarchy took for granted the ineluctable supremacy of “white” Western Europeans and Americans but was, nonetheless, deeply anxious about the possibilities of its future demise. A key element in this intellectual history, examined in this chapter, is the idea of racial violence or war that is used to interpret the events of the Haitian Revolution.","PeriodicalId":189212,"journal":{"name":"Global Race War","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116423178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0008
Alexander D. Barder
This chapter explores the manner in which “explicit and implicit racial and colonial/imperial assumptions” operate in ways that proliferate domestic and international violence. The chapter begins by first examining the moment after the Second World War when there was the impetus for decolonization and a drive for global racial equality emanating from the global South. The second part of the chapter then explores the American intervention in Vietnam as a manifestation of this continued global racial imaginary. American violence in Indochina ran parallel to the exacerbation of racial violence at home. Here the discussion turns to African American writers, in particular Martin Luther King Jr., who were able to clearly see the connections between American violence abroad and the persistence of racial suppression and violence at home.
{"title":"Racial Violence in the Global South","authors":"Alexander D. Barder","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the manner in which “explicit and implicit racial and colonial/imperial assumptions” operate in ways that proliferate domestic and international violence. The chapter begins by first examining the moment after the Second World War when there was the impetus for decolonization and a drive for global racial equality emanating from the global South. The second part of the chapter then explores the American intervention in Vietnam as a manifestation of this continued global racial imaginary. American violence in Indochina ran parallel to the exacerbation of racial violence at home. Here the discussion turns to African American writers, in particular Martin Luther King Jr., who were able to clearly see the connections between American violence abroad and the persistence of racial suppression and violence at home.","PeriodicalId":189212,"journal":{"name":"Global Race War","volume":"722 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122996042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0003
Alexander D. Barder
The premise of this chapter is the elucidation of a different ontology of global politics and order of the nineteenth century. International relations theory takes for granted a largely ahistorical state-centric ontology, which reifies a specific Eurocentric state and state system as the embodiment of global politics. Instead this chapter focuses on an alternative ontology of race, racial hierarchy, and racial difference as significant for defining the content of an imperial global politics and order. The chapter places into context the emergence of scientific racism and social Darwinism as key intellectual elements in defining a political imaginary that influenced the politics of difference and violence. The chapter shows that this intellectual history reveals a global order that was fundamentally racialized and that global violence was understood and practiced as race war.
{"title":"Scientific Racism, Social Darwinism, and Global Racial Order","authors":"Alexander D. Barder","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197535622.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The premise of this chapter is the elucidation of a different ontology of global politics and order of the nineteenth century. International relations theory takes for granted a largely ahistorical state-centric ontology, which reifies a specific Eurocentric state and state system as the embodiment of global politics. Instead this chapter focuses on an alternative ontology of race, racial hierarchy, and racial difference as significant for defining the content of an imperial global politics and order. The chapter places into context the emergence of scientific racism and social Darwinism as key intellectual elements in defining a political imaginary that influenced the politics of difference and violence. The chapter shows that this intellectual history reveals a global order that was fundamentally racialized and that global violence was understood and practiced as race war.","PeriodicalId":189212,"journal":{"name":"Global Race War","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124158387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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