Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.007
Emma N. Quiroga , Melina A. Sgariglia , César F. Molina , Diego A. Sampietro , José R. Soberón , Marta A. Vattuone
The present work describes the purification and characterization of a novel extracellular polygalacturonase, PGase I, produced by Pycnoporus sanguineus when grown on citrus fruit pectin. This substrate gave enhanced enzyme production as compared to sucrose and lactose. PGase I is an exocellular enzyme releasing galacturonic acid as its principal hydrolysis product as determined by TLC and orcinol-sulphuric acid staining. Its capacity to hydrolyze digalacturonate identified PGase I as an exo-polygalacturonase. SDS-PAGE showed that PGase I is an N-glycosidated monomer. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 42 kDa, optimum pH 4.8 and stability between pH 3.8 and 8.0. A temperature optimum was observed at 50–60 °C, with some enzyme activity retained up to 80 °C. Its activation energy was 5.352 cal mol−1. PGase I showed a higher affinity towards PGA than citric pectin (Km = 0.55 ± 0.02 and 0.72 ± 0.02 mg ml−1, respectively). Consequently, PGase I is an exo-PGase, EC 3.2.1.82.
{"title":"Purification and characterization of an exo-polygalacturonase from Pycnoporus sanguineus","authors":"Emma N. Quiroga , Melina A. Sgariglia , César F. Molina , Diego A. Sampietro , José R. Soberón , Marta A. Vattuone","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present work describes the purification and characterization of a novel extracellular polygalacturonase, PGase I, produced by <em>Pycnoporus sanguineus</em> when grown on citrus fruit pectin. This substrate gave enhanced enzyme production as compared to sucrose and lactose. PGase I is an exocellular enzyme releasing galacturonic acid as its principal hydrolysis product as determined by TLC and orcinol-sulphuric acid staining. Its capacity to hydrolyze digalacturonate identified PGase I as an <em>exo</em>-polygalacturonase. SDS-PAGE showed that PGase I is an <em>N</em>-glycosidated monomer. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 42<!--> <!-->kDa, optimum pH 4.8 and stability between pH 3.8 and 8.0. A temperature optimum was observed at 50–60<!--> <!-->°C, with some enzyme activity retained up to 80<!--> <!-->°C. Its activation energy was 5.352<!--> <!-->cal<!--> <!-->mol<sup>−1</sup>. PGase I showed a higher affinity towards PGA than citric pectin (Km<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.55<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->0.02 and 0.72<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->0.02<!--> <!-->mg<!--> <!-->ml<sup>−1</sup>, respectively). Consequently, PGase I is an <em>exo</em>-PGase, EC 3.2.1.82.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40037137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.006
Dario Cantu, L. Carl Greve, John M. Labavitch, Ann L.T. Powell
The ascomycete Botrytis cinerea is a destructive and ubiquitous plant pathogen and represents a model organism for the study of necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Higher fungi possess a complex and dynamic multilayer cell wall involved in crucial aspects of fungal development, growth and pathogenicity. Plant resistance to microbial pathogens is determined often by the capacity of the plant to recognize molecular patterns associated with the surface of an interacting microbe. Here we report the chemical characterization of cell walls from B. cinerea during axenic growth. Neutral sugars and proteins constituted most of the mass of the B. cinerea cell walls, although chitin and uronic acids were detected. Glucose was the most abundant neutral sugar, but arabinose, galactose, xylose and mannose also were present. Changes in cell wall composition during culture were observed. As the culture developed, protein levels declined, while chitin and neutral sugars increased. Growth of B. cinerea was associated with a remarkable decline in the fraction of its cell wall material that was soluble in hot alkali. These results suggest that the cell wall of B. cinerea undergoes significant modifications during growth, possibly becoming more extensively covalently cross-linked, as a result of aging of mycelia or in response to decreasing nutrient supply or as a consequence of increasing culture density.
{"title":"Characterization of the cell wall of the ubiquitous plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea","authors":"Dario Cantu, L. Carl Greve, John M. Labavitch, Ann L.T. Powell","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ascomycete <em>Botrytis cinerea</em> is a destructive and ubiquitous plant pathogen and represents a model organism for the study of necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Higher fungi possess a complex and dynamic multilayer cell wall involved in crucial aspects of fungal development, growth and pathogenicity. Plant resistance to microbial pathogens is determined often by the capacity of the plant to recognize molecular patterns associated with the surface of an interacting microbe. Here we report the chemical characterization of cell walls from <em>B. cinerea</em> during axenic growth. Neutral sugars and proteins constituted most of the mass of the <em>B. cinerea</em> cell walls, although chitin and uronic acids were detected. Glucose was the most abundant neutral sugar, but arabinose, galactose, xylose and mannose also were present. Changes in cell wall composition during culture were observed. As the culture developed, protein levels declined, while chitin and neutral sugars increased. Growth of <em>B. cinerea</em> was associated with a remarkable decline in the fraction of its cell wall material that was soluble in hot alkali. These results suggest that the cell wall of <em>B. cinerea</em> undergoes significant modifications during growth, possibly becoming more extensively covalently cross-linked, as a result of aging of mycelia or in response to decreasing nutrient supply or as a consequence of increasing culture density.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40037138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.001
M.L. Davey , L. Nybakken , H. Kauserud , M. Ohlson
Little is known about the amount of fungal biomass in the phyllosphere of bryophytes compared to higher plants. In this study, fungal biomass associated with the phyllosphere of three bryophytes (Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum commune) and three vascular plants (Avenella flexuosa, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Vaccinium myrtillus) was investigated using ergosterol content as a proxy for fungal biomass. Phyllosphere fungi accounted for 0.2–4.0 % of the dry mass of moss gametophytes, representing the first estimation of fungal biomass associated with bryophytes. Significantly more fungal biomass was associated with the phyllosphere of bryophytes than co-occurring vascular plants. The ergosterol present in moss gametophytic tissues differed significantly between species, while the ergosterol present in vascular plant leaf tissues did not. The photosynthetic tissues of mosses had less associated fungal biomass than their senescent tissues, and the magnitude of this difference varied in a species-specific manner. The fungal biomass associated with the vascular plants studied varied significantly between localities, while that of mosses did not. The observed differences in phyllosphere community biomass suggest their size could be affected by host anatomical and physiological attributes, including micro-niche availability and chemical host defenses, in addition to abiotic factors like moisture and nutrient availability.
{"title":"Fungal biomass associated with the phyllosphere of bryophytes and vascular plants","authors":"M.L. Davey , L. Nybakken , H. Kauserud , M. Ohlson","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Little is known about the amount of fungal biomass in the phyllosphere of bryophytes compared to higher plants. In this study, fungal biomass associated with the phyllosphere of three bryophytes (<em>Hylocomium splendens</em>, <em>Pleurozium schreberi</em>, <em>Polytrichum commune</em>) and three vascular plants (<em>Avenella flexuosa</em>, <em>Gymnocarpium dryopteris</em>, <em>Vaccinium myrtillus</em>) was investigated using ergosterol content as a proxy for fungal biomass. Phyllosphere fungi accounted for 0.2–4.0 % of the dry mass of moss gametophytes, representing the first estimation of fungal biomass associated with bryophytes. Significantly more fungal biomass was associated with the phyllosphere of bryophytes than co-occurring vascular plants. The ergosterol present in moss gametophytic tissues differed significantly between species, while the ergosterol present in vascular plant leaf tissues did not. The photosynthetic tissues of mosses had less associated fungal biomass than their senescent tissues, and the magnitude of this difference varied in a species-specific manner. The fungal biomass associated with the vascular plants studied varied significantly between localities, while that of mosses did not. The observed differences in phyllosphere community biomass suggest their size could be affected by host anatomical and physiological attributes, including micro-niche availability and chemical host defenses, in addition to abiotic factors like moisture and nutrient availability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28341928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.008
Ibai Olariaga , Begoña M. Jugo , Koldo García-Etxebarria , Isabel Salcedo
The identification of the conventionally accepted species of Clavulina (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) in Europe (Clavulina amethystina, Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata, and Clavulina rugosa) is often difficult and many specimens are not straightforwardly assignable to any of those four species, which is why some authors have questioned their identity. In order to assess the status of those species, a morphological examination was combined with the molecular analysis of the ITS region. The same six major clades were obtained in the Bayesian and parsimony phylogenetic analyses, and all six clades were well-supported at least by one of the analyses. Morphological characters, such as the overall branching pattern, the presence and intensity of grey colour, the cristation of the apices, and basidiospore size and shape were to various extents correlated with the phylogenetic signal obtained from the ITS region. The congruence between the molecular analyses and morphology, rather than geographical origin, suggests the existence of several species that can be delimited using a combined phylogenetic and morphological species recognition. The analyses revealed that C. cristata and C. rugosa are well-delimited species. In contrast, more than one taxa could be subsumed under the names C. amethystina and C. cinerea, the taxonomical complexity of which is discussed. The ITS region is proved to be adequate to separate phylogenetic species of Clavulina.
{"title":"Species delimitation in the European species of Clavulina (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS region and morphological data","authors":"Ibai Olariaga , Begoña M. Jugo , Koldo García-Etxebarria , Isabel Salcedo","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The identification of the conventionally accepted species of <em>Clavulina</em> (<em>Cantharellales</em>, <em>Basidiomycota</em>) in Europe (<em>Clavulina amethystina</em>, <em>Clavulina cinerea</em>, <em>Clavulina cristata</em>, and <em>Clavulina rugosa</em>) is often difficult and many specimens are not straightforwardly assignable to any of those four species, which is why some authors have questioned their identity. In order to assess the status of those species, a morphological examination was combined with the molecular analysis of the ITS region. The same six major clades were obtained in the Bayesian and parsimony phylogenetic analyses, and all six clades were well-supported at least by one of the analyses. Morphological characters, such as the overall branching pattern, the presence and intensity of grey colour, the cristation of the apices, and basidiospore size and shape were to various extents correlated with the phylogenetic signal obtained from the ITS region. The congruence between the molecular analyses and morphology, rather than geographical origin, suggests the existence of several species that can be delimited using a combined phylogenetic and morphological species recognition. The analyses revealed that <em>C. cristata</em> and <em>C. rugosa</em> are well-delimited species. In contrast, more than one taxa could be subsumed under the names <em>C. amethystina</em> and <em>C. cinerea</em>, the taxonomical complexity of which is discussed. The ITS region is proved to be adequate to separate phylogenetic species of <em>Clavulina</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28351570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.10.004
{"title":"Mycological Research News","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.10.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.10.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72025200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.012
Charlotte Nielsen , David W. Williams , Ann E. Hajek
Two genotypes of the fungal symbiont Amylostereum areolatum are associated with the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio first found in North America in 2004. S. noctilio is native to Europe but has been introduced to Australasia, South America and Africa where it has caused enormous losses in pine plantations. Based on nucleotide sequence data from the intergenic spacer region (IGS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, the A. areolatum genotypes found in North America are most similar to genotypes found in Europe, and not to genotypes from the southern hemisphere. Although two IGS strains of A. areolatum were found in North America it cannot be stated whether A. areolatum was introduced to North America from Europe once or twice based on our study. Genetic groupings formed by sequencing data were in most cases supported by vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Other siricid woodwasp species in the genus Sirex are native to North America. The North American native Sirex edwardsii emerging from the same tree as S. noctilio carried the same strain of A. areolatum as S. noctilio. The North American native Sirex sp. ‘nitidus’ collected outside the geographical range of S. noctilio carried a unique strain within A. areolatum. Our findings of A. areolatum in the native North American species, S. sp. ‘nitidus’, contrast with the previous view that A. areolatum was not present in North America before the accidental invasion of S. noctilio.
{"title":"Putative source of the invasive Sirex noctilio fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum, in the eastern United States and its association with native siricid woodwasps","authors":"Charlotte Nielsen , David W. Williams , Ann E. Hajek","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two genotypes of the fungal symbiont <em>Amylostereum areolatum</em> are associated with the invasive woodwasp <em>Sirex noctilio</em> first found in North America in 2004. <em>S. noctilio</em> is native to Europe but has been introduced to Australasia, South America and Africa where it has caused enormous losses in pine plantations. Based on nucleotide sequence data from the intergenic spacer region (IGS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, the <em>A. areolatum</em> genotypes found in North America are most similar to genotypes found in Europe, and not to genotypes from the southern hemisphere. Although two IGS strains of <em>A. areolatum</em> were found in North America it cannot be stated whether <em>A. areolatum</em> was introduced to North America from Europe once or twice based on our study. Genetic groupings formed by sequencing data were in most cases supported by vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Other siricid woodwasp species in the genus <em>Sirex</em> are native to North America. The North American native <em>Sirex edwardsii</em> emerging from the same tree as <em>S. noctilio</em> carried the same strain of <em>A. areolatum</em> as <em>S. noctilio</em>. The North American native <em>Sirex</em> sp. ‘<em>nitidus</em>’ collected outside the geographical range of <em>S. noctilio</em> carried a unique strain within <em>A. areolatum</em>. Our findings of <em>A. areolatum</em> in the native North American species, <em>S.</em> sp. ‘<em>nitidus</em>’, contrast with the previous view that <em>A. areolatum</em> was not present in North America before the accidental invasion of <em>S. noctilio</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28369282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.002
Nina Gunde-Cimerman , Jose Ramos , Ana Plemenitaš
Extreme environments have for long been considered to be populated almost exclusively by prokaryotic organisms and therefore monopolized by bacteriologists. Solar salterns are natural hypersaline environments characterized by extreme concentrations of NaCl, often high concentrations of other ions, high uv irradiation and in some cases extremes in pH. In 2000 fungi were first reported to be active inhabitants of solar salterns. Since then many new species and species previously known only as food contaminants have been discovered in hypersaline environments around the globe. The eukaryotic microorganism most studied for its salt tolerance is Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, S. cerevisiae is rather salt sensitive and not able to adapt to hypersaline conditions. In contrast, some species like Debaryomyces hansenii, Hortaea werneckii, and Wallemia ichthyophaga have been isolated globally from natural hypersaline environments. We believe that all three are more suitable model organisms to study halotolerance in eukaryotes than S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, they belong to different and distant taxonomic groups and have developed different strategies to cope with the same problems of ion toxicity and loss of water.
{"title":"Halotolerant and halophilic fungi","authors":"Nina Gunde-Cimerman , Jose Ramos , Ana Plemenitaš","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Extreme environments have for long been considered to be populated almost exclusively by prokaryotic organisms and therefore monopolized by bacteriologists. Solar salterns are natural hypersaline environments characterized by extreme concentrations of NaCl, often high concentrations of other ions, high <span>uv</span> irradiation and in some cases extremes in pH. In 2000 fungi were first reported to be active inhabitants of solar salterns. Since then many new species and species previously known only as food contaminants have been discovered in hypersaline environments around the globe. The eukaryotic microorganism most studied for its salt tolerance is <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>. However, <em>S. cerevisiae</em> is rather salt sensitive and not able to adapt to hypersaline conditions. In contrast, some species like <em>Debaryomyces hansenii</em>, <em>Hortaea werneckii</em>, and <em>Wallemia ichthyophaga</em> have been isolated globally from natural hypersaline environments. We believe that all three are more suitable model organisms to study halotolerance in eukaryotes than <em>S. cerevisiae</em>. Furthermore, they belong to different and distant taxonomic groups and have developed different strategies to cope with the same problems of ion toxicity and loss of water.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28395317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.014
Yuko Ota , Tsutomu Hattori , Mark T. Banik , Gregor Hagedorn , Kozue Sotome , Sawako Tokuda , Yasuhisa Abe
Relationships among East Asian, North American and European Laetiporus sulphureus s. lat., a cosmopolitan brown rot species complex, were assessed with phylogenetic analyses and incompatibility tests. Three East Asian taxa, Laetiporus cremeiporus sp. nov., Laetiporus montanus and Laetiporus versisporus, are described and illustrated as well as compared with related taxa from Southeast Asia, North America and Europe. Phylogenetic analyses showed that L. cremeiporus and L. versisporus are clearly distinct species among Laetiporus taxa. The three conifer inhabiting species, Laetiporus conifericola, Laetiporus huroniensis and L. montanus, are closely related to each other. The European population of L. montanus exhibits two sequence variants of the EF1α: one is the same as observed in L. sulphureus in Europe and the other is that observed in East Asian population of L. montanus. A key to the known species of Laetiporus in the northern hemisphere is provided.
{"title":"The genus Laetiporus (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) in East Asia","authors":"Yuko Ota , Tsutomu Hattori , Mark T. Banik , Gregor Hagedorn , Kozue Sotome , Sawako Tokuda , Yasuhisa Abe","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Relationships among East Asian, North American and European <em>Laetiporus sulphureus s. lat.</em>, a cosmopolitan brown rot species complex, were assessed with phylogenetic analyses and incompatibility tests. Three East Asian taxa, <em>Laetiporus cremeiporus</em> sp. nov., <em>Laetiporus montanus</em> and <em>Laetiporus versisporus</em>, are described and illustrated as well as compared with related taxa from Southeast Asia, North America and Europe. Phylogenetic analyses showed that <em>L. cremeiporus</em> and <em>L. versisporus</em> are clearly distinct species among <em>Laetiporus</em> taxa. The three conifer inhabiting species, <em>Laetiporus conifericola</em>, <em>Laetiporus huroniensis</em> and <em>L. montanus</em>, are closely related to each other. The European population of <em>L. montanus</em> exhibits two sequence variants of the EF1α: one is the same as observed in <em>L. sulphureus</em> in Europe and the other is that observed in East Asian population of <em>L. montanus</em>. A key to the known species of <em>Laetiporus</em> in the northern hemisphere is provided.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28416287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.013
Robert A. Spotts , Keith A. Seifert , Kelly M. Wallis , David Sugar , Chang Lin Xiao , Maryna Serdani , Jose L. Henriquez
The objectives of this study were i) to give a taxonomic description of a fungus phylogenetically related to Neofabraea and assign the name Cryptosporiopsis kienholzii to this fungus, ii) to expand previous Neofabraea species profiles from infected apple and pear fruit collected from major pome fruit production districts in Oregon and Washington, and iii) to determine the sensitivity of Neofabraea alba, Neofabraea malicorticis, Neofabraea perennans, and C. kienholzii to a range of fungicides. A name is given herein to the anamorph of the fungus previously called ‘Neofabraea sp. nov.’ in the literature, and the fungus is designated as C. kienholzii. The teleomorph of this fungus has never been observed in vivo or in vitro. N. alba, N. perennans, and C. kienholzii accounted for 61.3, 35.6, and 3.1 %, respectively, of 608 isolates obtained from pear fruit and 6.0, 81.3, and 12.7 % of 150 isolates from apple fruit. N. alba was the most common species in Oregon and N. perennans was most common in Washington. N. malicorticis was not found in any of the districts and may be limited to the wet climates west of the Cascade mountain range. C. kienholzii occurs in pome fruit orchards from southern Oregon to North Central Washington, and this is the first report of C. kienholzii in the state of Washington. The four most effective fungicides for control of bull's-eye rot caused by all species were thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl, pyrimethanil, and pyraclostrobin + boscalid. Other fungicides gave acceptable control of some species of Neofabraea but not others. There was good agreement of the microbioassay with fungicide evaluations using wound-inoculated pear fruit for five of seven fungicides, but the microbioassay was not consistent enough for determination of the sensitivity of Neofabraea species to new fungicides.
{"title":"Description of Cryptosporiopsis kienholzii and species profiles of Neofabraea in major pome fruit growing districts in the Pacific Northwest USA","authors":"Robert A. Spotts , Keith A. Seifert , Kelly M. Wallis , David Sugar , Chang Lin Xiao , Maryna Serdani , Jose L. Henriquez","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objectives of this study were i) to give a taxonomic description of a fungus phylogenetically related to <em>Neofabraea</em> and assign the name <em>Cryptosporiopsis kienholzii</em> to this fungus, ii) to expand previous <em>Neofabraea</em> species profiles from infected apple and pear fruit collected from major pome fruit production districts in Oregon and Washington, and iii) to determine the sensitivity of <em>Neofabraea alba</em>, <em>Neofabraea malicorticis</em>, <em>Neofabraea perennans</em>, and <em>C. kienholzii</em> to a range of fungicides. A name is given herein to the anamorph of the fungus previously called ‘<em>Neofabraea</em> sp. nov.’ in the literature, and the fungus is designated as <em>C. kienholzii</em>. The teleomorph of this fungus has never been observed <em>in vivo</em> or <em>in vitro</em>. <em>N. alba</em>, <em>N. perennans</em>, and <em>C. kienholzii</em> accounted for 61.3, 35.6, and 3.1 %, respectively, of 608 isolates obtained from pear fruit and 6.0, 81.3, and 12.7 % of 150 isolates from apple fruit. <em>N. alba</em> was the most common species in Oregon and <em>N. perennans</em> was most common in Washington. <em>N. malicorticis</em> was not found in any of the districts and may be limited to the wet climates west of the Cascade mountain range. <em>C. kienholzii</em> occurs in pome fruit orchards from southern Oregon to North Central Washington, and this is the first report of <em>C. kienholzii</em> in the state of Washington. The four most effective fungicides for control of bull's-eye rot caused by all species were thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl, pyrimethanil, and pyraclostrobin<!--> <!-->+<!--> <!-->boscalid. Other fungicides gave acceptable control of some species of <em>Neofabraea</em> but not others. There was good agreement of the microbioassay with fungicide evaluations using wound-inoculated pear fruit for five of seven fungicides, but the microbioassay was not consistent enough for determination of the sensitivity of <em>Neofabraea</em> species to new fungicides.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28384289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.009
Marion K. Seier , Louise Morin , Marlien van der merwe , Harry C. Evans , Ángel Romero
The taxonomic relationship between two microcyclic rust species, Puccinia melampodii and Puccinia xanthii, recorded from a number of Asteraceae hosts, was explored by comparing teliospore morphology, host specificity and sequence data. Teliospore morphology varied between and within individual rust accessions but, in general, teliospores of P. xanthii were larger than those of P. melampodii. Field observations and cross-inoculation greenhouse studies showed that P. melampodii accessions were highly specific to their original host species and unable to establish compatible interactions with related Asteraceae species. Though small amounts of genetic variation were detected between P. melampodii and P. xanthii accessions, the ITS and TEF phylogenetic analyses comprising several other rust species grouped these accessions within a well supported clade. Our data indicate that despite differences between P. xanthii and P. melampodii accessions these rusts cannot readily be separated at the species level, supporting earlier taxonomic conclusions and the recent proposal to group them into a morphospecies. Based on host-specificity data, the name Puccinia xanthii var. parthenii-hysterophorae is proposed to accommodate all Mesoamerican records of P. melampodii associated with the host Parthenium hysterophorus.
通过对菊科不同寄主的端孢子形态、寄主特异性和序列数据的比较,探讨了两种微环锈病(Puccinia melampodii和Puccinia xanthii)的分类学关系。端孢子形态在不同的锈病株和不同的锈病株之间存在差异,但一般而言,黄氏霉的端孢子大于黑足霉。田间观察和交叉接种温室研究表明,黑足假单胞虫对其原寄主种具有高度特异性,无法与菊科近缘种建立亲和互作关系。虽然在黑足假单锈菌和黄腐假锈菌之间检测到少量遗传变异,但包括其他几种锈菌的ITS和TEF系统发育分析将这些菌株归为一个支持良好的分支。我们的数据表明,尽管黄腐斑孢锈菌和黑腐斑孢锈菌在物种水平上存在差异,但这些锈菌不能轻易地在物种水平上分开,这支持了早期的分类结论和最近将它们归类为形态种的建议。基于宿主特异性数据,我们提出将所有与宿主Parthenium hysterophorus相关的中美洲melampodii命名为Puccinia xanthii var. Parthenium -hysterophorae。
{"title":"Are the microcyclic rust species Puccinia melampodii and Puccinia xanthii conspecific?","authors":"Marion K. Seier , Louise Morin , Marlien van der merwe , Harry C. Evans , Ángel Romero","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The taxonomic relationship between two microcyclic rust species, <em>Puccinia melampodii</em> and <em>Puccinia xanthii</em>, recorded from a number of <em>Asteraceae</em> hosts, was explored by comparing teliospore morphology, host specificity and sequence data. Teliospore morphology varied between and within individual rust accessions but, in general, teliospores of <em>P. xanthii</em> were larger than those of <em>P. melampodii</em>. Field observations and cross-inoculation greenhouse studies showed that <em>P. melampodii</em> accessions were highly specific to their original host species and unable to establish compatible interactions with related <em>Asteraceae</em> species. Though small amounts of genetic variation were detected between <em>P. melampodii</em> and <em>P. xanthii</em> accessions, the ITS and TEF phylogenetic analyses comprising several other rust species grouped these accessions within a well supported clade. Our data indicate that despite differences between <em>P. xanthii</em> and <em>P. melampodii</em> accessions these rusts cannot readily be separated at the species level, supporting earlier taxonomic conclusions and the recent proposal to group them into a morphospecies. Based on host-specificity data, the name <em>Puccinia xanthii</em> var. <em>parthenii-hysterophorae</em> is proposed to accommodate all Mesoamerican records of <em>P. melampodii</em> associated with the host <em>Parthenium hysterophorus</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28351571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}