Indigenous fermented foods are important constituent of staple diet of the Naga tribes of India. In Nagaland, there are variety of fermented foods and beverages with traditional and cultural value. Agriculture being the main occupation, preservation technique of perishable crops has been passed down from generation to generation. Here we present the biochemical characterization of some vegetable based fermented food products of Nagaland i.e., Hungrii (Brassica leaves), Rhujuk/Bastanga (Bamboo shoot) and Tsutuocie (Cucumber). The comparative account of nutritive values like moisture content, pH, protein content, reducing sugars, crude fibre, total phenol content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of fermented foods and its constituent raw materials was done. Results indicated high amounts of protein in Hungrii (34.07 g/100g). Most of the fermented foods had low moisture content rendering it to have longer shelf life. Rhujuk/Bastanga was found to have significantly higher levels of phenolic content (1.44 mg GAE/g and 2.44 mg GAE/g), thus having high antioxidant activity in comparison to the other fermented products. This present study thus puts some light on the proximate composition as well as the antioxidant content of some major vegetable based fermented food products of Nagaland so as to popularize these products as nutritional support to the region for health improvement.
{"title":"Biochemical Characterization of Three Vegetable Based Fermented Food Products (Hungrii, Rhujuk and Tsutuocie) of Nagaland, India","authors":"B. Jamir, C. R. Deb","doi":"10.4236/NR.2021.122004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NR.2021.122004","url":null,"abstract":"Indigenous fermented foods are important constituent \u0000of staple diet of the Naga tribes of India. In Nagaland, there are variety of \u0000fermented foods and beverages with traditional and cultural value. Agriculture \u0000being the main occupation, preservation technique of perishable crops has been \u0000passed down from generation to generation. Here we present the biochemical \u0000characterization of some vegetable based fermented food products of Nagaland i.e., Hungrii (Brassica leaves), Rhujuk/Bastanga (Bamboo shoot) and Tsutuocie (Cucumber). The comparative account of nutritive values like moisture \u0000content, pH, protein content, reducing sugars, crude fibre, total phenol \u0000content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of fermented foods and its \u0000constituent raw materials was done. Results \u0000indicated high amounts of protein in Hungrii (34.07 g/100g). Most of the fermented foods had low moisture content \u0000rendering it to have longer shelf life. Rhujuk/Bastanga was found to have significantly \u0000higher levels of phenolic content (1.44 mg GAE/g and 2.44 mg GAE/g), thus having high antioxidant activity in \u0000comparison to the other fermented \u0000products. This present study thus puts some light on the proximate \u0000composition as well as the antioxidant content of some major vegetable based \u0000fermented food products of Nagaland so as to popularize these products as \u0000nutritional support to the region for health improvement.","PeriodicalId":19086,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resources","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82388164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Trabelsi, A. Seibi, Ning Liu, F. Boukadi, R. Trabelsi
Horizontal fracture-simulated completions remain the most reliable method of producing hydrocarbons from shale formations. The vast majority of unconventional wells are completed using the “Plug and Perf” method. This method involves using either a coiled tubing (CT) with a positive displacement motor or a jointed pipe to mill out composite plugs after fracturing operations are completed. An estimated average of 120,000 composite plugs is installed in the US alone each year. Bridge plug drillouts from milling operations tend to accumulate in horizontal wells and can cause stuck pipe incidents and loss of well control. Efficient removal of composite plugs’ debris is crucial in achieving operational efficacies and full production potential. This paper provides an overview of the various bridge plug drillouts cleaning practices adopted in horizontal wells. It discusses several case histories, showcasing how operators solved cleanout challenges. Developed mechanistic models to better understand hole cleaning are also reviewed. As more unconventional wells are being set at more extensive depths, an economical and optimized coiled tubing process becomes increasingly important. This paper focuses on delivering a more conclusive set of recommendations to increase efficiency and improve current composite plug coiled tubing cleaning-milling practices, increase operational efficiency and reduce cost.
{"title":"Bridge Plug Drillouts Cleaning Practices—An Overview","authors":"H. Trabelsi, A. Seibi, Ning Liu, F. Boukadi, R. Trabelsi","doi":"10.4236/NR.2021.122003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NR.2021.122003","url":null,"abstract":"Horizontal fracture-simulated completions remain the most reliable method of producing hydrocarbons from shale formations. The vast majority of unconventional wells are completed using the “Plug and Perf” method. This method involves using either a coiled tubing (CT) with a positive displacement motor or a jointed pipe to mill out composite plugs after fracturing operations are completed. An estimated average of 120,000 composite plugs is installed in the US alone each year. Bridge plug drillouts from milling operations tend to accumulate in horizontal wells and can cause stuck pipe incidents and loss of well control. Efficient removal of composite plugs’ debris is crucial in achieving operational efficacies and full production potential. This paper provides an overview of the various bridge plug drillouts cleaning practices adopted in horizontal wells. It discusses several case histories, showcasing how operators solved cleanout challenges. Developed mechanistic models to better understand hole cleaning are also reviewed. As more unconventional wells are being set at more extensive depths, an economical and optimized coiled tubing process becomes increasingly important. This paper focuses on delivering a more conclusive set of recommendations to increase efficiency and improve current composite plug coiled tubing cleaning-milling practices, increase operational efficiency and reduce cost.","PeriodicalId":19086,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resources","volume":"117 1","pages":"19-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73507010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Nouman, O. Egbal, Y. Sana, M. Anwar, A. Eman, F. A. Yosif
The objective of the study was to determine the optimal density of fingerlings of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture in floating cages with respect to growth performance and to know the effect of temperature on growth during the winter period. Tilapia fingerlings (mean weight 8.5 ± 0.36 g) were stocked at densities of 120, 180 and 360 fish/m3 for 10 weeks. During culture, fish were fed a diet contains 35% protein made of peanut seed, cottonseed, wheat bran, and Sorghum. The results showed that the increase in fish density reduced the final weight of the fish. The percentage of the fish weight increased and reached 111% ± 1.45% in the lowest fish density (120 fish/m3), 79% ± 1.87% in the medium density (240 fish/m3), and 63% ± 2.03% of high fish density (360 fish/m3), therefore the daily growth rate was better in the lowest density. The rate of food conversion ratio was also better in the lowest density with 2.17 ± 0.33, followed by the medium density with 2.79 ± 0.28 and then the highest density with 3.09 ± 0.21. However, the total production in the cage increased with increasing fish density, and the return to the cost of food was better with higher fish density. According to various performance evaluation criteria, it can be concluded that the medium density 240 fish/m3 is the best for growing Nile tilapia fingerlings in floating cages. It was observed that the growth rates of the three treatments were low due to the decrease in water temperature in most of the study period, which may indicate the useless of culture in cages in the winter season.
{"title":"Determine the Optimal Density of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fingerlings Cultured in Floating Cages","authors":"B. Nouman, O. Egbal, Y. Sana, M. Anwar, A. Eman, F. A. Yosif","doi":"10.4236/NR.2021.121001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NR.2021.121001","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the study was to determine the optimal density of fingerlings of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture in floating cages with respect to growth performance and to know the effect of temperature on growth during the winter period. Tilapia fingerlings (mean weight 8.5 ± 0.36 g) were stocked at densities of 120, 180 and 360 fish/m3 for 10 weeks. During culture, fish were fed a diet contains 35% protein made of peanut seed, cottonseed, wheat bran, and Sorghum. The results showed that the increase in fish density reduced the final weight of the fish. The percentage of the fish weight increased and reached 111% ± 1.45% in the lowest fish density (120 fish/m3), 79% ± 1.87% in the medium density (240 fish/m3), and 63% ± 2.03% of high fish density (360 fish/m3), therefore the daily growth rate was better in the lowest density. The rate of food conversion ratio was also better in the lowest density with 2.17 ± 0.33, followed by the medium density with 2.79 ± 0.28 and then the highest density with 3.09 ± 0.21. However, the total production in the cage increased with increasing fish density, and the return to the cost of food was better with higher fish density. According to various performance evaluation criteria, it can be concluded that the medium density 240 fish/m3 is the best for growing Nile tilapia fingerlings in floating cages. It was observed that the growth rates of the three treatments were low due to the decrease in water temperature in most of the study period, which may indicate the useless of culture in cages in the winter season.","PeriodicalId":19086,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resources","volume":"2114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91355679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Topanou, J. Fatombi, J. Gbaguidi, T. Aminou, J. Gérard, M. Domeizel
The waste management is a major environmental challenge in all the countries. In the Republic of Benin, in absence of controlled landfill, the wetlands are filling in by solid household waste to set up housing environments. This study aimed at identifying the various forms of wetlands water pollutions originated by this practice. Physico-chemical parameters of sampling water were determined by using Ionic chromatography and spectrometry of atomic absorption. The microorganisms indicating fecal peril were identified by the conventional techniques of microbiology. Water quality of a witness well was also used to assess the general water quality of the backfilled wetland. The results revealed the water samples collected from backefilled wetlands were mineralized (898.32 ± 6.13 μs/cm), rich in chlorinate (237.80 ± 4.23 mg/L) and nitrates ions (224.10 ± 3.42 mg/L). They are more colored (399.23 ± 3.01 Pt/Co) and more turbid (62.5 ± 2.48 NTU) than those of the unfilled wetlands. The results of microbiological analysis shown the presence of the cysts of Giardia lamblia (590/100 L) and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica (13/100 L) in all water, except those of witness well. The frequency of water contamination by bacteria indicating general degradation is 86.4%. The embankment of the wetlands by the solid household waste leads to the water pollution.
{"title":"Impact of Domestic Solid Waste Management on Wet Land Water Quality: Case of Abomey-Calavi Municipality in Benin Republic","authors":"N. Topanou, J. Fatombi, J. Gbaguidi, T. Aminou, J. Gérard, M. Domeizel","doi":"10.4236/NR.2021.121002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NR.2021.121002","url":null,"abstract":"The waste management is a major environmental challenge in all the countries. In the Republic of Benin, in absence of controlled landfill, the wetlands are filling in by solid household waste to set up housing environments. This study aimed at identifying the various forms of wetlands water pollutions originated by this practice. Physico-chemical parameters of sampling water were determined by using Ionic chromatography and spectrometry of atomic absorption. The microorganisms indicating fecal peril were identified by the conventional techniques of microbiology. Water quality of a witness well was also used to assess the general water quality of the backfilled wetland. The results revealed the water samples collected from backefilled wetlands were mineralized (898.32 ± 6.13 μs/cm), rich in chlorinate (237.80 ± 4.23 mg/L) and nitrates ions (224.10 ± 3.42 mg/L). They are more colored (399.23 ± 3.01 Pt/Co) and more turbid (62.5 ± 2.48 NTU) than those of the unfilled wetlands. The results of microbiological analysis shown the presence of the cysts of Giardia lamblia (590/100 L) and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica (13/100 L) in all water, except those of witness well. The frequency of water contamination by bacteria indicating general degradation is 86.4%. The embankment of the wetlands by the solid household waste leads to the water pollution.","PeriodicalId":19086,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resources","volume":"495 1","pages":"10-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78132492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This thought project is focused on the time and place of gold concentration within orogens, the most complex of the tectonic settings resulting from plate interactions. The author has been engaged in gold exploration over his 50-year career and takes this occasion for reflection on “what I think I learned”. When overwhelmed by the wealth of immediate field evidence, combined with the mountains of petrographic and geochemical data it is nigh impossible “to see the forest for the trees”. All too often reporting of specific “data sets” passes as the goal of science while the real problem, i.e. what all the evidence in combination adds up to, is never engaged. This is an effort to step back and take a larger view of the bigger picture painted by the various roles played by regional and thermal metamorphism, plutonism and volcanism, as well as marine and terrestrial sedimentation within hydrothermal environments of gold concentration.
{"title":"The Metallogenic Setting of Terminal Orogenic Gold Deposits","authors":"N. Duke","doi":"10.4236/nr.2021.1210024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2021.1210024","url":null,"abstract":"This thought project is focused on the time and place of gold concentration within orogens, the most complex of the tectonic settings resulting from plate interactions. The author has been engaged in gold exploration over his 50-year career and takes this occasion for reflection on “what I think I learned”. When overwhelmed by the wealth of immediate field evidence, combined with the mountains of petrographic and geochemical data it is nigh impossible “to see the forest for the trees”. All too often reporting of specific “data sets” passes as the goal of science while the real problem, i.e. what all the evidence in combination adds up to, is never engaged. This is an effort to step back and take a larger view of the bigger picture painted by the various roles played by regional and thermal metamorphism, plutonism and volcanism, as well as marine and terrestrial sedimentation within hydrothermal environments of gold concentration.","PeriodicalId":19086,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resources","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84733488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The V-Shaped Module (VSM) solar cell technology, which breaks the tradi-tional concept of solar cell system, has been proven to enhance power conversion efficiency of some solar cells and has offered opportunities to increase generation power densities in area-limited applications. Compared to a pla-nar cell system, the VSM has an additional opportunity to absorb photons and taps the potential of solar cells. In this study, the VSM, the proposed common technique enhancing efficiencies of various solar cells, was investigated by using commercially available multi-crystalline silicon solar cells. The VSM technique enables the efficiencies of the multi-crystalline silicon cells to increase from 13.4% to 20.2%, giving an efficiency boost of 51%. Though the efficiency of the cells increases, the open-circuit voltage of the cells decreases owing to the VSM technique. Furthermore, the obvious reduction in open-cir-cuit voltage in the VSM was found and the phenomenon is explained for the first time.
{"title":"Investigation on Open-Circuit Voltage of an Efficiency-Boosting Solar Cell Technique Featuring V-Configuration","authors":"Jianming Li","doi":"10.4236/nr.2021.1212026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2021.1212026","url":null,"abstract":"The V-Shaped Module (VSM) solar cell technology, which breaks the tradi-tional concept of solar cell system, has been proven to enhance power conversion efficiency of some solar cells and has offered opportunities to increase generation power densities in area-limited applications. Compared to a pla-nar cell system, the VSM has an additional opportunity to absorb photons and taps the potential of solar cells. In this study, the VSM, the proposed common technique enhancing efficiencies of various solar cells, was investigated by using commercially available multi-crystalline silicon solar cells. The VSM technique enables the efficiencies of the multi-crystalline silicon cells to increase from 13.4% to 20.2%, giving an efficiency boost of 51%. Though the efficiency of the cells increases, the open-circuit voltage of the cells decreases owing to the VSM technique. Furthermore, the obvious reduction in open-cir-cuit voltage in the VSM was found and the phenomenon is explained for the first time.","PeriodicalId":19086,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resources","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75726991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Research on the Usage of Corn Cob in Producing Lightweight Concrete","authors":"Sermin Polat","doi":"10.4236/nr.2021.1210023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2021.1210023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19086,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resources","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72725623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oluwaseun Oyinloye, Naeema Al Darmaki, M. Zarooni, F. Boukadi, Hildah Nantongo
A new approach is demonstrated in which soft experimentation can be performed for MMP measurements, thus replacing the common practice of slim tube displacement laboratory experiments. Recovery potential from oil reservoirs by miscible flue gas injection was studied by slim tube and field-scale numerical simulation using two flue gases and seven crude oils sampled at different depths in three candidate reservoirs. The soft experimentations were conducted using Eclipse300 TM , a three-phase compositional simulator. This study investigates minimum miscibility pressure (MMP), a significant miscible gas injection project screening tool. Successful design of the project is contingent to the accurate determination of the MMP. This study evaluates effects of important factors such as injection pressure, oil component composition, and injection gas composition on the MMP and recovery efficiency for slim tube and field-scale displacements. Two applicable MMP correlations were used for comparison and validation purposes.
{"title":"Estimation of Minimum Miscibility Pressure for Flue Gas Injection Using Soft Experimentations","authors":"Oluwaseun Oyinloye, Naeema Al Darmaki, M. Zarooni, F. Boukadi, Hildah Nantongo","doi":"10.4236/nr.2021.1211025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2021.1211025","url":null,"abstract":"A new approach is demonstrated in which soft experimentation can be performed for MMP measurements, thus replacing the common practice of slim tube displacement laboratory experiments. Recovery potential from oil reservoirs by miscible flue gas injection was studied by slim tube and field-scale numerical simulation using two flue gases and seven crude oils sampled at different depths in three candidate reservoirs. The soft experimentations were conducted using Eclipse300 TM , a three-phase compositional simulator. This study investigates minimum miscibility pressure (MMP), a significant miscible gas injection project screening tool. Successful design of the project is contingent to the accurate determination of the MMP. This study evaluates effects of important factors such as injection pressure, oil component composition, and injection gas composition on the MMP and recovery efficiency for slim tube and field-scale displacements. Two applicable MMP correlations were used for comparison and validation purposes.","PeriodicalId":19086,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resources","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73863235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flooding regimes in arid regions are heavily influenced by climate change, water shortage, water regulations, and increased water demands. The low amount of annual precipitation due to the desert climate may lead to false estimations of flooding hazards. This study analyzed flash floods caused by short-intense rainstorms. The objective of this study was to determine flood risk related to identified precipitation depths. The project quantized the runoff corresponding to different design storms and used hydraulics and geospatial data to determine flood elevations. The study constructed hydrologic and hydraulic models to quantify flood hazards in the adjacent area of Wadi Abu Nashayfah. Peak discharges for the wadi were computed by using observed rainfall data, and the output of this process was applied to compute water surface elevations within the flow channel. At upstream, there is a high potential of flooding when Wadi Abu Nashayfah receives a minimum of 25 mm of rain which generates 40.60 m/s of peak discharge, thus, at this point the stream will overtop its banks and risking the adjacent area. In the second case, flow will overtop its banks when the channel receives at least 35 mm of rain and peak discharge level to 67.20 m/s. While flow will reach bank full point if wadi Abu Nashayfah receives 10.00 mm of rain and generates 14.80 m/s of streams downstream. The depth of precipitation at which the channel was overtopped was determined in several locations. The predicted overtopping was compared to historic events with good agreement.
干旱地区的洪涝状况受到气候变化、水资源短缺、水资源法规和水资源需求增加的严重影响。由于沙漠气候，年降水量少，可能导致洪水灾害的错误估计。本研究分析了短时强暴雨引起的山洪暴发。本研究的目的是确定与确定的降水深度相关的洪水风险。该项目量化了不同设计风暴对应的径流，并使用水力学和地理空间数据来确定洪水高度。该研究建立了水文和水力模型，以量化Wadi Abu Nashayfah附近地区的洪水灾害。利用观测到的降雨数据计算河道的峰值流量，并将该过程的输出用于计算河道内的水面高程。在上游，当Wadi Abu Nashayfah收到至少25毫米的降雨，产生40.60米/秒的峰值流量时，洪水的可能性很高，因此，在这一点上，河流将超过其堤岸，并危及邻近地区。在第二种情况下，当通道接收到至少35毫米的降雨并且峰值流量达到67.20米/秒时，流量将超过其堤岸。而如果Abu Nashayfah河收到10.00毫米的降雨并产生14.80米/秒的下游水流，则流量将达到河岸满点。在几个地点确定了河道被淹没的降水深度。预测的超顶与历史事件进行了比较，结果非常一致。
{"title":"Rainfall-Runoff Simulation and Modelling Using HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS Models: Case Study Tabuk, Saudi Arabia","authors":"Ali Alsubeai, S. Burckhard","doi":"10.4236/nr.2021.1210022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2021.1210022","url":null,"abstract":"Flooding regimes in arid regions are heavily influenced by climate change, water shortage, water regulations, and increased water demands. The low amount of annual precipitation due to the desert climate may lead to false estimations of flooding hazards. This study analyzed flash floods caused by short-intense rainstorms. The objective of this study was to determine flood risk related to identified precipitation depths. The project quantized the runoff corresponding to different design storms and used hydraulics and geospatial data to determine flood elevations. The study constructed hydrologic and hydraulic models to quantify flood hazards in the adjacent area of Wadi Abu Nashayfah. Peak discharges for the wadi were computed by using observed rainfall data, and the output of this process was applied to compute water surface elevations within the flow channel. At upstream, there is a high potential of flooding when Wadi Abu Nashayfah receives a minimum of 25 mm of rain which generates 40.60 m/s of peak discharge, thus, at this point the stream will overtop its banks and risking the adjacent area. In the second case, flow will overtop its banks when the channel receives at least 35 mm of rain and peak discharge level to 67.20 m/s. While flow will reach bank full point if wadi Abu Nashayfah receives 10.00 mm of rain and generates 14.80 m/s of streams downstream. The depth of precipitation at which the channel was overtopped was determined in several locations. The predicted overtopping was compared to historic events with good agreement.","PeriodicalId":19086,"journal":{"name":"Natural Resources","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87773595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Li Feng, Yonghong Zhao, Zhuqi Zhang, Shengai Zhang, Hongxia Zhang, Mingli Yu, Yiwei Ma
In this paper, it was introduced that Coix lacryma-jobi is a traditional dual-use edible and medicine crops in China, and the nutritional components and medicinal value of Coix lacryma-jobi were described. Based on the published literature at home and abroad, a variety of chemical components found in Coix lacryma jobi and their medicinal effects were reviewed. At the same time, the problems existing in the production of Coix lacryma jobi were put forward. With the improvement of people’s living standards, the nutritional and health care value of Coix lacryma-jobi has been paid more and more attention. The problems of Coix lacryma-jobi in production were analyzed. Some biological characteristics of Coix lacryma-jobi, especially its hygrophyte characteristics, were re-recognized, which is very important to increase the yield of Coix lacryma jobi. In the paper, the key cultivation techniques for high and stable yield of Coix lacryma-jobi were also summarized. In order to obtain high quality, high and stable yield, we should adopt the new technical methods of “two wet, two dry and two water” in water management. At the same time, if artificial pollination is applied in the peak of flowering period, the seed setting rate and the yield will be increased.
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