Pub Date : 2020-09-04DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.24
Christopher R. Trevino, A. Paulino, Vinodh A. Kumar, Nazanin K. Majd, M. Penas-Prado
A 26-year-old woman with a right frontal diffuse astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant, WHO Grade II was treated with resection and radiotherapy (54 Gy in 30 fractions by volumetric modulated arc therapy). Ten weeks after radiation, she developed left leg weakness, and a brain magnetic resonance image demonstrated multifocal acute demyelinating brain lesions within regions that received 10-30 Gy. She improved with high dose steroids and subsequently resumed temozolomide. She had no prior history of a demyelinating disorder. The mechanisms of neurotoxicity from radiation include vascular injury, demyelination, and oxidative damage to neural stem cells and oligodendrocytes; though the pathophysiology is not fully understood. Subacute demyelination in the absence of known demyelinating disease is rare with only four cases previously described. This rare complication can be successfully managed with steroids when symptomatic. It is important to consider demyelination if new distant enhancing lesions arise following radiation of a primary brain tumor when findings are atypical for recurrence.
{"title":"Radiation-induced central demyelination, report of a rare subacute complication and review of the literature","authors":"Christopher R. Trevino, A. Paulino, Vinodh A. Kumar, Nazanin K. Majd, M. Penas-Prado","doi":"10.20517/2347-8659.2020.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.24","url":null,"abstract":"A 26-year-old woman with a right frontal diffuse astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant, WHO Grade II was treated with resection and radiotherapy (54 Gy in 30 fractions by volumetric modulated arc therapy). Ten weeks after radiation, she developed left leg weakness, and a brain magnetic resonance image demonstrated multifocal acute demyelinating brain lesions within regions that received 10-30 Gy. She improved with high dose steroids and subsequently resumed temozolomide. She had no prior history of a demyelinating disorder. The mechanisms of neurotoxicity from radiation include vascular injury, demyelination, and oxidative damage to neural stem cells and oligodendrocytes; though the pathophysiology is not fully understood. Subacute demyelination in the absence of known demyelinating disease is rare with only four cases previously described. This rare complication can be successfully managed with steroids when symptomatic. It is important to consider demyelination if new distant enhancing lesions arise following radiation of a primary brain tumor when findings are atypical for recurrence.","PeriodicalId":19129,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42275673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-04DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.29
Batool F. Kirmani, K. Au, Seema Mir, M. Hogan, Dennis (Dong Hwan) Kim, Pushpa Sharma
Autoimmune epilepsy (AE) is a general term to describe recurrent seizures that have an immune-mediated origin. It is increasingly being recognized as a cause of epilepsy due to accumulating evidence supporting an immunemediated pathogenesis in patients who have shown resistance to traditional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The diagnosis of AE is one of the exclusions. Currently, there are no strict diagnostic guidelines for AE, and it is similarly under-recognized. The importance of early diagnosis of AE cannot be overstated, as prompt immunotherapy is important for seizure reduction. Further investigations into potential biomarkers are needed for early detection of AE and include targeted immunotherapies in combination with AEDs. The goal of this review was to provide an overview of the following biomarkers that have been associated with AE: AMPAR, LGl1, CASPR2, DPPX, GABAAR, GABABR, GFAP, GlyR, mGluR5, NMDAR, VGCC (P/Q types), amphiphysin, ANNA-1, CRMP-5, GAD65, and Ma1/
{"title":"Biomarkers for epileptogenesis in patients with autoimmune epilepsy","authors":"Batool F. Kirmani, K. Au, Seema Mir, M. Hogan, Dennis (Dong Hwan) Kim, Pushpa Sharma","doi":"10.20517/2347-8659.2020.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.29","url":null,"abstract":"Autoimmune epilepsy (AE) is a general term to describe recurrent seizures that have an immune-mediated origin. It is increasingly being recognized as a cause of epilepsy due to accumulating evidence supporting an immunemediated pathogenesis in patients who have shown resistance to traditional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The diagnosis of AE is one of the exclusions. Currently, there are no strict diagnostic guidelines for AE, and it is similarly under-recognized. The importance of early diagnosis of AE cannot be overstated, as prompt immunotherapy is important for seizure reduction. Further investigations into potential biomarkers are needed for early detection of AE and include targeted immunotherapies in combination with AEDs. The goal of this review was to provide an overview of the following biomarkers that have been associated with AE: AMPAR, LGl1, CASPR2, DPPX, GABAAR, GABABR, GFAP, GlyR, mGluR5, NMDAR, VGCC (P/Q types), amphiphysin, ANNA-1, CRMP-5, GAD65, and Ma1/","PeriodicalId":19129,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49318363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-04DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.42
Y. Fragoso
This is a case report of a COVID-19 infection in a young male, previously healthy. The infection evolved with intense headache as the main symptom for 2 weeks. The headache was throbbing, severe, continuous, and worsened with efforts such as coughing. The patient presented no meningeal signs and neurological examination was normal. This is the first report of severe headache at the onset and main symptom of COVID-19 infection.
{"title":"Headache as the onset and main symptom of COVID-19 infection","authors":"Y. Fragoso","doi":"10.20517/2347-8659.2020.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.42","url":null,"abstract":"This is a case report of a COVID-19 infection in a young male, previously healthy. The infection evolved with intense headache as the main symptom for 2 weeks. The headache was throbbing, severe, continuous, and worsened with efforts such as coughing. The patient presented no meningeal signs and neurological examination was normal. This is the first report of severe headache at the onset and main symptom of COVID-19 infection.","PeriodicalId":19129,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46585949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-04DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.32
J. Wright, J. Harding
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive neuron loses in memoryrelated brain structures. Five drugs have been approved by the FDA to treat Alzheimer’s disease; however, these drugs have failed to modify or significantly slow disease progression. New therapies are needed to delay the course of this disease and hopefully prevent further neuron losses. This review describes available AD drugs and several novel approaches presently being investigated. We next describe relevant biomarkers and urge greater research interest in the potential utilization of neurotrophic agents to treat AD. Neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are capable of stimulating dendritic arborization, synaptogenesis, stem cell differentiation, neurogenesis, and decreases in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress-induced damage and neurotoxicity due to a wide range of cellular insults. We present the strategy of utilizing small molecule analogs specifically designed to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and facilitate dimerization and activation of the HGF/Met receptor system. These molecules have been shown to encourage the formation of new functional synaptic connections, induce long-term potentiation and augment memory consolidation and retrieval in animal models of AD. Such molecules may be appropriate for use at the first indication of mild cognitive impairment, and perhaps prophylactically in those individuals who are most likely to develop dementia due to genetic, health, behavioral and life-style predisposing factors.
{"title":"Small molecule activation of the neurotrophin hepatocyte growth factor to treat Alzheimer disease","authors":"J. Wright, J. Harding","doi":"10.20517/2347-8659.2020.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.32","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive neuron loses in memoryrelated brain structures. Five drugs have been approved by the FDA to treat Alzheimer’s disease; however, these drugs have failed to modify or significantly slow disease progression. New therapies are needed to delay the course of this disease and hopefully prevent further neuron losses. This review describes available AD drugs and several novel approaches presently being investigated. We next describe relevant biomarkers and urge greater research interest in the potential utilization of neurotrophic agents to treat AD. Neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are capable of stimulating dendritic arborization, synaptogenesis, stem cell differentiation, neurogenesis, and decreases in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress-induced damage and neurotoxicity due to a wide range of cellular insults. We present the strategy of utilizing small molecule analogs specifically designed to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and facilitate dimerization and activation of the HGF/Met receptor system. These molecules have been shown to encourage the formation of new functional synaptic connections, induce long-term potentiation and augment memory consolidation and retrieval in animal models of AD. Such molecules may be appropriate for use at the first indication of mild cognitive impairment, and perhaps prophylactically in those individuals who are most likely to develop dementia due to genetic, health, behavioral and life-style predisposing factors.","PeriodicalId":19129,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44894461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.28
Bingtao Tang, K. Foss, T. Lichtor, Heidi S. Phillips, E. Roy
Glioma is a malignant brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Surgical resection is usually the first line of treatment. However, animal models of glioma do not include surgical resection and tumors are typically treated before they become advanced. This report demonstrates the feasibility of surgical resection of advanced gliomas in mice. The described technique establishes a murine model which could be used for the development of immunotherapy for advanced glioma after surgical resection. Use of surgical resection in murine models could increase the probability that therapies developed in mice will translate to human patients.
{"title":"Resection of orthotopic murine brain glioma","authors":"Bingtao Tang, K. Foss, T. Lichtor, Heidi S. Phillips, E. Roy","doi":"10.20517/2347-8659.2020.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.28","url":null,"abstract":"Glioma is a malignant brain tumor with a poor prognosis. Surgical resection is usually the first line of treatment. However, animal models of glioma do not include surgical resection and tumors are typically treated before they become advanced. This report demonstrates the feasibility of surgical resection of advanced gliomas in mice. The described technique establishes a murine model which could be used for the development of immunotherapy for advanced glioma after surgical resection. Use of surgical resection in murine models could increase the probability that therapies developed in mice will translate to human patients.","PeriodicalId":19129,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41462844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-21DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.12
Simona Toscano, F. Patti
For many years, quantifiable biomarkers in neurological diseases have represented a hot topic. In multiple sclerosis (MS), cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers have played a diagnostic role since the introduction of Poser’s criteria in 1983, with IgG oligoclonal bands playing a supporting role in an epoch prior to magnetic resonance imaging and a complementary one after the introduction of McDonald criteria in 2001. Nowadays, that supporting role has turned into a main one in substituting for dissemination in time and defining the diagnosis of MS in patients with a first clinical event, according to the 2017 revised McDonald criteria. Possibly kappa free light chains, N-CAM, chitinase 3-like protein 1 and IgM oligoclonal bands, not yet implemented in clinical practice, could similarly gain importance in the near future. Furthermore, the increasing knowledge of molecular mechanisms leading to chronic inflammation has enhanced interest in looking for biomarkers of disease activity, better defining the MS phenotype and patients with highly active disease. Accordingly, myelin proteins, intermediate filaments, metalloproteinases and other molecules involved in the inflammatory cascade, are currently under investigation. Finally, it has long been known that axonal loss occurs from the early phases, leading to a progressive neurological deterioration. Since established criteria to assess treatment failure and transition to progressive forms are still lacking, both treatment response and prognostic biomarkers would be useful to predict MS course, and neurofilaments seem to have this potential. The purpose of this review article was to illustrate biomarkers that have been already validated or require further validation after proving to be useful in exploratory studies and potentially could prove useful in clinical practice in the coming years.
{"title":"CSF biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: beyond neuroinflammation","authors":"Simona Toscano, F. Patti","doi":"10.20517/2347-8659.2020.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.12","url":null,"abstract":"For many years, quantifiable biomarkers in neurological diseases have represented a hot topic. In multiple sclerosis (MS), cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers have played a diagnostic role since the introduction of Poser’s criteria in 1983, with IgG oligoclonal bands playing a supporting role in an epoch prior to magnetic resonance imaging and a complementary one after the introduction of McDonald criteria in 2001. Nowadays, that supporting role has turned into a main one in substituting for dissemination in time and defining the diagnosis of MS in patients with a first clinical event, according to the 2017 revised McDonald criteria. Possibly kappa free light chains, N-CAM, chitinase 3-like protein 1 and IgM oligoclonal bands, not yet implemented in clinical practice, could similarly gain importance in the near future. Furthermore, the increasing knowledge of molecular mechanisms leading to chronic inflammation has enhanced interest in looking for biomarkers of disease activity, better defining the MS phenotype and patients with highly active disease. Accordingly, myelin proteins, intermediate filaments, metalloproteinases and other molecules involved in the inflammatory cascade, are currently under investigation. Finally, it has long been known that axonal loss occurs from the early phases, leading to a progressive neurological deterioration. Since established criteria to assess treatment failure and transition to progressive forms are still lacking, both treatment response and prognostic biomarkers would be useful to predict MS course, and neurofilaments seem to have this potential. The purpose of this review article was to illustrate biomarkers that have been already validated or require further validation after proving to be useful in exploratory studies and potentially could prove useful in clinical practice in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":19129,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42347390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-15DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.19
R. Davis, K. McCracken, D. Buck
Aim: Emerging evidence implicates astrocyte/microglia dysregulation in a range of brain disorders, thereby making glial cells potential therapeutic targets. The novel anti-inflammatory actions of beta-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) are of particular interest. β-FNA is a derivative of naltrexone, and recognized as a selective, irreversible antagonist at the mu -opioid receptor (MOR). However, we discovered that β-FNA has novel anti-inflammatory actions that seem to be mediated through a MOR-independent mechanism. Thus far, we have focused on the acute effects of β-FNA on inflammatory signaling. Methods: The effect of β-FNA treatment on interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced inflammatory signaling in normal human astrocytes (NHA) and C20 human microglial cells. Cytokine/chemokine expression was measured using ELISA, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65 activation was evaluated by immunoblot. Results: IL-1β-induced interferon-γ inducible protein-10 (CXCL10) production in NHA was more sensitive to chronic (3 day) β-FNA as indicated by an approximately 3-fold lower EC50 compared to that observed in acutely treated cells. Chronic β-FNA did not affect IL-1β-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) or IL-6 production in NHA. β-FNA inhibited phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, suggesting that the inhibitory effects may be due in part to reduced NF-κB activation. We showed for the first time that C20 human microglial cells were insensitive to the anti-inflammatory actions of acute β-FNA. Conclusion: β-FNA differentially affects inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression in human astrocytes and microglia. These findings warrant further investigation into the novel anti-inflammatory actions of β-FNA, with a particular focus on astrocytes. These insights should contribute to the development of strategies to treat brain disorders that involve neuroinflammation.
{"title":"β-funaltrexamine differentially modulates chemokine and cytokine expression in normal human astrocytes and C20 human microglial cells","authors":"R. Davis, K. McCracken, D. Buck","doi":"10.20517/2347-8659.2020.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.19","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Emerging evidence implicates astrocyte/microglia dysregulation in a range of brain disorders, thereby making glial cells potential therapeutic targets. The novel anti-inflammatory actions of beta-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) are of particular interest. β-FNA is a derivative of naltrexone, and recognized as a selective, irreversible antagonist at the mu -opioid receptor (MOR). However, we discovered that β-FNA has novel anti-inflammatory actions that seem to be mediated through a MOR-independent mechanism. Thus far, we have focused on the acute effects of β-FNA on inflammatory signaling. Methods: The effect of β-FNA treatment on interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced inflammatory signaling in normal human astrocytes (NHA) and C20 human microglial cells. Cytokine/chemokine expression was measured using ELISA, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65 activation was evaluated by immunoblot. Results: IL-1β-induced interferon-γ inducible protein-10 (CXCL10) production in NHA was more sensitive to chronic (3 day) β-FNA as indicated by an approximately 3-fold lower EC50 compared to that observed in acutely treated cells. Chronic β-FNA did not affect IL-1β-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) or IL-6 production in NHA. β-FNA inhibited phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, suggesting that the inhibitory effects may be due in part to reduced NF-κB activation. We showed for the first time that C20 human microglial cells were insensitive to the anti-inflammatory actions of acute β-FNA. Conclusion: β-FNA differentially affects inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression in human astrocytes and microglia. These findings warrant further investigation into the novel anti-inflammatory actions of β-FNA, with a particular focus on astrocytes. These insights should contribute to the development of strategies to treat brain disorders that involve neuroinflammation.","PeriodicalId":19129,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46284228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-15DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.26
S. Bozzetti, S. Ferrari, A. Gajofatto, S. Mariotto
Neurofilaments are the major structural proteins of the neuronal cytoskeleton and are classified according to molecular weight into heavy, intermediate, and light chains. They are released into the interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a consequence of axonal damage. In particular, the light chain (NfL) represents the most abundant and soluble subunit and has been demonstrated to be increased in the CSF of patients with inflammatory, degenerative, vascular, or traumatic injuries in correlation with clinical and radiological activity. Similar results have been obtained measuring serum NfL with high-sensitivity single-molecule array, which enables reliable and repeatable measurement of the low NfL concentrations in serum. In particular, CSF and serum NfL values are strongly correlated in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and have been demonstrated to be increased in patients with MS and clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) in accordance with clinical and radiological activity. NfL levels increase in patients with a recent relapse and seem to predict cognitive impairment, longterm outcome, and conversion of CIS to MS. The few available data on patients with other demyelinating diseases suggest that NfL levels are also increased in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and related conditions in correlation with attack severity, suggesting that axonal damage may occur in these disorders. We herein report and discuss published data on the role of NfL as a possible predictor of disease activity, clinical outcome and treatment response in patients with demyelinating conditions of the central nervous system.
{"title":"Neurofilament light chain in demyelinating conditions of the central nervous system: a promising biomarker","authors":"S. Bozzetti, S. Ferrari, A. Gajofatto, S. Mariotto","doi":"10.20517/2347-8659.2020.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.26","url":null,"abstract":"Neurofilaments are the major structural proteins of the neuronal cytoskeleton and are classified according to molecular weight into heavy, intermediate, and light chains. They are released into the interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a consequence of axonal damage. In particular, the light chain (NfL) represents the most abundant and soluble subunit and has been demonstrated to be increased in the CSF of patients with inflammatory, degenerative, vascular, or traumatic injuries in correlation with clinical and radiological activity. Similar results have been obtained measuring serum NfL with high-sensitivity single-molecule array, which enables reliable and repeatable measurement of the low NfL concentrations in serum. In particular, CSF and serum NfL values are strongly correlated in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and have been demonstrated to be increased in patients with MS and clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) in accordance with clinical and radiological activity. NfL levels increase in patients with a recent relapse and seem to predict cognitive impairment, longterm outcome, and conversion of CIS to MS. The few available data on patients with other demyelinating diseases suggest that NfL levels are also increased in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and related conditions in correlation with attack severity, suggesting that axonal damage may occur in these disorders. We herein report and discuss published data on the role of NfL as a possible predictor of disease activity, clinical outcome and treatment response in patients with demyelinating conditions of the central nervous system.","PeriodicalId":19129,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47410179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-15DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.25
V. Nociti
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with an unknown etiology. The MS pathophysiology is due to altered bidirectional interactions between several immune cell types in the periphery (such as T and B cells, myeloid cells) and resident CNS cells (such as microglia and astrocytes). It is also known that inflammatory responses have both detrimental and neuroprotective effects. The release of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by immune cells, in both peripheral blood and into inflammatory lesions in MS, but also by microglia and astrocytes, into the CNS, seems to be a possible mechanism for this neuroprotective effect. So far, the link between BDNF and neuroinflammation has been poorly investigated. A better understanding of this link could help in the development of new therapeutic strategies for MS. In this review, the role of BDNF in MS will be discussed as well as its possible alternative as an innovative therapeutic
{"title":"What is the role of Brain derived neurotrophic factor in Multiple Sclerosis neuroinflammation?","authors":"V. Nociti","doi":"10.20517/2347-8659.2020.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.25","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with an unknown etiology. The MS pathophysiology is due to altered bidirectional interactions between several immune cell types in the periphery (such as T and B cells, myeloid cells) and resident CNS cells (such as microglia and astrocytes). It is also known that inflammatory responses have both detrimental and neuroprotective effects. The release of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by immune cells, in both peripheral blood and into inflammatory lesions in MS, but also by microglia and astrocytes, into the CNS, seems to be a possible mechanism for this neuroprotective effect. So far, the link between BDNF and neuroinflammation has been poorly investigated. A better understanding of this link could help in the development of new therapeutic strategies for MS. In this review, the role of BDNF in MS will be discussed as well as its possible alternative as an innovative therapeutic","PeriodicalId":19129,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47739442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-15DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2020.30
Massimo Valerio, Stefano Rivera, L. Mesin
Slow biphasic complexes (SBC) were found in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of patients with inflammations of the brain. We have developed an automated method to identify them and proved that they represent a sensitive marker of the severity of encephalitis. Here we focus on another property of SBCs, i.e., the localization of their sources. We present two encephalitic patients, showing lesions in the magnetic resonance images, which are either spread in the brain or focused on the left hemisphere, respectively. Applying a source localization algorithm to the identified SBCs, we found either a diffused or a left-focused distribution, respectively. This result further suggests a relation between neuroinflammation and appearance of SBCs, indicating that their distribution reflects in part the localization of brain lesions. This promising result extends the information that can be extracted from EEG, promoting the reduction of expensive or invasive measurements in encephalitic patients.
{"title":"The relation between lesions and localization of sources of slow biphasic complexes in encephalitis","authors":"Massimo Valerio, Stefano Rivera, L. Mesin","doi":"10.20517/2347-8659.2020.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2020.30","url":null,"abstract":"Slow biphasic complexes (SBC) were found in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of patients with inflammations of the brain. We have developed an automated method to identify them and proved that they represent a sensitive marker of the severity of encephalitis. Here we focus on another property of SBCs, i.e., the localization of their sources. We present two encephalitic patients, showing lesions in the magnetic resonance images, which are either spread in the brain or focused on the left hemisphere, respectively. Applying a source localization algorithm to the identified SBCs, we found either a diffused or a left-focused distribution, respectively. This result further suggests a relation between neuroinflammation and appearance of SBCs, indicating that their distribution reflects in part the localization of brain lesions. This promising result extends the information that can be extracted from EEG, promoting the reduction of expensive or invasive measurements in encephalitic patients.","PeriodicalId":19129,"journal":{"name":"Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46254519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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