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Electrical Nerve Stimulation Induces Synaptic Plasticity in the Brain and the Spinal Cord: A Systematic Review.
IF 3.2 3区 医学 Q2 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2025.02.008
Patricia Beltrá, Nuria Viudes-Sarrión, María José Giner, Emilio Tomás-Muñoz, Laura Pérez-Cervera, Rodrigo Martín-San Agustín, Francisco Javier Ortega, Raúl Valdesuso, Luis Suso-Martí, Alexander Binshtok, Miguel Delicado-Miralles, Enrique Velasco

Objectives: This review aimed to compile the literature on synaptic plasticity induced by electrical nerve stimulation (ENS) in nociceptive and somatosensory circuits within the central nervous system, with a particular focus on its effects on both the brain and spinal cord. Understanding the mechanisms underlying synaptic changes, enhances our comprehension of how ENS contributes to both pain relief and the development of experimental pain models.

Materials and methods: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, PEDro, SciELO, and Cochrane databases, adhering to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, and evaluated the quality of evidence using SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. The inclusion criteria were application of ENS to peripheral nerves, reporting of a detailed methodology, providing direct physiological measurements of synaptic activity (eg, field potentials or intracellular recordings), and publication in English or Spanish. From 8094 results, 85 studies met the inclusion criteria.

Results: ENS was found to induce synaptic potentiation in 70 studies, depression in 7, and both effects in 8. These outcomes were determined by specific stimulation parameters and individual characteristics, with distinct molecular mechanisms involved in each case. Notably, most research focused on long-term potentiation in nociceptive pathways to create experimental pain models, with most studies conducted in the spinal cord. Few studies explored the link between ENS-induced synaptic plasticity and its analgesic effects or the role of plasticity in supraspinal brain regions, suggesting promising areas for future research.

Conclusions: ENS-induced synaptic plasticity presents a valuable opportunity for both pain management and the development of experimental pain models. Further research is needed to explore the connections between plasticity, analgesia, and higher brain regions.

{"title":"Electrical Nerve Stimulation Induces Synaptic Plasticity in the Brain and the Spinal Cord: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Patricia Beltrá, Nuria Viudes-Sarrión, María José Giner, Emilio Tomás-Muñoz, Laura Pérez-Cervera, Rodrigo Martín-San Agustín, Francisco Javier Ortega, Raúl Valdesuso, Luis Suso-Martí, Alexander Binshtok, Miguel Delicado-Miralles, Enrique Velasco","doi":"10.1016/j.neurom.2025.02.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2025.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This review aimed to compile the literature on synaptic plasticity induced by electrical nerve stimulation (ENS) in nociceptive and somatosensory circuits within the central nervous system, with a particular focus on its effects on both the brain and spinal cord. Understanding the mechanisms underlying synaptic changes, enhances our comprehension of how ENS contributes to both pain relief and the development of experimental pain models.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, PEDro, SciELO, and Cochrane databases, adhering to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, and evaluated the quality of evidence using SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. The inclusion criteria were application of ENS to peripheral nerves, reporting of a detailed methodology, providing direct physiological measurements of synaptic activity (eg, field potentials or intracellular recordings), and publication in English or Spanish. From 8094 results, 85 studies met the inclusion criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ENS was found to induce synaptic potentiation in 70 studies, depression in 7, and both effects in 8. These outcomes were determined by specific stimulation parameters and individual characteristics, with distinct molecular mechanisms involved in each case. Notably, most research focused on long-term potentiation in nociceptive pathways to create experimental pain models, with most studies conducted in the spinal cord. Few studies explored the link between ENS-induced synaptic plasticity and its analgesic effects or the role of plasticity in supraspinal brain regions, suggesting promising areas for future research.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ENS-induced synaptic plasticity presents a valuable opportunity for both pain management and the development of experimental pain models. Further research is needed to explore the connections between plasticity, analgesia, and higher brain regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19152,"journal":{"name":"Neuromodulation","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Efficacy of Sacral Neuromodulation in Chronic Constipation.
IF 3.2 3区 医学 Q2 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2025.03.001
Sameh Hany Emile, Justin Dourado, Anjelli Wignakumar, Nir Horesh, Zoe Garoufalia, Rachel Gefen, Marylise Boutros, Steven D Wexner

Objectives: The present systematic review aimed to assess the outcome of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) in adult patients with chronic constipation.

Materials and methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the efficacy of SNM in chronic constipation was conducted and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guideline. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were screened from their inception through March 2024. The primary outcome was improvement in constipation and quality of life (QoL), and the secondary outcome was adverse events after treatment. The risk of bias and certainty of evidence were assessed by the risk of bias 2 tool and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.

Results: Five RCTs incorporating 187 patients (93.6% female) with a median age of 42.5 years were included; 154 patients underwent SNM whereas 86 patients were crossed over to sham stimulation, and 33 received conservative treatment, amounting to a control group of 119 patients. The odds of relief of constipation after SNM were similar to those in the control group in the random-effect model (odds ratio [OR]: 1.92, 95% CI: 0.68-5.42, p = 0.217). The median percentage of reduction in the Cleveland Clinic Florida/Wexner Constipation Score was 27.9% in the SNM group vs 18.4% in the control group. No significant differences were observed in QoL. Both groups had similar odds of adverse events (OR: 2.22, 95% CI: 0.19-25.53, p = 0.521).

Conclusion: Although a relatively safe treatment, SNM was not associated with any tangible improvements in either constipation or QoL.

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引用次数: 0
Effects of Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Neuromodulation on Shoulder Muscle Strength in CrossFit Athletes: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.
IF 3.2 3区 医学 Q2 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2025.03.072
Romina Sangiacomo, Fermín Valera, Francisco Minaya-Muñoz, Alberto Carcasona-Otal, Pablo Herrero, Diego Lapuente-Hernández

Background: CrossFit integrates diverse functional movements to optimize overall fitness, with muscle strength training being a core component. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous neuromodulation (US-guided PNM) has emerged as a potential adjunct to enhance muscle strength gains; however, its efficacy in the upper limb in healthy individuals remains unexplored.

Objective: This study evaluated the efficacy of two US-guided PNM protocols (three sessions and one session) targeting the axillary and suprascapular nerves in improving shoulder muscle strength in healthy CrossFit athletes.

Materials and methods: A pilot, randomized, controlled, single-blind clinical trial was conducted with 39 healthy CrossFit athletes randomly allocated to one of three groups: control (G1, no intervention), one session of US-guided PNM (G2), or three sessions of US-guided PNM (G3). Shoulder muscle strength was assessed using a hand-held dynamometer to measure external and internal rotation muscle strength at various shoulder positions before each treatment session (days 1, 7, and 14) and one week after the last session (day 21). Moreover, the one-repetition maximum (1RM) shoulder press exercise was evaluated on day 1 and day 21.

Results: No statistically significant differences were observed among groups for any outcome. However, the within-group analysis indicated statistically significant improvements over time in the treated limbs of intervention groups (G2 and G3), whereas no statistically significant changes were observed in the control (G1) or the untreated limbs of G2 and G3. The improvements were more consistent for shoulder strength measured in the neutral position than at 90° abduction.

Conclusions: Although US-guided PNM did not yield significantly greater improvements than did the control group, both one and three sessions targeting the axillary and suprascapular nerves enhanced rotational shoulder muscle strength in treated limbs and 1RM shoulder press performance. These findings should be interpreted with caution, and further investigation is warranted, particularly in populations with lower baseline strength and in exploring varied application parameters to optimize efficacy.

Clinical trial registration: The Clinicaltrials.gov registration number for the study is NCT06529770.

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引用次数: 0
Computational Optimization of Spinal Cord Stimulation for Dorsal Horn Interneuron Polarization. 脊髓刺激背角神经元极化的计算优化
IF 3.2 3区 医学 Q2 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2025.01.015
Adantchede Louis Zannou, Mojtaba Belali Koochesfahani, Gabriel Gaugain, Denys Nikolayev, Marc Russo, Marom Bikson

Objectives: The proposed mechanisms of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) follow the polarization of dorsal column axons; however, the development of subparesthesia SCS has encouraged the consideration of different targets. Given their relative proximity to the stimulation electrodes and their role in pain processing (eg, synaptic processing and gate control theory), spinal cord dorsal horn interneurons may be attractive stimulation targets.

Materials and methods: We developed a computational modeling pipeline termed "quasiuniform-mirror assumption" and applied it to predict polarization of dorsal horn interneuron cell types (islet type, central type, stellate/radial, vertical-like) to SCS. The quasiuniform-mirror assumption allows the prediction of the peak and directional axes of dendrite polarization for each cell type and location in the dorsal horn, in addition to the impact of the stimulation pulse width and electrode configuration.

Results: For long pulses, the peak polarization per milliampere of SCS with a spaced bipolar configuration was islet type 3.5mV, central type 1.3mV, stellate/radial 1.4mV, and vertical-like 1.6mV. For stellate/radial, the peak dendrite polarization was dorsal-ventral, and for islet-type, the peak dendrite polarization was in the rostral-caudal axis. For islet type and central type cells, peak dendrite polarization was between stimulation electrodes, whereas for stellate/radial and vertical-like cells, peak dendrite polarization was under the stimulation electrodes. The impact of the pulse width depends on the membrane time constants. Assuming a 1-millisecond time constant, for a 1-millisecond or 100-μs pulse width, the peak dendrite polarization decreases (from direct current values) by approximately 33% and approximately 88%, respectively. Increasing the interelectrode distance beyond approximately 3 cm did not significantly increase the peak polarization but expanded the region of interneuron polarization.

Conclusions: Predicted maximum polarization of islet-cells in the superficial dorsal horn at locations between electrodes is 4.6mV for 2 mA, 1-millisecond pulse SCS. A polarization of a few millivolts is sufficient to modulate synaptic processing through subthreshold mechanisms. Our simulations provide support for SCS approaches optimized to modulate the dendrites of dorsal horn neurons.

目的:所提出的脊髓刺激(SCS)机制遵循背柱轴突的极化;然而,亚麻痹脊髓刺激(SCS)的发展促使人们考虑不同的目标。鉴于脊髓背角中间神经元相对靠近刺激电极,而且它们在疼痛处理过程中的作用(如突触处理和门控理论),脊髓背角中间神经元可能是有吸引力的刺激目标:我们开发了一种称为 "准均匀镜假设 "的计算建模管道,并将其用于预测背角中间神经元细胞类型(胰岛型、中央型、星状/放射状、垂直样)对 SCS 的极化。准均匀镜假设允许预测背角中每种细胞类型和位置的树突极化峰值和方向轴,以及刺激脉冲宽度和电极配置的影响:对于长脉冲,采用间隔双极配置的 SCS 每毫安培的极化峰值为胰岛型 3.5mV、中央型 1.3mV、星状/径状 1.4mV 和垂直样 1.6mV。对于星状/径状细胞,树突极化的峰值为背腹,而对于小岛型细胞,树突极化的峰值为喙-尾轴。对于胰岛型和中央型细胞,树突极化峰值位于刺激电极之间,而对于星状/径状和垂直样细胞,树突极化峰值位于刺激电极下方。脉冲宽度的影响取决于膜时间常数。假设时间常数为 1 毫秒,那么在 1 毫秒或 100 微秒的脉冲宽度下,树突极化峰值(与直流电值相比)分别降低了约 33% 和约 88%。将电极间距增加到约 3 厘米以上并不会显著增加极化峰值,但会扩大神经元间极化区域:结论:在 2 毫安、1 毫秒脉冲 SCS 条件下,背角浅层胰岛细胞在电极间位置的预测最大极化为 4.6 毫伏。几毫伏的极化足以通过阈下机制调节突触处理。我们的模拟为优化背角神经元树突调节的 SCS 方法提供了支持。
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引用次数: 0
Adverse Events Associated With Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: An Analysis of the MAUDE Data base and Implications for Pain and Spine Clinicians. 与外周神经刺激相关的不良事件:MAUDE 数据库分析及对疼痛和脊柱临床医生的启示》。
IF 3.2 3区 医学 Q2 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2025.02.002
Amanda N Cooper, Hasan Sen, Napatpaphan Kanjanapanang, Kristen Saad, Garret Wahl, Matthew Essman, Alexandra E Fogarty, Taylor Burnham, Aaron M Conger, Zachary L McCormick, Allison Glinka Przybysz, Chase Young

Of background data: The use of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) devices within pain and spine-related care has increased significantly in recent years. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indications for PNS have expanded rapidly with technologic advances and randomized controlled trials demonstrating its efficacy. Analysis of real-world data regarding the complications associated with PNS can help inform clinical decision-making and patient counseling as the use of this neuromodulation therapy continues to evolve.

Objectives: This study aimed to categorize adverse events (AEs) described in medical device reports (MDRs) within the FDA Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) data base related to the use of PNS for pain and spinal indications.

Materials and methods: A comprehensive search within the MAUDE data base was conducted to identify AEs related to FDA-approved PNS devices reported between January 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023, specifically to capture AEs related to current PNS technology in clinical use. AEs were manually categorized according to event descriptions.

Results: We identified 594 unique MDRs associated with the five PNS devices currently approved by the FDA for use in the spine. While most MDRs (77.1%) did not specify lead location, spinal lead placements were implicated in 9.1% of cases, and appendicular lead placement accounted for 13.8%. Infection (22.7%), migration (14.7%), and skin erosion (9.4%) were the most common AEs reported. Most entries were categorized as device-related (40.1%) or procedural AEs (32.7%), and the remainder as patient complaints (17.3%), serious AEs (1.0%), and "other" complications (6.1%). Most complications were managed with explantations (43.8%) rather than revisions (29.5%).

Discussion/conclusion: New technologies and their applications must be regularly evaluated for safety and effectiveness. Our analysis of the MAUDE data base revealed that infection, lead migration, and skin erosion were the most commonly reported AEs associated with the use of PNS technology during 2023. Most AEs were deemed to be device- or procedure-related.

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引用次数: 0
A Novel Closed-Loop Electrical Brain Stimulation Device Featuring Wireless Low-Energy Ultrasound Power and Communication 具有无线低能量超声波功率和通信功能的新型闭环脑电刺激装置
IF 3.2 3区 医学 Q2 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2024.02.008
Joseph S. Neimat MD, MS , Robert W. Bina MD, MS , Steven C. Koenig PhD , Emrecan Demirors PhD , Raffaele Guida PhD , Ryan Burke PhD , Tommaso Melodia PhD , Jorge Jimenez PhD

Objectives

This study aimed to indicate the feasibility of a prototype electrical neuromodulation system using a closed-loop energy-efficient ultrasound-based mechanism for communication, data transmission, and recharging.

Materials and Methods

Closed-loop deep brain stimulation (DBS) prototypes were designed and fabricated with ultrasonic wideband (UsWB) communication technology and miniaturized custom electronics. Two devices were implanted short term in anesthetized Göttingen minipigs (N = 2). Targeting was performed using preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, and locations were confirmed postoperatively by computerized tomography. DBS systems were tested over a wide range of stimulation settings to mimic minimal, typical, and/or aggressive clinical settings, and evaluated for their ability to transmit data through scalp tissue and to recharge the DBS system using UsWB.

Results

Stimulation, communication, reprogramming, and recharging protocols were successfully achieved in both subjects for amplitude (1V–6V), frequency (50–250 Hz), and pulse width (60–200 μs) settings and maintained for ≥six hours. The precision of pulse settings was verified with <5% error. Communication rates of 64 kbit/s with an error rate of 0.05% were shown, with no meaningful throughput degradation observed. Time to recharge to 80% capacity was <9 minutes. Two DBS systems also were implanted in the second test animal, and independent bilateral stimulation was successfully shown.

Conclusions

The system performed at clinically relevant implant depths and settings. Independent bilateral stimulation for the duration of the study with a 4F energy storage and full rapid recharge were achieved. Continuous function extrapolates to six days of continuous stimulation in future design iterations implementing application specific integrated circuit level efficiency and 15F storage capacitance. UsWB increases energy efficiency, reducing storage requirements and thereby enabling device miniaturization. The device can enable intelligent closed-loop stimulation, remote system monitoring, and optimization and can serve as a power/data gateway to interconnect the intrabody network with the Internet of Medical Things.
研究目的:本研究旨在说明电神经调控系统原型的可行性:本研究旨在说明利用基于超声波的闭环节能机制进行通信、数据传输和充电的电神经调控系统原型的可行性:利用超声波宽带(UsWB)通信技术和小型化定制电子设备设计和制造了闭环脑深部刺激(DBS)原型。两台设备被短期植入麻醉的哥廷根小型猪(N = 2)体内。术前通过磁共振成像进行定位,术后通过计算机断层扫描确认位置。对 DBS 系统进行了广泛的刺激设置测试,以模拟最小、典型和/或激进的临床设置,并评估了其通过头皮组织传输数据的能力以及使用 UsWB 为 DBS 系统充电的能力:两名受试者都成功实现了振幅(1V-6V)、频率(50-250 Hz)和脉宽(60-200 μs)设置的刺激、通信、重新编程和充电协议,并维持了≥6小时。脉冲设置的精确度已通过结论验证:该系统的植入深度和设置均符合临床要求。在研究期间,该系统通过 4F 能量存储和完全快速充电实现了独立的双侧刺激。在未来的设计迭代中,通过采用特定应用集成电路级效率和 15F 储存电容,可将连续功能推断为六天的连续刺激。UsWB 提高了能源效率,降低了存储要求,从而实现了设备微型化。该设备可实现智能闭环刺激、远程系统监控和优化,并可作为电源/数据网关,将体内网络与医疗物联网互连。
{"title":"A Novel Closed-Loop Electrical Brain Stimulation Device Featuring Wireless Low-Energy Ultrasound Power and Communication","authors":"Joseph S. Neimat MD, MS ,&nbsp;Robert W. Bina MD, MS ,&nbsp;Steven C. Koenig PhD ,&nbsp;Emrecan Demirors PhD ,&nbsp;Raffaele Guida PhD ,&nbsp;Ryan Burke PhD ,&nbsp;Tommaso Melodia PhD ,&nbsp;Jorge Jimenez PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.neurom.2024.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.neurom.2024.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to indicate the feasibility of a prototype electrical neuromodulation system using a closed-loop energy-efficient ultrasound-based mechanism for communication, data transmission, and recharging.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and Methods</h3><div><span>Closed-loop deep brain stimulation (DBS) prototypes were designed and fabricated with ultrasonic wideband (UsWB) communication technology and miniaturized custom electronics. Two devices were implanted short term in anesthetized Göttingen minipigs (</span><em>N</em><span> = 2). Targeting was performed using preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, and locations were confirmed postoperatively by computerized tomography<span>. DBS systems were tested over a wide range of stimulation settings to mimic minimal, typical, and/or aggressive clinical settings, and evaluated for their ability to transmit data through scalp tissue and to recharge the DBS system using UsWB.</span></span></div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Stimulation, communication, reprogramming, and recharging protocols were successfully achieved in both subjects for amplitude (1V–6V), frequency (50–250 Hz), and pulse width (60–200 μs) settings and maintained for ≥six hours. The precision of pulse settings was verified with &lt;5% error. Communication rates of 64 kbit/s with an error rate of 0.05% were shown, with no meaningful throughput degradation observed. Time to recharge to 80% capacity was &lt;9 minutes. Two DBS systems also were implanted in the second test animal, and independent bilateral stimulation was successfully shown.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div><span><span>The system performed at clinically relevant implant depths and settings. Independent bilateral stimulation for the duration of the study with a 4F energy storage and full rapid recharge were achieved. Continuous function extrapolates to six days of continuous stimulation in future design iterations implementing </span>application specific integrated circuit </span>level efficiency<span> and 15F storage capacitance. UsWB increases energy efficiency, reducing storage requirements and thereby enabling device miniaturization. The device can enable intelligent closed-loop stimulation, remote system monitoring, and optimization and can serve as a power/data gateway to interconnect the intrabody network with the Internet of Medical Things.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":19152,"journal":{"name":"Neuromodulation","volume":"28 3","pages":"Pages 455-463"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141180266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Systematic Review of Experimental Deep Brain Stimulation in Rodent Models of Epilepsy 实验性脑深部电刺激对啮齿动物癫痫模型的系统评价。
IF 3.2 3区 医学 Q2 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2024.11.001
Rafi Matin HBSc , Kristina Zhang BMSc , George M. Ibrahim MD, PhD , Flavia Venetucci Gouveia PhD

Objectives

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established neuromodulatory technique for treating drug-resistant epilepsy. Despite its widespread use in carefully selected patients, the mechanisms underlying the antiseizure effects of DBS remain unclear. Herein, we provide a detailed overview of the current literature pertaining to experimental DBS in rodent models of epilepsy and identify relevant trends in this field.

Materials and Methods

A systematic review was conducted using the PubMed MEDLINE database, following PRISMA guidelines. Data extraction focused on study characteristics, including stimulation protocol, seizure and behavioral outcomes, and reported mechanisms of action.

Results

Of the 1788 resultant articles, 164 were included. The number of published articles has grown exponentially in recent decades. Most studies used chemically or electrically induced models of epilepsy. DBS targeting the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, hippocampal formation, or amygdala was most extensively studied. Effective stimulation parameters were identified, and novel stimulation designs were explored, such as closed-loop and unstructured stimulation approaches. Common mechanisms included synaptic modulation through the depression of excitatory neurotransmission and inhibitory release of GABA. At the network level, antiseizure effects were associated with the desynchronization of neural networks, characterized by decreased low-frequency oscillations.

Conclusions

Rodent models have significantly advanced the understanding of disease pathophysiology and the development of novel therapies. However, fundamental questions remain regarding DBS mechanisms, optimal targets, and parameters. Further research is necessary to improve DBS therapy and tailor treatment to individual patient circumstances.
目的:脑深部电刺激(DBS)是治疗耐药癫痫的一种成熟的神经调节技术。尽管DBS在精心挑选的患者中广泛使用,但其抗癫痫作用的机制仍不清楚。在此,我们提供了一个详细的概述有关实验性DBS在啮齿动物癫痫模型的当前文献,并确定在该领域的相关趋势。材料和方法:根据PRISMA指南,使用PubMed MEDLINE数据库进行系统评价。数据提取侧重于研究特征,包括刺激方案、癫痫发作和行为结果,以及报道的作用机制。结果:1788篇文献中,纳入164篇。近几十年来,发表的文章数量呈指数级增长。大多数研究使用化学或电诱导的癫痫模型。针对丘脑前核、海马区或杏仁核的DBS研究最为广泛。确定了有效的增产参数,并探索了新的增产设计,如闭环和非结构化增产方法。常见的机制包括通过抑制兴奋性神经传递和抑制GABA的释放来调节突触。在网络水平上,抗癫痫效应与神经网络的去同步性有关,其特征是低频振荡减少。结论:啮齿类动物模型显著促进了对疾病病理生理学的认识和新疗法的发展。然而,关于DBS机制、最佳靶点和参数的基本问题仍然存在。需要进一步的研究来改进DBS疗法,并根据患者的具体情况定制治疗方案。
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引用次数: 0
Modulation of Local Field Potentials in the Deep Brain of Minipigs Through Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation 通过经颅颞叶干扰刺激调节迷你猪大脑深部的局部场电位
IF 3.2 3区 医学 Q2 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2024.10.002
Hsiao-Chun Lin PhD , Yi-Hui Wu PhD , Ming-Dou Ker PhD

Objectives

Transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) is a novel, noninvasive neuromodulation technique to modulate deep brain neural activity. Despite its potential, direct electrophysiological evidence of tTIS effects remains limited. This study investigates the impact of tTIS on local field potentials (LFPs) in the deep brain using minipigs implanted with deep brain electrodes.

Materials and Methods

Three minipigs were implanted with electrodes in the subthalamic nucleus, and tTIS was applied using patch electrode pairs positioned on both sides of the scalp. Stimulation was delivered in sinewave voltage mode with intensities ≤2V. We evaluated the stimulus-response relationship, effects of different carrier frequencies, the range of entrained envelope oscillations, and changes resulting from adjusting the left-right stimulation intensity ratio.

Results

The results indicated that tTIS modulates deep-brain LFPs in an intensity-dependent manner. Carrier frequencies of 1 or 2 kHz were most effective in influencing LFP. Envelope oscillations <200 Hz were effectively entrained into deep-brain LFPs. Adjustments to the stimulation intensity ratio between the left and right sides yielded inconsistent responses, with right-sided stimulation playing a dominant role.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that tTIS can regulate LFP changes in the deep brain, highlighting its potential as a promising tool for future noninvasive neuromodulation applications.
目的:经颅颞部干扰刺激(tTIS)是一种新型的非侵入性神经调控技术,用于调节大脑深部神经活动。尽管经颅颞区干扰刺激很有潜力,但其效果的直接电生理学证据仍然有限。本研究利用植入大脑深部电极的迷你猪,研究了 tTIS 对大脑深部局部场电位(LFPs)的影响:在三只小猪的丘脑下核植入电极,并使用位于头皮两侧的贴片电极对其施加 tTIS。刺激以正弦波电压模式进行,强度≤2V。我们评估了刺激-反应关系、不同载波频率的影响、夹带包络振荡的范围以及调整左右刺激强度比所产生的变化:结果表明,tTIS 以强度依赖的方式调节深脑 LFP。载波频率为 1 或 2 kHz 对 LFP 的影响最为有效。包络振荡 结论:这些研究结果表明,tTIS 可以调节大脑深部的 LFP 变化,突出了其作为未来无创神经调控应用工具的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Clinically Implemented Sensing-Based Initial Programming of Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease: A Retrospective Study 临床实施基于感觉的帕金森病深部脑刺激初始规划:一项回顾性研究。
IF 3.2 3区 医学 Q2 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2024.11.002
Bart E.K.S. Swinnen MD, PhD , Andrea Fuentes MD , Monica M. Volz FNP, MSN , Susan Heath , Philip A. Starr MD, PhD , Simon J. Little MD, PhD , Jill L. Ostrem MD

Objectives

Initial deep brain stimulation (DBS) programming using a monopolar review is time-consuming, subjective, and burdensome. Incorporating neurophysiology has the potential to expedite, objectify, and automatize initial DBS programming. We aimed to assess the feasibility and performance of clinically implemented sensing-based initial DBS programming for Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Materials and Methods

We conducted a single-center retrospective study in 15 patients with PD (25 hemispheres) implanted with a sensing-enabled neurostimulator in whom initial subthalamic nucleus/globus pallidus pars interna DBS programming was guided by beta power in real-time local field potential recordings, instead of a monopolar review.

Results

The initial sensing-based programming visit lasted on average 42.2 minutes (SD 18) per hemisphere. During the DBS optimization phase, a conventional monopolar clinical review was not required in any patients. The initial stimulation contact level remained the same at the final follow-up visit in all hemispheres except three. The final amplitude was on average 0.8 mA (SD 0.9) higher than initially set after the original sensing-based programming visit. One year after surgery, off-medication International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) III total score, tremor subscore, MDS-UPDRS IV, and levodopa-equivalent dose improved by 47.0% (p < 0.001), 77.7% (p = 0.001), 51.1% (p = 0.006), and 44.8% (p = 0.011) compared with preoperatively using this approach.

Conclusions

This study shows that sensing-based initial DBS programming for PD is feasible and rapid, and selected clinically effective contacts in most patients, including those with tremor. Technologic innovations and practical developments could improve sensing-based programming.
目的:使用单极回顾的初始深部脑刺激(DBS)程序是耗时、主观和繁重的。结合神经生理学有可能加快、客观化和自动化初始DBS编程。我们的目的是评估临床实施的基于感知的帕金森病(PD)初始DBS规划的可行性和性能。材料和方法:我们对15例PD患者(25个半球)进行了单中心回顾性研究,植入了具有传感功能的神经刺激器,在这些患者中,最初的丘脑下核/白白球内部DBS编程由实时局部场电位记录的β功率引导,而不是单极回顾。结果:最初基于感觉的编程访问平均持续42.2分钟(SD 18)每个半球。在DBS优化阶段,不需要对任何患者进行常规的单侧临床评价。在最后的随访中,除了三个半球外,所有半球的初始刺激接触水平保持不变。在最初基于传感的编程访问后,最终振幅平均比初始设置高0.8 mA (SD 0.9)。术后1年,国际帕金森与运动障碍学会统一帕金森病评定量表(MDS-UPDRS) III总评分、震颤亚评分、MDS-UPDRS IV和左旋多巴当量剂量较术前分别提高47.0% (p < 0.001)、77.7% (p = 0.001)、51.1% (p = 0.006)和44.8% (p = 0.011)。结论:本研究表明,基于感觉的PD初始DBS规划是可行的、快速的,并在大多数患者中选择了临床有效的接触者,包括震颤患者。技术创新和实际发展可以改善基于感知的编程。
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引用次数: 0
Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation Platform for Translational Research 用于转化研究的闭环深层脑刺激平台。
IF 3.2 3区 医学 Q2 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2024.10.012
Yan Li MEng , Yingnan Nie PhD , Xiao Li PhD , Xi Cheng MCS , Guanyu Zhu MD , Jianguo Zhang MD , Zhaoyu Quan PhD , Shouyan Wang PhD

Objective

This study aims to facilitate the translation of innovative closed-loop deep brain stimulation (DBS) strategies from theory to practice by establishing a research platform. The platform addresses the challenges of real-time stimulation artifact removal, low-latency feedback stimulation, and rapid translation from animal to clinical experiments.

Materials and Methods

The platform comprises hardware for neural sensing and stimulation, a closed-loop software framework for real-time data streaming and computation, and an algorithm library for implementing closed-loop DBS strategies. The platform integrates hardware for both animal and clinical research. The closed-loop software framework handles the entire closed-loop stimulation, including data streaming, stimulation artifact removal, preprocessing, a closed-loop stimulation strategy, and stimulation control. It provides a unified programming interface for both C/C++ and Python, enabling secondary development to integrate new closed-loop stimulation strategies. Additionally, the platform includes an algorithm library with signal processing and machine learning methods to facilitate the development of new closed-loop DBS strategies.

Results

The platform can achieve low-latency feedback stimulation control with response times of 6.23 ± 0.85 ms and 6.95 ± 1.11 ms for animal and clinical experiments, respectively. It effectively removed stimulation artifacts and demonstrated flexibility in implementing new closed-loop DBS algorithms. The platform has integrated several typical closed-loop protocols, including threshold-adaptive DBS, amplitude-modulation DBS, dual-threshold DBS and neural state–dependent DBS.

Conclusions

This work provides a research tool for rapidly deploying innovative closed-loop strategies for translational research in both animal and clinical studies. The platform’s capabilities in real-time data processing and low-latency control represent a significant advancement in translational DBS research, with potential implications for the development of more effective therapeutic interventions.
目的:本研究旨在通过建立研究平台,促进创新闭环脑深部刺激(DBS)策略从理论到实践的转化。该平台解决了实时刺激伪影去除、低延迟反馈刺激以及从动物实验到临床实验的快速转化的挑战。材料和方法:该平台包括用于神经传感和刺激的硬件,用于实时数据流和计算的闭环软件框架,以及用于实现闭环DBS策略的算法库。该平台集成了用于动物和临床研究的硬件。闭环软件框架处理整个闭环增产作业,包括数据流、增产工件去除、预处理、闭环增产策略和增产控制。它为C/ c++和Python提供了统一的编程接口,使二次开发能够集成新的闭环刺激策略。此外,该平台还包括一个带有信号处理和机器学习方法的算法库,以促进新的闭环DBS策略的开发。结果:该平台可实现低潜伏期反馈刺激控制,动物实验和临床实验的响应时间分别为6.23±0.85 ms和6.95±1.11 ms。它有效地消除了刺激伪影,并展示了实现新型闭环DBS算法的灵活性。该平台集成了几种典型的闭环协议,包括阈值自适应DBS、调幅DBS、双阈值DBS和神经状态依赖DBS。结论:这项工作为快速部署创新闭环策略在动物和临床研究中的转化研究提供了一种研究工具。该平台在实时数据处理和低延迟控制方面的能力代表了转化DBS研究的重大进步,对开发更有效的治疗干预具有潜在意义。
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Neuromodulation
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