We recently established adrenal medullary cell line tsAM5D, immortalized with a temperature-sensitive mutant of the oncogene simian virus 40 large T-antigen. When cultured with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), tsAM5D cells proliferated at the permissive temperature (33°C) for the expression of the oncogene and differentiated into neuron-like cells at the nonpermissive temperature (39°C). In the present study, we investigated the gene expression of several neurotrophic factors associated with the neuronal differentiation induced by the temperature shift. Using real-time RT-PCR analysis on bFGF and CNTF-treated cells, we found up-regulated expression of mRNAs for bFGF, leukemia inhibitory factor, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2, persephin, acidic fibroblast growth factor, neurotrophin-3, preproenkephalin, and TGF-β1 and down-regulated expression of the mRNAs for interleukin-6, neurturin, and CNTF. No apparent differences were observed in the mRNA level of insulin-like growth factor-2, TGF-β3, and neurotrophin-4/5. These results suggest that the regulated expression of neurotrophic factor genes play an important role in the neuronal differentiation of tsAM5D cells.
{"title":"Neuronal differentiation‐induced change in expression of neurotrophic factor genes in adrenal chromaffin cell line tsAM5D expressing temperature‐sensitive SV40 T‐antigen","authors":"T. Murata, Masaru Tsuboi, K. Hikita, N. Kaneda","doi":"10.1002/NRC.20015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/NRC.20015","url":null,"abstract":"We recently established adrenal medullary cell line tsAM5D, immortalized with a temperature-sensitive mutant of the oncogene simian virus 40 large T-antigen. When cultured with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), tsAM5D cells proliferated at the permissive temperature (33°C) for the expression of the oncogene and differentiated into neuron-like cells at the nonpermissive temperature (39°C). In the present study, we investigated the gene expression of several neurotrophic factors associated with the neuronal differentiation induced by the temperature shift. Using real-time RT-PCR analysis on bFGF and CNTF-treated cells, we found up-regulated expression of mRNAs for bFGF, leukemia inhibitory factor, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2, persephin, acidic fibroblast growth factor, neurotrophin-3, preproenkephalin, and TGF-β1 and down-regulated expression of the mRNAs for interleukin-6, neurturin, and CNTF. No apparent differences were observed in the mRNA level of insulin-like growth factor-2, TGF-β3, and neurotrophin-4/5. These results suggest that the regulated expression of neurotrophic factor genes play an important role in the neuronal differentiation of tsAM5D cells.","PeriodicalId":19198,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Communications","volume":"40 1","pages":"8-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84651186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Churruca, L. Casis, M. Portillo, M. Macarulla, J. Záate, Jesús Pascual, E. Echevarría
The aim of the present work was to study the potential involvement of hypothalamic opiod system in the anorectic machanism of fluoxetine in obese Zucker rats, assessing the effects of chronic fluoxetine treatment on mu opiod receptor immunostaining in several hypothalamic regions. Male obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats were administered with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg; i.p.) daily for two weeks. The control group was given 0.9% NaCl solution. Regional hypothalamic immunostaining for mu opiod receptor was carried out. Fluoxetine administration increased the numbers of neural cells positively immunostained for mu opiod receptor in the hypothalamic, paraventricular, arcuate, ventromedial and suprachiasmatic nuclei, as well as the medial preoptic and lateral hypothalamic areas, without changed in dorsomedial, supraoptic and periventricular nuclei, and the lateral preoptic area. These results suggest the involvement of hypothalamic opiod system in fluoxetine-induced anorexia in obese Zucker rats. Increased regional hypothalamic density of neural cells expressing mu opiod receptors after fluoxetine treatment could be a compensatory mechanism against a possible reduction in opiodergic tone.
{"title":"Fluoxetine alters mu opiod receptor expression in obese Zucker rat hypothalamus","authors":"I. Churruca, L. Casis, M. Portillo, M. Macarulla, J. Záate, Jesús Pascual, E. Echevarría","doi":"10.1002/NRC.20014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/NRC.20014","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present work was to study the potential involvement of hypothalamic opiod system in the anorectic machanism of fluoxetine in obese Zucker rats, assessing the effects of chronic fluoxetine treatment on mu opiod receptor immunostaining in several hypothalamic regions. Male obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats were administered with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg; i.p.) daily for two weeks. The control group was given 0.9% NaCl solution. Regional hypothalamic immunostaining for mu opiod receptor was carried out. Fluoxetine administration increased the numbers of neural cells positively immunostained for mu opiod receptor in the hypothalamic, paraventricular, arcuate, ventromedial and suprachiasmatic nuclei, as well as the medial preoptic and lateral hypothalamic areas, without changed in dorsomedial, supraoptic and periventricular nuclei, and the lateral preoptic area. These results suggest the involvement of hypothalamic opiod system in fluoxetine-induced anorexia in obese Zucker rats. Increased regional hypothalamic density of neural cells expressing mu opiod receptors after fluoxetine treatment could be a compensatory mechanism against a possible reduction in opiodergic tone.","PeriodicalId":19198,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Communications","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74466477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Rubio, A. Begega, L. Santín, R. Miranda, J. Arias
In the present study, we have calculated the total neuronal number and volume of the tuberomammillary nucleus and of each of its subgroups E1, E2 and E3 in the Wistar rat. This estimation was done using stereological methods that can produce accurate quantifications. Neuronal number was estimated by applying the optical fractionator and the total volume of the nucleus by Cavalieri's method. Simultaneously, we quantified the argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NORs) of the neurons from these subgroups. The number and area of the Ag-NORs stained with the silver nitrate technique, reflect the protein synthesis activity of these neurons. Our results show that the tuberomammillary nucleus has a unilateral total neuronal number of 2,460 neurons and a unilateral volume of 0.08756 mm3. We also find statistically significant differences on a morphological level among the different subgroups of the tuberomammillary nucleus. Hence, E2 has the largest number of neurons followed by E3 whereas E1 is the subgroup with the smallest neuronal density. There were no significant differences in the functional parameters: area of neuronal nucleus and mean area and number of Ag-NOR, among the groups.
{"title":"A stereological study of the tuberomammillary nucleus in the Wistar rat: Morphological and functional comparison among subgroups E1-E2-E3","authors":"S. Rubio, A. Begega, L. Santín, R. Miranda, J. Arias","doi":"10.1002/NRC.20011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/NRC.20011","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, we have calculated the total neuronal number and volume of the tuberomammillary nucleus and of each of its subgroups E1, E2 and E3 in the Wistar rat. This estimation was done using stereological methods that can produce accurate quantifications. Neuronal number was estimated by applying the optical fractionator and the total volume of the nucleus by Cavalieri's method. Simultaneously, we quantified the argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NORs) of the neurons from these subgroups. The number and area of the Ag-NORs stained with the silver nitrate technique, reflect the protein synthesis activity of these neurons. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Our results show that the tuberomammillary nucleus has a unilateral total neuronal number of 2,460 neurons and a unilateral volume of 0.08756 mm3. We also find statistically significant differences on a morphological level among the different subgroups of the tuberomammillary nucleus. Hence, E2 has the largest number of neurons followed by E3 whereas E1 is the subgroup with the smallest neuronal density. There were no significant differences in the functional parameters: area of neuronal nucleus and mean area and number of Ag-NOR, among the groups.","PeriodicalId":19198,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Communications","volume":"20 1","pages":"153-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74896531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Following a direct insult to the central nervous system, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is induced in reactive astrocytes adjacent to the injury, where it participates in functional recovery. On the other hand, the role of CNTF in spinal cord plasticity after peripheral nerve injury is unclear. Hence, CNTF immunoreactivity (IR) was evaluated in rat spinal cords following unilateral spinal nerve ligation. CNTF-IR was found in GFAP-negative white matter cells exhibiting oligodendrocyte-like morphology. While GFAP labeling was increased in spinal cords of ligated animals, CNTF-IR was unchanged, suggesting that CNTF does not regulate spinal astrocyte reactivity generated by peripheral nerve ligation.
{"title":"Ciliary neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity is not associated with reactive astrocytes in the rat spinal cord following unilateral spinal nerve ligation","authors":"F. Madiai, V. Goettl, R. Stephens, K. Hackshaw","doi":"10.1002/NRC.20007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/NRC.20007","url":null,"abstract":"Following a direct insult to the central nervous system, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is induced in reactive astrocytes adjacent to the injury, where it participates in functional recovery. On the other hand, the role of CNTF in spinal cord plasticity after peripheral nerve injury is unclear. Hence, CNTF immunoreactivity (IR) was evaluated in rat spinal cords following unilateral spinal nerve ligation. CNTF-IR was found in GFAP-negative white matter cells exhibiting oligodendrocyte-like morphology. While GFAP labeling was increased in spinal cords of ligated animals, CNTF-IR was unchanged, suggesting that CNTF does not regulate spinal astrocyte reactivity generated by peripheral nerve ligation.","PeriodicalId":19198,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Communications","volume":"135 1","pages":"122-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79682883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Costa, S. Kelada, P. Costa-Mallen, F. Farin, H. Viernes, T. Weller, G. Franklin, W. Longstreth, P. Swanson, H. Checkoway, C. Furlong
Oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is an ubiquitously expressed protein which displays antioxidant properties, though it does not have paraoxonase or arylesterase activity like other members of the PON gene family, such as PON1. Two coding region polymorphisms (Cys311Ser and Ala14Gly) of the PON2 gene were investigated by a newly developed method in a population-based case-control study of 179 PD patients and 293 controls. No statistically significant differences were found in the distribution of the wild type and mutant alleles between controls and PD. Similarly, no interactions between PON2 and two PON1 polymorphisms (192 and –108) were found. Polymorphisms of PON2 do not appear to be a risk factor for PD.
{"title":"Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) polymorphisms and Parkinson's disease","authors":"L. Costa, S. Kelada, P. Costa-Mallen, F. Farin, H. Viernes, T. Weller, G. Franklin, W. Longstreth, P. Swanson, H. Checkoway, C. Furlong","doi":"10.1002/NRC.20008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/NRC.20008","url":null,"abstract":"Oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Paraoxonase 2 (PON2) is an ubiquitously expressed protein which displays antioxidant properties, though it does not have paraoxonase or arylesterase activity like other members of the PON gene family, such as PON1. Two coding region polymorphisms (Cys311Ser and Ala14Gly) of the PON2 gene were investigated by a newly developed method in a population-based case-control study of 179 PD patients and 293 controls. No statistically significant differences were found in the distribution of the wild type and mutant alleles between controls and PD. Similarly, no interactions between PON2 and two PON1 polymorphisms (192 and –108) were found. Polymorphisms of PON2 do not appear to be a risk factor for PD.","PeriodicalId":19198,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Communications","volume":"49 1","pages":"130-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85574005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY The thalamic nucleus rotundus in birds relays visual information from the mesencephalic tectum to the telencephalic ectostriatum. The present study examined the firing behaviors of rotunda1 cells in response to depolarizing current injections in pigeon’s brain slices. Eighty-five cells examined could be classified into five types according to their firing patterns. Type I cells (58.8%) evoked a spike, bursts or regular spiking depending on current intensity. Type II cells (14.1 Oh) produced a hump-like depolarization that gave rise to a single spike at higher intensity. Type III cells (15.3%) fired a spike or burst only at the onset of current injections. Type IV cells (8.3%) accelerated regular spiking as current intensity increased. Type V cells (3.5%) produced spontaneous spikes that were eliminated by current at higher intensity. The spiking patterns seem to be not correlated to the recording sites. Thirteen neurobiotin-stained cells are multipolar neurons whose morphology is not related to firing patterns. The functional significance of these firing patterns is discussed.
{"title":"Spiking activity of neurons in the pigeon nucleus rotundus in slice preparations","authors":"Da-peng Li, Zong-Xiang Tang, Shurong Wang","doi":"10.1002/NRC.20010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/NRC.20010","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY The thalamic nucleus rotundus in birds relays visual information from the mesencephalic tectum to the telencephalic ectostriatum. The present study examined the firing behaviors of rotunda1 cells in response to depolarizing current injections in pigeon’s brain slices. Eighty-five cells examined could be classified into five types according to their firing patterns. Type I cells (58.8%) evoked a spike, bursts or regular spiking depending on current intensity. Type II cells (14.1 Oh) produced a hump-like depolarization that gave rise to a single spike at higher intensity. Type III cells (15.3%) fired a spike or burst only at the onset of current injections. Type IV cells (8.3%) accelerated regular spiking as current intensity increased. Type V cells (3.5%) produced spontaneous spikes that were eliminated by current at higher intensity. The spiking patterns seem to be not correlated to the recording sites. Thirteen neurobiotin-stained cells are multipolar neurons whose morphology is not related to firing patterns. The functional significance of these firing patterns is discussed.","PeriodicalId":19198,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Communications","volume":"27 1","pages":"144-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78845931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Park, Byung-Soo Soh, M. S. Kim, M. Lee, J. H. Kim, S. Chun
To elucidate the region within the somatosensory cortex that receives inputs from the horizontal semicircular canal (HSC) in rats, we used a multichannel recording system to measure evoked potentials in the parietal cortex in response to electrical stimulation of the HSC nerve. The recordings suggested that the HSC nerves projected bilaterally into the somatosensory cortex, with a contralateral predominance. The territory within the somatosensory cortex that responded to the stimulation of the HSC nerve was as follows: mediolateral 6.0 mm and anteroposterior –1.3 ∼ –2.3 mm from the bregma, and depth 1.4 ∼ 1.6 mm from the cortex surface horizontally by stereotaxic atlas. The evoked potential in the parietal cortex that was induced by electrical stimulation was abolished after the administration of tetrodotoxin into the oval window of the vestibular system. These results suggest that the horizontal semicircular nerve projects bilaterally into the deep layers of the secondary somatosensory cortex.
{"title":"Resolution of the region of secondary somatosensory cortex that responds to stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canal in rats","authors":"B. Park, Byung-Soo Soh, M. S. Kim, M. Lee, J. H. Kim, S. Chun","doi":"10.1002/NRC.20013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/NRC.20013","url":null,"abstract":"To elucidate the region within the somatosensory cortex that receives inputs from the horizontal semicircular canal (HSC) in rats, we used a multichannel recording system to measure evoked potentials in the parietal cortex in response to electrical stimulation of the HSC nerve. The recordings suggested that the HSC nerves projected bilaterally into the somatosensory cortex, with a contralateral predominance. The territory within the somatosensory cortex that responded to the stimulation of the HSC nerve was as follows: mediolateral 6.0 mm and anteroposterior –1.3 ∼ –2.3 mm from the bregma, and depth 1.4 ∼ 1.6 mm from the cortex surface horizontally by stereotaxic atlas. The evoked potential in the parietal cortex that was induced by electrical stimulation was abolished after the administration of tetrodotoxin into the oval window of the vestibular system. These results suggest that the horizontal semicircular nerve projects bilaterally into the deep layers of the secondary somatosensory cortex.","PeriodicalId":19198,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Communications","volume":"41 1","pages":"174-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86991047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is generally accepted that regulatory olygopeptides cause short-term physiological effects. However we demonstrate that CCK-4, and its shorter fragment CCK-3 evoke significant long-term changes in albino rat behavior. The anxiogenic action of CCK-4 (400 mg/kg) and CCK-3 (10 mg/kg) was measured by cross-maze and dark-light test. The tendency of rats to developing of depression-like states was evaluated by the Porsolt-test. In this study both CCK-4 and CCK-3 induced significant behavior effects from 40th min to 12th day after the intraperitoneal administration. It was found also that there were significant changes in the level of bioamines and their derivatives not only during the first hours after the administration but also on the 5th and 12th day. The half-life of these peptides is less than 15 min, so it's possible the induction of some chain-reactions similar to memory consolidation process.
{"title":"Postponed effect of cholecystokinin fragments 30–33 (CCK-4), and 31–33 (CCK-3), on albino rats behavior","authors":"I. Ashmarin, O. Rudko, D. Ra, L. Andreeva","doi":"10.1002/NRC.20012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/NRC.20012","url":null,"abstract":"It is generally accepted that regulatory olygopeptides cause short-term physiological effects. However we demonstrate that CCK-4, and its shorter fragment CCK-3 evoke significant long-term changes in albino rat behavior. The anxiogenic action of CCK-4 (400 mg/kg) and CCK-3 (10 mg/kg) was measured by cross-maze and dark-light test. The tendency of rats to developing of depression-like states was evaluated by the Porsolt-test. In this study both CCK-4 and CCK-3 induced significant behavior effects from 40th min to 12th day after the intraperitoneal administration. It was found also that there were significant changes in the level of bioamines and their derivatives not only during the first hours after the administration but also on the 5th and 12th day. The half-life of these peptides is less than 15 min, so it's possible the induction of some chain-reactions similar to memory consolidation process.","PeriodicalId":19198,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Communications","volume":"34 1","pages":"165-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73804604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Ho, H. Hsuchou, Kuang‐Ho Chen, H. Shui, M. Tai, Y. Tsai
SUMMARY Both desipramine and MK-801 are reported to suppress the muricidal behaviour and more behavioural components of muricide can be measured for analyses in rats after incisor cutting (IC). In the present work, this IC model was used to assess the differential effects of desipramine and MK801 on muricidal performance in rats. After IC surgery the olfactory bulbectomized rats were divided into five groups that were then treated with saline (1 ml/kg, i.p.), desipramine (10 or 20 mg/kg, i.p.), or MK-801 (0.10 or 0.15 mg/kg, i.p.). Following drug administration, muricidal behaviour was found to be unchanged in the low-dose desipramine or MK-801 groups compared with the saline controls. Treatment with 20 mg/kg of desipramine increased the attack latency, but reduced the total and mean attack duration as well as attack frequency, while treatment with 0.15 mg/kg of MK-801 resulted in no significant change in the attack latency or total attack duration, but decreased the mean attack duration and increased the attack frequency. These results indicate that the higher dose of both drugs affected the components of the muricidal behaviour in different manners.
{"title":"EFFECTS OF DESIPRAMINE AND MK-801 ON COMPONENTS OF MURICIDAL BEHAVIOUR IN OLFACTORY BULBECTOMIZED RATS: AN APPLICATION OF INCISOR-CUTTING ANIMAL MODEL","authors":"Y. Ho, H. Hsuchou, Kuang‐Ho Chen, H. Shui, M. Tai, Y. Tsai","doi":"10.1002/NRC.20009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/NRC.20009","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY Both desipramine and MK-801 are reported to suppress the muricidal behaviour and more behavioural components of muricide can be measured for analyses in rats after incisor cutting (IC). In the present work, this IC model was used to assess the differential effects of desipramine and MK801 on muricidal performance in rats. After IC surgery the olfactory bulbectomized rats were divided into five groups that were then treated with saline (1 ml/kg, i.p.), desipramine (10 or 20 mg/kg, i.p.), or MK-801 (0.10 or 0.15 mg/kg, i.p.). Following drug administration, muricidal behaviour was found to be unchanged in the low-dose desipramine or MK-801 groups compared with the saline controls. Treatment with 20 mg/kg of desipramine increased the attack latency, but reduced the total and mean attack duration as well as attack frequency, while treatment with 0.15 mg/kg of MK-801 resulted in no significant change in the attack latency or total attack duration, but decreased the mean attack duration and increased the attack frequency. These results indicate that the higher dose of both drugs affected the components of the muricidal behaviour in different manners.","PeriodicalId":19198,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Communications","volume":"99 1","pages":"136-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86086080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
SUMMARY The cytokines interleukin 1 (IL-l) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), produced by glial cells within the brain, appear to contribute to the neuropathogenesis of several inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying cytokineinduced neurotoxicity. Using astroglial cultures obtained from fetal rat brain, we investigated the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and cytokines (IL- 1 p and TNF-a). Primary cell cultures treated with LPS, IL-l p plus TNF-a generated substantial amounts of nitric oxide (NO), elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels and caused astroglial injury measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. However, blockade of NO production with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors did not affect cell death, suggesting that NO is not responsible for cytokine-induced astroglial cell death under the experimental conditions employed.
脑内胶质细胞产生的细胞因子白介素1 (il - 1)和肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF-a)似乎参与了几种炎症性神经退行性疾病的神经发病机制。然而，对细胞因子诱导神经毒性的机制知之甚少。利用从胎鼠脑中获得的星形胶质细胞培养物，我们研究了脂多糖(LPS)和细胞因子(IL- 1p和TNF-a)的作用。用LPS、il - 1 p和TNF-a处理的原代细胞培养产生大量一氧化氮(NO)，升高白细胞介素6 (IL-6)水平，并通过乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性测量造成星形胶质细胞损伤。然而，用一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂阻断NO的产生并不影响细胞死亡，这表明在实验条件下，NO与细胞因子诱导的星形胶质细胞死亡无关。
{"title":"Cytotoxicity in cytokine stimulated astrocyte cultures: role of IL‐6 and nitric oxide","authors":"Ozlem Yilmaz, D. Taşkıran, S. Aydar","doi":"10.1002/NRC.20002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/NRC.20002","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARY The cytokines interleukin 1 (IL-l) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), produced by glial cells within the brain, appear to contribute to the neuropathogenesis of several inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying cytokineinduced neurotoxicity. Using astroglial cultures obtained from fetal rat brain, we investigated the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and cytokines (IL- 1 p and TNF-a). Primary cell cultures treated with LPS, IL-l p plus TNF-a generated substantial amounts of nitric oxide (NO), elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels and caused astroglial injury measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. However, blockade of NO production with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors did not affect cell death, suggesting that NO is not responsible for cytokine-induced astroglial cell death under the experimental conditions employed.","PeriodicalId":19198,"journal":{"name":"Neuroscience Research Communications","volume":"38 1","pages":"82-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82212799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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