{"title":"Phylogeny of the Enigmatic Eocene Testudinoid Turtle echmatemys and the Origin of the Testudinidae","authors":"Asher Lichtig, S. Lucas","doi":"10.56577/sm-2017.481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2017.481","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":192881,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Volume: \"Uranium in New Mexico: the Resource and the Legacy\", New Mexico Geological Society, 2017 Annual Spring Meeting","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115619764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In north-central New Mexico (Santa Fe and Sandoval counties), the Upper Cretaceous Blue Hill Member of the Carlile Shale is up to 33 m thick and consists of olive gray shale with numerous limestone concretions and septarian nodules, intercalated locally with the offshore bar deposits of the Semilla Sandstone Member. The Blue Hill Member yields middle Turonian ammonoid assemblages of the (ascending order) Collignoniceras praecox and Prionocyclus hyatti zones. Extensive collections of ammonoids from the Blue Hill Member in north-central New Mexico reveal striking differences in the composition and relative abundances of key ammonoid taxa at different localities. Thus, at Galisteo Dam (T14N, R7E), the assemblages are dominated by P. hyatti with few to no specimens of Spathites puercoensis and Coilopoceras springeri . Along the Rio Puerco (T14N, R3W), however, P. hyatti is not common, but S. puercoensis and C. springeri are abundant. In contrast, at Marquez Wash (T15N, R1W) and on the Ojo del Espiritu Santo Land Grant (T16N, R1W), S. puercoensis is common but decreases in abundance northward, C. springeri is uncommon, and P. hyatti is common, but progressively dominated by larger individuals northward. Furthermore, at Marquez Wash and northward on the Ojo del Espiritu Santo Land Grant, a turritellid limestone, indicative of relatively shallow water, is present where Spathites is most abundant. The differences in the ammonoid assemblages also correlate with the presence/absence of the Semilla Sandstone Member, which is thick and present at Marquez Wash and along the Rio Puerco. We hypothesize that the more heavily of Hill in and water - and springeri -dominated) ammonoid assemblages
在新墨西哥州中北部(Santa Fe和Sandoval县)，carile页岩的上白垩统蓝山段厚度达33米，由橄榄色页岩组成，其中含有大量石灰石结核和中隔结核，与Semilla砂岩段的近海砂状沉积物局部穿插。蓝山段产生了(升序)Collignoniceras praecox和Prionocyclus hyatti带的中Turonian氨气组合。从新墨西哥州中北部蓝山地区收集的大量菊石揭示了不同地区主要菊石分类群的组成和相对丰度的显著差异。因此，在Galisteo坝(T14N, R7E)，组合以P. hyatti为主，很少或没有Spathites puercoensis和Coilopoceras springeri标本。然而，沿Rio Puerco (T14N, R3W)， P. hyatti并不常见，但S. puercoensis和C. springeri丰富。相比之下，在Marquez Wash (T15N, R1W)和Ojo del Espiritu Santo Land Grant (T16N, R1W)， S. puercoensis常见，但向北数量减少，C. springeri不常见，P. hyatti常见，但向北逐渐被较大的个体占主导地位。此外，在Marquez Wash和Ojo del Espiritu Santo Land Grant的北部，有一种turitellid石灰石，表明相对较浅的水域，是spathite最丰富的地方。氨类组合的差异也与Semilla砂岩的存在与否有关，Semilla砂岩在Marquez Wash和Rio Puerco一带很厚。我们假设山中和水和春蝇为主)的氨气组合更重
{"title":"Water-Depth-Based Differences in Ammonoid Assemblages From the Upper Cretaceous (turonian) Blue Hill Member of the Carlile Shale, North-Central New Mexico","authors":"Michael P. Foley, S. Lucas","doi":"10.56577/sm-2017.484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2017.484","url":null,"abstract":"In north-central New Mexico (Santa Fe and Sandoval counties), the Upper Cretaceous Blue Hill Member of the Carlile Shale is up to 33 m thick and consists of olive gray shale with numerous limestone concretions and septarian nodules, intercalated locally with the offshore bar deposits of the Semilla Sandstone Member. The Blue Hill Member yields middle Turonian ammonoid assemblages of the (ascending order) Collignoniceras praecox and Prionocyclus hyatti zones. Extensive collections of ammonoids from the Blue Hill Member in north-central New Mexico reveal striking differences in the composition and relative abundances of key ammonoid taxa at different localities. Thus, at Galisteo Dam (T14N, R7E), the assemblages are dominated by P. hyatti with few to no specimens of Spathites puercoensis and Coilopoceras springeri . Along the Rio Puerco (T14N, R3W), however, P. hyatti is not common, but S. puercoensis and C. springeri are abundant. In contrast, at Marquez Wash (T15N, R1W) and on the Ojo del Espiritu Santo Land Grant (T16N, R1W), S. puercoensis is common but decreases in abundance northward, C. springeri is uncommon, and P. hyatti is common, but progressively dominated by larger individuals northward. Furthermore, at Marquez Wash and northward on the Ojo del Espiritu Santo Land Grant, a turritellid limestone, indicative of relatively shallow water, is present where Spathites is most abundant. The differences in the ammonoid assemblages also correlate with the presence/absence of the Semilla Sandstone Member, which is thick and present at Marquez Wash and along the Rio Puerco. We hypothesize that the more heavily of Hill in and water - and springeri -dominated) ammonoid assemblages","PeriodicalId":192881,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Volume: \"Uranium in New Mexico: the Resource and the Legacy\", New Mexico Geological Society, 2017 Annual Spring Meeting","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125439351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reactivation of the Mt. Taylor Mine – Obstacles and Opportunities","authors":"Alan K. Kuhn","doi":"10.56577/sm-2017.491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2017.491","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":192881,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Volume: \"Uranium in New Mexico: the Resource and the Legacy\", New Mexico Geological Society, 2017 Annual Spring Meeting","volume":"2015 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120909466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Raton-Clayton Volcanic Field: Evaluating Open-System Processes in Magmas Derived Beneath the Great Plains","authors":"Sidney Pinkerton, F. Ramos, M. Zimmerer","doi":"10.56577/sm-2017.536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2017.536","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":192881,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Volume: \"Uranium in New Mexico: the Resource and the Legacy\", New Mexico Geological Society, 2017 Annual Spring Meeting","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124496449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing Uranium Concentration in Stream Sediment on the Laguna and Isleta Pueblos","authors":"Bria Willis","doi":"10.56577/sm-2017.485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2017.485","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":192881,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Volume: \"Uranium in New Mexico: the Resource and the Legacy\", New Mexico Geological Society, 2017 Annual Spring Meeting","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126491394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Paleozoic Section at Bell Hill, Socorro County, New Mexico","authors":"S. Lucas, B. Allen, K. Krainer, J. Barrick","doi":"10.56577/sm-2017.490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2017.490","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":192881,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Volume: \"Uranium in New Mexico: the Resource and the Legacy\", New Mexico Geological Society, 2017 Annual Spring Meeting","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126207208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), commonly known as “drones”, are an established but rapidly developing technology for scientists, engineers, farmers, artists, and numerous other private and public entities. This presentation will introduce new UAS mapping capabilities at the New Mexico Bureau of Geology. UAS allow geoscientists to make observations and measurements in an important part of the scale spectrum that lies between satellite and ground-based photogrammetry methods. Traditionally, this part of the scale spectrum is accessed by piloted fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. Although useful, these aircrafts are expensive, require extensive training and certification, and have limited availability, all of which inhibits their full potential in the geosciences. In contrast, most UAS are relatively inexpensive, lightweight, and require only minimal to moderate training and certification. All of these features make using UAS an attractive solution to addressing many geologic problems. The New Mexico Bureau of Geology recently acquired two UAS, one turnkey quadcopter for mapping and aerial photography and one custom-built hexacopter for research and development. Freely available open source software is used to process the aerial photos into orthomosiacs, digital elevation models, and 3D models. These models approach the accuracy of traditional photogrammetry methods and in most cases are at a much higher resolution. In addition to aerial photography the UAS are outfitted with a “companion computer” designed at the NM Bureau of Geology. The primary software for this computer is developed in-house offering a large degree of autonomy and flexibility. These lightweight microcomputers are used for collecting georeferenced scientific data, such as temperature, humidity, and UV intensity. Additional payloads including thermal cameras, multi-spectral cameras, and atmospheric or gas monitoring equipment are also possible. The lightweight design and low cost of our UAS make them a particularly attractive tool for geomorphic, hydrologic, and hazard mapping studies, where repeated time-sensitive measurements of a landscape are necessary. In addition to research, UAS imagery and 3D models provide a memorable immersive experience for outreach and educational services, allowing users to virtually explore geologic features in new and exciting ways. This presentation will also focus on some initial case studies of field sites in New Mexico, operating limitations, certification requirements, and legal aspects of using UAS for the geosciences.
{"title":"Turning Toys Into Tools: Unmanned Aircrafts for the 21st Century Geoscientist","authors":"M. Zimmerer, J. Ross","doi":"10.56577/sm-2017.541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2017.541","url":null,"abstract":"Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), commonly known as “drones”, are an established but rapidly developing technology for scientists, engineers, farmers, artists, and numerous other private and public entities. This presentation will introduce new UAS mapping capabilities at the New Mexico Bureau of Geology. UAS allow geoscientists to make observations and measurements in an important part of the scale spectrum that lies between satellite and ground-based photogrammetry methods. Traditionally, this part of the scale spectrum is accessed by piloted fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. Although useful, these aircrafts are expensive, require extensive training and certification, and have limited availability, all of which inhibits their full potential in the geosciences. In contrast, most UAS are relatively inexpensive, lightweight, and require only minimal to moderate training and certification. All of these features make using UAS an attractive solution to addressing many geologic problems. The New Mexico Bureau of Geology recently acquired two UAS, one turnkey quadcopter for mapping and aerial photography and one custom-built hexacopter for research and development. Freely available open source software is used to process the aerial photos into orthomosiacs, digital elevation models, and 3D models. These models approach the accuracy of traditional photogrammetry methods and in most cases are at a much higher resolution. In addition to aerial photography the UAS are outfitted with a “companion computer” designed at the NM Bureau of Geology. The primary software for this computer is developed in-house offering a large degree of autonomy and flexibility. These lightweight microcomputers are used for collecting georeferenced scientific data, such as temperature, humidity, and UV intensity. Additional payloads including thermal cameras, multi-spectral cameras, and atmospheric or gas monitoring equipment are also possible. The lightweight design and low cost of our UAS make them a particularly attractive tool for geomorphic, hydrologic, and hazard mapping studies, where repeated time-sensitive measurements of a landscape are necessary. In addition to research, UAS imagery and 3D models provide a memorable immersive experience for outreach and educational services, allowing users to virtually explore geologic features in new and exciting ways. This presentation will also focus on some initial case studies of field sites in New Mexico, operating limitations, certification requirements, and legal aspects of using UAS for the geosciences.","PeriodicalId":192881,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Volume: \"Uranium in New Mexico: the Resource and the Legacy\", New Mexico Geological Society, 2017 Annual Spring Meeting","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131743796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Grants Mineral Belt of northwestern New Mexico was mined from the 1940s to the late 1980s, with more than 340 million pounds of U3O8 extracted during that time (McLemore et al., 2013). Currently, the Grants Mineral Belt contains over 400 million pounds of U3O8 (McLemore et al., 2013), once again bringing the region under consideration for inexpensive in-situ recovery (ISR) of uranium. This study focuses on providing a preliminary mineral profile for portions of the Ambrosia Lake and Laguna sub-districts in order to aid leaching tests directed at assessing the feasibility of ISR for recovery of Grants-style mineralization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was employed as the primary means of identifying reduced and oxidized uraniumbearing phases and other minerals associated with sandstone-hosted uranium. Thin section and polished-block petrography, and electron microprobe analyses were employed to evaluate and confirm XRD results. Host-rock constituents identified in thin section and XRD analysis include quartz, microcline, and orthoclase, with albite, kaolinite, and illite as the volumetrically-dominant alteration products of magmatic feldspars (Austin, 1980). Calcite was identified in barren sandstone as cement. Analysis of reduced mineralization from the Jackpile-Paguate and St. Anthony mines identify coffinite [generally U(SiO4)1-x(OH)4x] as the dominant crystalline phase in these mines. Very fine-grained uraninite (UO2) overgrowths on coffinite were identified via polished petrographic analysis in reduced samples containing abundant carbonaceous matter in the Mt. Taylor and Section 31 mines. Fine-grained pyrite is observed with carbonaceous matter from numerous uranium occurrences via polished petrography, including the Mt. Taylor, St. Anthony, and Section 31 mines. Microprobe analysis of black ore from the Mt. Taylor Mine identified the mineraloid ilsemannite [Mo3O8•n(H2O)] in the carbonaceous material, associated with weakly crystalline coffinite. Oxidized uranium species are mineralogically diverse, reflecting availability of oxyanions and other metals in oxidizing groundwaters; this diversity is reflected in the abundance of sulfate, carbonate, and phosphate minerals identified in this study. The St. Anthony mine hosts abundant uranyl-sulfate and -phosphate minerals, with lesser carbonates. Dominant uranyl-sulfate phases occurring in the St. Anthony mine are zippeite [K3(UO2)4(SO4)2O3(OH) • 3H2O] and jachymovite [(UO2)8(SO4)(OH)14 • 13(H2O)], with ubiquitous gypsum (CaSO4 • 2H2O). Several phosphates are identified, with (meta-) autunite [Ca(UO2)2(PO4) 2 • 10-12H2O] the dominant phosphate, with trace meta-ankoleite [K2(UO2)2(PO4)2 • 6(H2O)] and phurcalite [Ca2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2 • 7(H2O)]. The uranylvanadates carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2•3H2O] and meta-tyuyamunite [Ca(UO2)2 (VO4)2 • (35)H2O] are dominant where vanadium is present, such as at the Piedra Triste mine in the Laguna District (Fig. 3). Samples from the St. Anthony and Section 31 mi
{"title":"Paragenesis of Uranium Minerals in the Grants Mineral Belt, New Mexico: Applied Geochemistry and the Development of Oxidized Uranium Mineralization","authors":"Samantha Caldwell, William X. Chavez, Jr.","doi":"10.56577/sm-2017.515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2017.515","url":null,"abstract":"The Grants Mineral Belt of northwestern New Mexico was mined from the 1940s to the late 1980s, with more than 340 million pounds of U3O8 extracted during that time (McLemore et al., 2013). Currently, the Grants Mineral Belt contains over 400 million pounds of U3O8 (McLemore et al., 2013), once again bringing the region under consideration for inexpensive in-situ recovery (ISR) of uranium. This study focuses on providing a preliminary mineral profile for portions of the Ambrosia Lake and Laguna sub-districts in order to aid leaching tests directed at assessing the feasibility of ISR for recovery of Grants-style mineralization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was employed as the primary means of identifying reduced and oxidized uraniumbearing phases and other minerals associated with sandstone-hosted uranium. Thin section and polished-block petrography, and electron microprobe analyses were employed to evaluate and confirm XRD results. Host-rock constituents identified in thin section and XRD analysis include quartz, microcline, and orthoclase, with albite, kaolinite, and illite as the volumetrically-dominant alteration products of magmatic feldspars (Austin, 1980). Calcite was identified in barren sandstone as cement. Analysis of reduced mineralization from the Jackpile-Paguate and St. Anthony mines identify coffinite [generally U(SiO4)1-x(OH)4x] as the dominant crystalline phase in these mines. Very fine-grained uraninite (UO2) overgrowths on coffinite were identified via polished petrographic analysis in reduced samples containing abundant carbonaceous matter in the Mt. Taylor and Section 31 mines. Fine-grained pyrite is observed with carbonaceous matter from numerous uranium occurrences via polished petrography, including the Mt. Taylor, St. Anthony, and Section 31 mines. Microprobe analysis of black ore from the Mt. Taylor Mine identified the mineraloid ilsemannite [Mo3O8•n(H2O)] in the carbonaceous material, associated with weakly crystalline coffinite. Oxidized uranium species are mineralogically diverse, reflecting availability of oxyanions and other metals in oxidizing groundwaters; this diversity is reflected in the abundance of sulfate, carbonate, and phosphate minerals identified in this study. The St. Anthony mine hosts abundant uranyl-sulfate and -phosphate minerals, with lesser carbonates. Dominant uranyl-sulfate phases occurring in the St. Anthony mine are zippeite [K3(UO2)4(SO4)2O3(OH) • 3H2O] and jachymovite [(UO2)8(SO4)(OH)14 • 13(H2O)], with ubiquitous gypsum (CaSO4 • 2H2O). Several phosphates are identified, with (meta-) autunite [Ca(UO2)2(PO4) 2 • 10-12H2O] the dominant phosphate, with trace meta-ankoleite [K2(UO2)2(PO4)2 • 6(H2O)] and phurcalite [Ca2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2 • 7(H2O)]. The uranylvanadates carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2•3H2O] and meta-tyuyamunite [Ca(UO2)2 (VO4)2 • (35)H2O] are dominant where vanadium is present, such as at the Piedra Triste mine in the Laguna District (Fig. 3). Samples from the St. Anthony and Section 31 mi","PeriodicalId":192881,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Volume: \"Uranium in New Mexico: the Resource and the Legacy\", New Mexico Geological Society, 2017 Annual Spring Meeting","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115084064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a cave environment, speleothems may form by inorganic precipitation of calcite or by precipitation through microbial action. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an analytical technique that may be used to differentiate between these two types of speleothems. LIBS is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy that uses a high-powered laser to generate an ablation plasma on a sample surface. The emissions from the ablation plasma can then be analyzed to determine both the type and abundance of elements present in that sample. LIBS has several advantages over traditional analytical techniques in that it offers a rapid, portable, and in-situ method of analyzing samples in the field. This study uses LIBS to analyze a total of 40 samples collected from two caves in the Guadalupe Mountains of southeastern New Mexico. Under permit from the U.S. Forest Service 20 samples were collected from Cottonwood Cave and another 20 samples from Black Cave. Samples were selected to include speleothems suspected of being both biologic and non-biologic in origin and include stalactites, soda straws, calcite gravels, cave popcorn, pool fingers, and u-loops. Samples were transported to New Mexico State University and examined using a Hitachi T-1000 scanning electron microscope (SEM) to look for microbial textures such as rods, filaments, cocci, and biofilms. One-hundred shots per sample were taken using LIBS. The spectra collected using LIBS were used to construct and train a model using the multivariate technique of partial least regressive squares (PLSR) and the SEM data were used to validate this model. Using these techniques, we were able to successfully discriminate samples with microbial textures vs. inorganic textures with a 78% success rate for Cottonwood Cave and a 90% success rate for Black Cave.
{"title":"Distinguishing Calcite With and Without Biomarkers Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico","authors":"B. Jackson, N. McMillan","doi":"10.56577/sm-2017.531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2017.531","url":null,"abstract":"In a cave environment, speleothems may form by inorganic precipitation of calcite or by precipitation through microbial action. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an analytical technique that may be used to differentiate between these two types of speleothems. LIBS is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy that uses a high-powered laser to generate an ablation plasma on a sample surface. The emissions from the ablation plasma can then be analyzed to determine both the type and abundance of elements present in that sample. LIBS has several advantages over traditional analytical techniques in that it offers a rapid, portable, and in-situ method of analyzing samples in the field. This study uses LIBS to analyze a total of 40 samples collected from two caves in the Guadalupe Mountains of southeastern New Mexico. Under permit from the U.S. Forest Service 20 samples were collected from Cottonwood Cave and another 20 samples from Black Cave. Samples were selected to include speleothems suspected of being both biologic and non-biologic in origin and include stalactites, soda straws, calcite gravels, cave popcorn, pool fingers, and u-loops. Samples were transported to New Mexico State University and examined using a Hitachi T-1000 scanning electron microscope (SEM) to look for microbial textures such as rods, filaments, cocci, and biofilms. One-hundred shots per sample were taken using LIBS. The spectra collected using LIBS were used to construct and train a model using the multivariate technique of partial least regressive squares (PLSR) and the SEM data were used to validate this model. Using these techniques, we were able to successfully discriminate samples with microbial textures vs. inorganic textures with a 78% success rate for Cottonwood Cave and a 90% success rate for Black Cave.","PeriodicalId":192881,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Volume: \"Uranium in New Mexico: the Resource and the Legacy\", New Mexico Geological Society, 2017 Annual Spring Meeting","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123714001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Improved exploitation of the remaining uranium in the Grants Mineral District, New Mexico, hinges on the development of a mineral-element speciation determination method. Understanding the mobility and leachability of uranium in mine wastes and ores has importance in both industrial and environmental applications. To this end, we are evaluating the applicability of a previously established sequential chemical extraction method (where a sample is exposed to a series of increasingly aggressive reagents) for copper mine waste on three uranium minerals common to New Mexico: the primary ore mineral uraninite (uranium oxide) and the secondary ore minerals meta-autunite (hydrated calcium uranyl phosphate) and meta-tyuyamunite (calcium uranyl vanadate). We evaluated changes to mineral structure and composition via X-ray powder diffractometry and analysis of the leachate via ICP-MS. Sequential exposures to deionized water, 1 M NH4-acetate, 0.2 M NH4-oxalate, heated 0.2 M NH4-oxalate, and 35% H2O2 resulted in appreciable changes to mineral composition and abundance and yielded detectable amounts of uranium, molybdenum, vanadium, selenium, and calcium in the leachate as a result of mineral dissolution and/or desorption. With further refinement (i.e., testing on ore samples of mixed mineralogical composition), this method may be of use in evaluating the leachability and mineralogical makeup of uraniferous material (e.g., ore, waste rocks, tailings).
新墨西哥州格兰特矿区剩余铀的改进开采取决于矿物元素形态测定方法的发展。了解铀矿废物和矿石中铀的流动性和可浸性在工业和环境应用中都具有重要意义。为此，我们正在评估先前建立的顺序化学提取方法(将样品暴露于一系列越来越具有侵略性的试剂中)对新墨西哥州常见的三种铀矿物的铜矿废物的适用性:原矿矿物铀铀矿(氧化铀)和二次矿矿物间矿(水合磷酸铀酰钙)和间矿(钒铀酰钙)。我们通过x射线粉末衍射和ICP-MS对渗滤液进行分析来评估矿物结构和成分的变化。连续暴露于去离子水、1 M nh4 -乙酸盐、0.2 M nh4 -草酸盐、加热的0.2 M nh4 -草酸盐和35% H2O2中，导致矿物组成和丰度发生明显变化，并且由于矿物溶解和/或解吸，浸出液中产生了可检测到的铀、钼、钒、硒和钙。经过进一步的改进(即对混合矿物组成的矿石样品进行测试)，这种方法可用于评价含铀材料(例如矿石、废石、尾矿)的可浸性和矿物组成。
{"title":"Sequential Chemical Extraction as a Method to Determine Uranium Mineral Leachability and Speciation","authors":"A. Pearce, I. Walder, B. Frey, Virgil W. Lueth","doi":"10.56577/sm-2017.525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56577/sm-2017.525","url":null,"abstract":"Improved exploitation of the remaining uranium in the Grants Mineral District, New Mexico, hinges on the development of a mineral-element speciation determination method. Understanding the mobility and leachability of uranium in mine wastes and ores has importance in both industrial and environmental applications. To this end, we are evaluating the applicability of a previously established sequential chemical extraction method (where a sample is exposed to a series of increasingly aggressive reagents) for copper mine waste on three uranium minerals common to New Mexico: the primary ore mineral uraninite (uranium oxide) and the secondary ore minerals meta-autunite (hydrated calcium uranyl phosphate) and meta-tyuyamunite (calcium uranyl vanadate). We evaluated changes to mineral structure and composition via X-ray powder diffractometry and analysis of the leachate via ICP-MS. Sequential exposures to deionized water, 1 M NH4-acetate, 0.2 M NH4-oxalate, heated 0.2 M NH4-oxalate, and 35% H2O2 resulted in appreciable changes to mineral composition and abundance and yielded detectable amounts of uranium, molybdenum, vanadium, selenium, and calcium in the leachate as a result of mineral dissolution and/or desorption. With further refinement (i.e., testing on ore samples of mixed mineralogical composition), this method may be of use in evaluating the leachability and mineralogical makeup of uraniferous material (e.g., ore, waste rocks, tailings).","PeriodicalId":192881,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings Volume: \"Uranium in New Mexico: the Resource and the Legacy\", New Mexico Geological Society, 2017 Annual Spring Meeting","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128361607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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