Lot release testing of diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis vaccines traditionally relied on in vivo protection models involving challenge of laboratory animals with toxins. Meanwhile, many labs have switched to serological testing of these vaccines, which is often performed in separate in vivo assays, even if all components were formulated into one vaccine product. Here we describe the results of simultaneous serological potency determination of diphtheria (D), tetanus (T) and acellular pertussis (aP) antigens obtained following immunization of guinea pigs with multicomponent pediatric and booster vaccines from different manufacturers. The 4th World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard (IS) for diphtheria toxoid (No. 07/216) and the 4th WHO IS for tetanus toxoid (No. 08/218) were used as reference preparations. For aP, a pediatric vaccine batch containing the antigens pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin and fimbriae proteins type 2/3 was established as internal control. Quantification of IgG against D, T and aP antigens in guinea pig sera was performed using a hexaplex electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. We further provide proof-of-concept using experimental vaccine samples lacking or containing reduced amounts of diphtheria toxoid in the presence of full amounts of tetanus and pertussis antigens and alum adjuvant. Importantly, the assay confirmed dose-response relationships for all antigens tested and was able to detect diphtheria out-of-specification batches. The results confirmed the suitability of the protocol for combined serology batch release testing of DTaP combination vaccines as first measure towards implementation of full in vitro testing of DTaP vaccines. This report summarizes the data and the protocol used for validation prior to implementation of this method in routine batch release testing of DTaP vaccines, which led to replacement of in vivo challenge experiments in our laboratory following the 3 R (replace, reduce, refine) principle.
{"title":"Determination of DTaP vaccine potency by multiplex immunogenicity testing using electrochemiluminescence.","authors":"Bärbel Friedrichs, Simone Rehg, Kay-Martin Hanschmann, Volker Öppling, Isabelle Bekeredjian-Ding","doi":"10.1038/s41541-024-00915-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-024-00915-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lot release testing of diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis vaccines traditionally relied on in vivo protection models involving challenge of laboratory animals with toxins. Meanwhile, many labs have switched to serological testing of these vaccines, which is often performed in separate in vivo assays, even if all components were formulated into one vaccine product. Here we describe the results of simultaneous serological potency determination of diphtheria (D), tetanus (T) and acellular pertussis (aP) antigens obtained following immunization of guinea pigs with multicomponent pediatric and booster vaccines from different manufacturers. The 4th World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard (IS) for diphtheria toxoid (No. 07/216) and the 4th WHO IS for tetanus toxoid (No. 08/218) were used as reference preparations. For aP, a pediatric vaccine batch containing the antigens pertussis toxoid, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin and fimbriae proteins type 2/3 was established as internal control. Quantification of IgG against D, T and aP antigens in guinea pig sera was performed using a hexaplex electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. We further provide proof-of-concept using experimental vaccine samples lacking or containing reduced amounts of diphtheria toxoid in the presence of full amounts of tetanus and pertussis antigens and alum adjuvant. Importantly, the assay confirmed dose-response relationships for all antigens tested and was able to detect diphtheria out-of-specification batches. The results confirmed the suitability of the protocol for combined serology batch release testing of DTaP combination vaccines as first measure towards implementation of full in vitro testing of DTaP vaccines. This report summarizes the data and the protocol used for validation prior to implementation of this method in routine batch release testing of DTaP vaccines, which led to replacement of in vivo challenge experiments in our laboratory following the 3 R (replace, reduce, refine) principle.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"9 1","pages":"142"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11306252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141902509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00936-7
Amare Aregay, Jan Slunečko, Miša Korva, Petra Bogovic, Katarina Resman Rus, Nataša Knap, Jana Beicht, Mareike Kubinski, Giulietta Saletti, Tatjana Avšič-Županc, Imke Steffen, Franc Strle, Albert D M E Osterhaus, Guus F Rimmelzwaan
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) vaccine breakthrough (VBT) infections are not uncommon in endemic areas. The clinical and immunological outcomes have been poorly investigated. We assessed the magnitude and specificity of virus-specific antibody and T cell responses after TBE in previously vaccinated subjects and compared the results with those of unvaccinated TBE patients and study subjects that received vaccination without VBT infection. Symptomatic TBEV infection of unvaccinated study subjects induced virus-specific antibody responses to the E protein and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) as well as T cell responses to structural and other non-structural (NS) proteins. After VBT infections, significantly impaired NS1-specific antibody responses were observed, while the virus-specific T cell responses to the NS proteins were relatively strong. VBT infection caused predominantly moderate to severe disease during hospitalization. The level of TBEV EDIII- and NS1-specific antibodies in unvaccinated convalescent patients inversely correlated with TBE severity and neurological symptoms early after infection.
蜱传脑炎病毒(TBEV)疫苗突破(VBT)感染在流行地区并不少见。有关其临床和免疫学结果的研究很少。我们评估了之前接种过疫苗的受试者在 TBE 后病毒特异性抗体和 T 细胞反应的强度和特异性,并将其结果与未接种过疫苗的 TBE 患者和接种过疫苗但未感染 VBT 的受试者的结果进行了比较。未接种疫苗的研究对象感染 TBEV 后会出现 E 蛋白和非结构蛋白 1 (NS1) 的病毒特异性抗体反应,以及结构蛋白和其他非结构蛋白 (NS) 的 T 细胞反应。VBT感染后,NS1特异性抗体反应明显减弱,而病毒特异性T细胞对NS蛋白的反应则相对较强。在住院期间,VBT 感染主要导致中度到重度疾病。未接种疫苗的康复患者体内的TBEV EDIII和NS1特异性抗体水平与TBE的严重程度和感染后早期的神经症状成反比。
{"title":"Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine breakthrough infections induce aberrant T cell and antibody responses to non-structural proteins.","authors":"Amare Aregay, Jan Slunečko, Miša Korva, Petra Bogovic, Katarina Resman Rus, Nataša Knap, Jana Beicht, Mareike Kubinski, Giulietta Saletti, Tatjana Avšič-Županc, Imke Steffen, Franc Strle, Albert D M E Osterhaus, Guus F Rimmelzwaan","doi":"10.1038/s41541-024-00936-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-024-00936-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) vaccine breakthrough (VBT) infections are not uncommon in endemic areas. The clinical and immunological outcomes have been poorly investigated. We assessed the magnitude and specificity of virus-specific antibody and T cell responses after TBE in previously vaccinated subjects and compared the results with those of unvaccinated TBE patients and study subjects that received vaccination without VBT infection. Symptomatic TBEV infection of unvaccinated study subjects induced virus-specific antibody responses to the E protein and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) as well as T cell responses to structural and other non-structural (NS) proteins. After VBT infections, significantly impaired NS1-specific antibody responses were observed, while the virus-specific T cell responses to the NS proteins were relatively strong. VBT infection caused predominantly moderate to severe disease during hospitalization. The level of TBEV EDIII- and NS1-specific antibodies in unvaccinated convalescent patients inversely correlated with TBE severity and neurological symptoms early after infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"9 1","pages":"141"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11306791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141902510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00935-8
Yoonjin Kim, Sungyeun Bae, Kyung-Sang Yu, SeungHwan Lee, Chankyu Lee, Jinil Kim, Howard Her, Jaeseong Oh
A randomized, active-controlled, double-blind, first-in-human, phase 1 study was conducted in healthy Korean adults to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of EuNmCV-5, a new pentavalent meningococcal vaccine targeting serogroups A, C, W, X, and Y. Sixty participants randomly received a single dose of either EuNmCV-5 or MenACWY-CRM, a quadrivalent vaccine containing serogroups A, C, W, and Y. Safety was assessed through monitoring anaphylactic reactions, adverse events for 28 days, and serious adverse events over 180 days. Immunogenicity was assessed via rabbit complement-dependent serum bactericidal antibody (rSBA) assay. EuNmCV-5 was safe, well-tolerated, and elicited a substantial antibody titer increase. The seroprotection rates exceeded 96.7%, and the seroconversion rates were over 85% for all the targeted serogroups. It showed higher seroconversion rates against serogroups A and C (p = 0.0016 and 0.0237, respectively) and elicited a substantial increase in GMT for all targeted serogroups compared to the MenACWY-CRM.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05739292.
我们在健康的韩国成年人中开展了一项随机、主动对照、双盲、首例人体 1 期研究,以评估针对 A、C、W、X 和 Y 血清群的新型五价脑膜炎球菌疫苗 EuNmCV-5 的安全性、耐受性和免疫原性。60 名参与者随机接种一剂 EuNmCV-5 或 MenACWY-CRM(含 A、C、W 和 Y 血清群的四价疫苗)。安全性通过监测过敏反应、28 天的不良反应和 180 天的严重不良反应进行评估。免疫原性通过兔补体依赖性血清杀菌抗体(rSBA)测定进行评估。EuNmCV-5 安全、耐受性良好,并能显著提高抗体滴度。对所有目标血清群的血清保护率超过 96.7%,血清转换率超过 85%。与 MenACWY-CRM.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier.NCT05739292 相比,它对血清 A 群和 C 群的血清转换率更高(p = 0.0016 和 0.0237,分别为 0.0016 和 0.0237),对所有目标血清群的 GMT 抗体滴度也大幅提高:NCT05739292。
{"title":"A randomized study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a pentavalent meningococcal vaccine.","authors":"Yoonjin Kim, Sungyeun Bae, Kyung-Sang Yu, SeungHwan Lee, Chankyu Lee, Jinil Kim, Howard Her, Jaeseong Oh","doi":"10.1038/s41541-024-00935-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-024-00935-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A randomized, active-controlled, double-blind, first-in-human, phase 1 study was conducted in healthy Korean adults to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of EuNmCV-5, a new pentavalent meningococcal vaccine targeting serogroups A, C, W, X, and Y. Sixty participants randomly received a single dose of either EuNmCV-5 or MenACWY-CRM, a quadrivalent vaccine containing serogroups A, C, W, and Y. Safety was assessed through monitoring anaphylactic reactions, adverse events for 28 days, and serious adverse events over 180 days. Immunogenicity was assessed via rabbit complement-dependent serum bactericidal antibody (rSBA) assay. EuNmCV-5 was safe, well-tolerated, and elicited a substantial antibody titer increase. The seroprotection rates exceeded 96.7%, and the seroconversion rates were over 85% for all the targeted serogroups. It showed higher seroconversion rates against serogroups A and C (p = 0.0016 and 0.0237, respectively) and elicited a substantial increase in GMT for all targeted serogroups compared to the MenACWY-CRM.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05739292.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"9 1","pages":"140"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11306796/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141902508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00938-5
Samuel Phillips, Jon Hanger, Julien Grosmaire, Ahmed Mehdi, Martina Jelocnik, Jessie Wong, Peter Timms
In 2022, the Australian Government listed the koala as endangered in several states due to habitat destruction, traffic strikes, dog attacks, and Chlamydia pecorum disease. This study evaluates a 10-year assessment of a Major Outer Membrane Protein-based vaccine's effectiveness against chlamydial disease in wild koalas from Southeast Queensland. Over a decade, 680 koalas were tracked, with five vaccine trials involving 165 koalas. While prior studies only offered up to two years of data, this study's extended period allowed a thorough evaluation of vaccine efficacy. Results showed that vaccinated koalas had significantly lower disease incidence, with a 64% reduction in chlamydial mortality. This vaccine demonstrated positive impacts on both male and female koalas, highlighting its crucial role in conserving the Australian koala population and mitigating the threats they face.
{"title":"Immunisation of koalas against Chlamydia pecorum results in significant protection against chlamydial disease and mortality.","authors":"Samuel Phillips, Jon Hanger, Julien Grosmaire, Ahmed Mehdi, Martina Jelocnik, Jessie Wong, Peter Timms","doi":"10.1038/s41541-024-00938-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-024-00938-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2022, the Australian Government listed the koala as endangered in several states due to habitat destruction, traffic strikes, dog attacks, and Chlamydia pecorum disease. This study evaluates a 10-year assessment of a Major Outer Membrane Protein-based vaccine's effectiveness against chlamydial disease in wild koalas from Southeast Queensland. Over a decade, 680 koalas were tracked, with five vaccine trials involving 165 koalas. While prior studies only offered up to two years of data, this study's extended period allowed a thorough evaluation of vaccine efficacy. Results showed that vaccinated koalas had significantly lower disease incidence, with a 64% reduction in chlamydial mortality. This vaccine demonstrated positive impacts on both male and female koalas, highlighting its crucial role in conserving the Australian koala population and mitigating the threats they face.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"9 1","pages":"139"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11303382/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141897908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-03DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00923-y
Flavio Cargnin Faccin, C Joaquin Cáceres, L Claire Gay, Brittany Seibert, Nick van Bentem, Luis A Rodriguez, Ana Luiza Soares Fraiha, Matias Cardenas, Ginger Geiger, Lucia Ortiz, Silvia Carnaccini, Darrell R Kapczynski, Daniela S Rajao, Daniel R Perez
Avian influenza poses a severe threat to poultry production and global food security, prompting the development of vaccination programs in numerous countries. Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines, with their potential for mass application, offer a distinct advantage over existing options. However, concerns surrounding reversion, recombination, and unintended transmission have hindered the progress of MLV development for avian influenza in poultry. To address these concerns, we engineered reassortment-impaired, non-transmissible, safe, immunogenic, and protective MLVs through the rearrangement of internal gene segments and additional modifications to the surface gene segments HA and NA. The unique peptide marker aspartic acid-arginine-proline-alanine-valine-isoleucine-alanine-asparragine (DRPAVIAN) was incorporated into HA, while NA was modified to encode the chicken interleukin-18 (ckIL18) gene (MLV-H9N2-IL). In vitro, the MLV-H9N2 and MLV-H9N2-IL candidates demonstrated stability and virus titers comparable to the wild-type H9N2 strain. In chickens, the MLV-H9N2 and MLV-H9N2-IL candidates did not transmit via direct contact. Co-infection studies with wild-type virus confirmed that the altered HA and NA segments exhibited fitness disadvantages and did not reassort. Vaccinated chickens showed no clinical signs upon vaccination, all seroconverted, and the inclusion of ckIL18 in the MLV-H9N2-IL vaccine enhanced neutralizing antibody production. A significant decrease in viral loads post-challenge underscored the protective effect of the MLVs. The MLV-H9N2-IL vaccine, administered via drinking water, proved immunogenic in chickens in a dose-dependent manner, generating protective levels of neutralizing antibodies upon aggressive homologous virus challenge. In summary, this study lays the groundwork for safe MLVs against avian influenza suitable for mass vaccination efforts.
禽流感对家禽生产和全球食品安全构成严重威胁,促使许多国家制定了疫苗接种计划。改良活病毒 (MLV) 疫苗具有大规模应用的潜力,与现有方案相比具有明显优势。然而,围绕还原、重组和意外传播的担忧阻碍了针对家禽禽流感的 MLV 开发进程。为了解决这些问题,我们通过对内部基因片段进行重排,并对表面基因片段 HA 和 NA 进行额外修饰,设计出了重排受损、不可传播、安全、免疫原性和保护性的 MLV。在 HA 中加入了独特的肽标记天冬氨酸-精氨酸-脯氨酸-丙氨酸-缬氨酸-异亮氨酸-丙氨酸-天冬酰胺(DRPAVIAN),而 NA 则被修饰为编码鸡白细胞介素-18(ckIL18)基因(MLV-H9N2-IL)。在体外,MLV-H9N2 和 MLV-H9N2-IL 候选株表现出与野生型 H9N2 株相当的稳定性和病毒滴度。在鸡体内,MLV-H9N2 和 MLV-H9N2-IL 候选株不会通过直接接触传播。与野生型病毒的共感染研究证实,改变的 HA 和 NA 片段表现出适应性劣势,不会发生重配。接种疫苗的鸡在接种后没有出现任何临床症状,所有鸡都发生了血清转换,在 MLV-H9N2-IL 疫苗中加入 ckIL18 可提高中和抗体的产生。挑战后病毒载量的明显降低突出了 MLV 的保护作用。通过饮用水接种的 MLV-H9N2-IL 疫苗证明对鸡具有免疫原性,其免疫原性呈剂量依赖性,在受到同源病毒攻击时可产生保护性的中和抗体。总之,这项研究为开发适合大规模疫苗接种的安全禽流感 MLV 奠定了基础。
{"title":"Mass vaccination with reassortment-impaired live H9N2 avian influenza vaccine.","authors":"Flavio Cargnin Faccin, C Joaquin Cáceres, L Claire Gay, Brittany Seibert, Nick van Bentem, Luis A Rodriguez, Ana Luiza Soares Fraiha, Matias Cardenas, Ginger Geiger, Lucia Ortiz, Silvia Carnaccini, Darrell R Kapczynski, Daniela S Rajao, Daniel R Perez","doi":"10.1038/s41541-024-00923-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-024-00923-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian influenza poses a severe threat to poultry production and global food security, prompting the development of vaccination programs in numerous countries. Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines, with their potential for mass application, offer a distinct advantage over existing options. However, concerns surrounding reversion, recombination, and unintended transmission have hindered the progress of MLV development for avian influenza in poultry. To address these concerns, we engineered reassortment-impaired, non-transmissible, safe, immunogenic, and protective MLVs through the rearrangement of internal gene segments and additional modifications to the surface gene segments HA and NA. The unique peptide marker aspartic acid-arginine-proline-alanine-valine-isoleucine-alanine-asparragine (DRPAVIAN) was incorporated into HA, while NA was modified to encode the chicken interleukin-18 (ckIL18) gene (MLV-H9N2-IL). In vitro, the MLV-H9N2 and MLV-H9N2-IL candidates demonstrated stability and virus titers comparable to the wild-type H9N2 strain. In chickens, the MLV-H9N2 and MLV-H9N2-IL candidates did not transmit via direct contact. Co-infection studies with wild-type virus confirmed that the altered HA and NA segments exhibited fitness disadvantages and did not reassort. Vaccinated chickens showed no clinical signs upon vaccination, all seroconverted, and the inclusion of ckIL18 in the MLV-H9N2-IL vaccine enhanced neutralizing antibody production. A significant decrease in viral loads post-challenge underscored the protective effect of the MLVs. The MLV-H9N2-IL vaccine, administered via drinking water, proved immunogenic in chickens in a dose-dependent manner, generating protective levels of neutralizing antibodies upon aggressive homologous virus challenge. In summary, this study lays the groundwork for safe MLVs against avian influenza suitable for mass vaccination efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"9 1","pages":"136"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11297921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-03DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00932-x
Xiaole Cui, Pieter Vervaeke, Ya Gao, Lisa Opsomer, Qing Sun, Janne Snoeck, Bert Devriendt, Zifu Zhong, Niek N Sanders
This study reports on the immunogenicity and biodistribution of H5 hemagglutinin (HA)-based self-amplifying (sa) mRNA vaccines in mice. Four sa-mRNA vaccines encoding either a secreted full-length HA, a secreted HA head domain, a secreted HA stalk domain, or a full-length membrane-anchored HA were investigated. All vaccines elicited an adaptive immune response. However, the full-length HA sa-RNA vaccines demonstrated superior performance compared to head and stalk domain vaccines. The antibody titers positively correlated with the vaccine dose. Cellular immune responses and antigen-specific IgA antibodies in the lungs were also observed. The comparison of the sa-mRNA vaccines encoding the secreted and membrane-anchored full-length HA revealed that anchoring of the HA to the membrane significantly enhanced the antibody and cellular responses. In addition to the injection site, the intramuscularly injected sa-mRNA-LNPs were also detected in the draining lymph nodes, spleen, and to a lesser extent, in the lung, kidney, liver, and heart.
本研究报告了基于H5血凝素(HA)的自扩增(sa)mRNA疫苗在小鼠体内的免疫原性和生物分布。研究了编码分泌型全长 HA、分泌型 HA 头域、分泌型 HA 柄域或全长膜锚定 HA 的四种 sa-mRNA 疫苗。所有疫苗都引起了适应性免疫反应。不过,与头域和柄域疫苗相比,全长 HA sa-RNA 疫苗表现出更优越的性能。抗体滴度与疫苗剂量呈正相关。肺部也出现了细胞免疫反应和抗原特异性 IgA 抗体。对编码分泌型和膜锚定型全长 HA 的 sa-mRNA 疫苗进行比较后发现,将 HA 固定在膜上可显著增强抗体和细胞反应。除注射部位外,肌肉注射的 sa-mRNA-LNPs 还在引流淋巴结和脾脏中被检测到,其次在肺、肾、肝和心脏中也被检测到。
{"title":"Immunogenicity and biodistribution of lipid nanoparticle formulated self-amplifying mRNA vaccines against H5 avian influenza.","authors":"Xiaole Cui, Pieter Vervaeke, Ya Gao, Lisa Opsomer, Qing Sun, Janne Snoeck, Bert Devriendt, Zifu Zhong, Niek N Sanders","doi":"10.1038/s41541-024-00932-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-024-00932-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study reports on the immunogenicity and biodistribution of H5 hemagglutinin (HA)-based self-amplifying (sa) mRNA vaccines in mice. Four sa-mRNA vaccines encoding either a secreted full-length HA, a secreted HA head domain, a secreted HA stalk domain, or a full-length membrane-anchored HA were investigated. All vaccines elicited an adaptive immune response. However, the full-length HA sa-RNA vaccines demonstrated superior performance compared to head and stalk domain vaccines. The antibody titers positively correlated with the vaccine dose. Cellular immune responses and antigen-specific IgA antibodies in the lungs were also observed. The comparison of the sa-mRNA vaccines encoding the secreted and membrane-anchored full-length HA revealed that anchoring of the HA to the membrane significantly enhanced the antibody and cellular responses. In addition to the injection site, the intramuscularly injected sa-mRNA-LNPs were also detected in the draining lymph nodes, spleen, and to a lesser extent, in the lung, kidney, liver, and heart.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"9 1","pages":"138"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11298010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-03DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00928-7
Sebastian Jäckle, James K Timmis
Recent studies demonstrate that sociopolitical attitudes partially explain variance in (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine hesitancy and uptake. Other attitudes, such as those towards esoteric beliefs, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and religion, have also been proposed. However, pertinent studies provide limited direction for public health efforts, as the impact of such attitudes has been tested in isolation or on different outcomes. Moreover, related associations between SARS-CoV-2 immunization drivers as well as views towards other modes of immunization (e.g., routine pediatric immunization), remain unclear. Based on a sample of ~7400 survey participants (Germany), where esoteric belief systems and CAM (Waldorf, homeopathy) are rather prevalent, and controlling for other sociological factors, we found that (i) individuals with positive attitudes towards Waldorf education and homeopathy are significantly less likely to have received a (further) dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine compared to those with positive views of mainstream medicine; (ii) for the former, immunization decisions are primarily driven by external pressures, and for the latter overwhelmingly by voluntary considerations; (iii) attitudes influencing adult SARS-CoV-2 vaccine uptake similarly influence views towards routine pediatric immunization. Our findings provide significant evidence informing a more nuanced design of public health and communication campaigns, and pertinent policies.
{"title":"Esoteric beliefs and CAM impact SARS-CoV-2 immunization drivers, uptake and pediatric immunization views in Germany.","authors":"Sebastian Jäckle, James K Timmis","doi":"10.1038/s41541-024-00928-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-024-00928-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies demonstrate that sociopolitical attitudes partially explain variance in (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine hesitancy and uptake. Other attitudes, such as those towards esoteric beliefs, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and religion, have also been proposed. However, pertinent studies provide limited direction for public health efforts, as the impact of such attitudes has been tested in isolation or on different outcomes. Moreover, related associations between SARS-CoV-2 immunization drivers as well as views towards other modes of immunization (e.g., routine pediatric immunization), remain unclear. Based on a sample of ~7400 survey participants (Germany), where esoteric belief systems and CAM (Waldorf, homeopathy) are rather prevalent, and controlling for other sociological factors, we found that (i) individuals with positive attitudes towards Waldorf education and homeopathy are significantly less likely to have received a (further) dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine compared to those with positive views of mainstream medicine; (ii) for the former, immunization decisions are primarily driven by external pressures, and for the latter overwhelmingly by voluntary considerations; (iii) attitudes influencing adult SARS-CoV-2 vaccine uptake similarly influence views towards routine pediatric immunization. Our findings provide significant evidence informing a more nuanced design of public health and communication campaigns, and pertinent policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"9 1","pages":"137"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11297982/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141889872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Under the dual pressure of emerging zoonoses and the difficulty in eliminating conventional zoonoses, the strategic management of bird diseases through vaccination represents a highly efficacious approach to disrupting the transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans. Immunization with a DNA vaccine yielded limited protection against avian pathogen infection. To improve its immunogenicity, the extracellular domain of duck-derived CD40L (designated as dusCD40L) was employed as a bio-adjuvant. Our findings unequivocally established the evolutionary conservation of dusCD40L across avian species. Notably, dusCD40L exhibited a compelling capacity to elicit robust immune responses from both B and T lymphocytes. Furthermore, when employed as an adjuvant, dusCD40L demonstrated a remarkable capacity to significantly augment the titers of neutralizing antibodies and the production of IFNγ elicited by a DNA vaccine encoding the prM-E region of an avian flavivirus, namely, the Tembusu virus (TMUV). Moreover, dusCD40L could strengthen virus clearance of the prM-E DNA vaccine in ducks post-TMUV challenge. This research study presents a highly effective adjuvant for advancing the development of DNA vaccines targeting TMUV in avian hosts. Additionally, it underscores the pivotal role of duCD40L as a potent adjuvant in the context of vaccines designed to combat zoonotic infections in avian species.
在新出现的人畜共患病和难以消除传统人畜共患疾病的双重压力下,通过接种疫苗对禽类疾病进行战略管理是阻断人畜共患病病原体向人类传播的一种高效方法。使用 DNA 疫苗免疫对禽类病原体感染的保护效果有限。为了提高疫苗的免疫原性,我们采用了鸭源 CD40L 的细胞外结构域(命名为 dusCD40L)作为生物佐剂。我们的研究结果明确证实了 dusCD40L 在禽类物种中的进化保护性。值得注意的是,dusCD40L 在诱导 B 淋巴细胞和 T 淋巴细胞产生强有力的免疫反应方面表现出令人信服的能力。此外,在用作佐剂时,dusCD40L 还能显著提高中和抗体滴度,并显著提高编码禽黄病毒(TMUV)prM-E 区域的 DNA 疫苗所诱导的 IFNγ 的产生。此外,dusCD40L还能加强TMUV挑战后鸭对prM-E DNA疫苗的病毒清除。这项研究提出了一种高效的佐剂,可用于推进针对禽类宿主的 TMUV DNA 疫苗的开发。此外,该研究还强调了duCD40L作为一种强效佐剂,在防治禽类人畜共患病疫苗中的关键作用。
{"title":"Duck CD40L as an adjuvant enhances systemic immune responses of avian flavivirus DNA vaccine.","authors":"Juan Huang, Guiyuan Luo, Wanfa Wang, Yuxin Lu, Mingshu Wang, Mafeng Liu, Dekang Zhu, Shun Chen, Xinxin Zhao, Qiao Yang, Ying Wu, Shaqiu Zhang, Xumin Ou, Bin Tian, Di Sun, Yu He, Zhen Wu, Anchun Cheng, Renyong Jia","doi":"10.1038/s41541-024-00926-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-024-00926-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Under the dual pressure of emerging zoonoses and the difficulty in eliminating conventional zoonoses, the strategic management of bird diseases through vaccination represents a highly efficacious approach to disrupting the transmission of zoonotic pathogens to humans. Immunization with a DNA vaccine yielded limited protection against avian pathogen infection. To improve its immunogenicity, the extracellular domain of duck-derived CD40L (designated as dusCD40L) was employed as a bio-adjuvant. Our findings unequivocally established the evolutionary conservation of dusCD40L across avian species. Notably, dusCD40L exhibited a compelling capacity to elicit robust immune responses from both B and T lymphocytes. Furthermore, when employed as an adjuvant, dusCD40L demonstrated a remarkable capacity to significantly augment the titers of neutralizing antibodies and the production of IFNγ elicited by a DNA vaccine encoding the prM-E region of an avian flavivirus, namely, the Tembusu virus (TMUV). Moreover, dusCD40L could strengthen virus clearance of the prM-E DNA vaccine in ducks post-TMUV challenge. This research study presents a highly effective adjuvant for advancing the development of DNA vaccines targeting TMUV in avian hosts. Additionally, it underscores the pivotal role of duCD40L as a potent adjuvant in the context of vaccines designed to combat zoonotic infections in avian species.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"9 1","pages":"135"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11291490/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00903-2
Jessica J Harrison, Wilson Nguyen, Mahali S Morgan, Bing Tang, Gervais Habarugira, Henry de Malmanche, Morgan E Freney, Naphak Modhiran, Daniel Watterson, Abigail L Cox, Kexin Yan, Nicholas K Y Yuen, Dylan H Bowman, Peter D Kirkland, Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Andreas Suhrbier, Roy A Hall, Daniel J Rawle, Jody Hobson-Peters
In 2022, a genotype IV (GIV) strain of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) caused an unprecedented and widespread outbreak of disease in pigs and humans in Australia. As no veterinary vaccines against JEV are approved in Australia and all current approved human and veterinary vaccines are derived from genotype (G) III JEV strains, we used the recently described insect-specific Binjari virus (BinJV) chimeric flavivirus vaccine technology to produce a JEV GIV vaccine candidate. Herein we describe the production of a chimeric virus displaying the structural prM and E proteins of a JEV GIV isolate obtained from a stillborn piglet (JEVNSW/22) in the genomic backbone of BinJV (BinJ/JEVNSW/22-prME). BinJ/JEVNSW/22-prME was shown to be antigenically indistinguishable from the JEVNSW/22 parental virus by KD analysis and a panel of JEV-reactive monoclonal antibodies in ELISA. BinJ/JEVNSW/22-prME replicated efficiently in C6/36 cells, reaching titres of >107 infectious units/mL - an important attribute for vaccine manufacture. As expected, BinJ/JEVNSW/22-prME failed to replicate in a variety of vertebrate cells lines. When used to immunise mice, the vaccine induced a potent virus neutralising response against JEVNSW/22 and to GII and GIII JEV strains. The BinJ/JEVNSW/22-prME vaccine provided complete protection against lethal challenge with JEVNSW/22, whilst also providing partial protection against viraemia and disease for the related Murray Valley encephalitis virus. Our results demonstrate that BinJ/JEVNSW/22-prME is a promising vaccine candidate against JEV.
{"title":"A chimeric vaccine derived from Australian genotype IV Japanese encephalitis virus protects mice from lethal challenge.","authors":"Jessica J Harrison, Wilson Nguyen, Mahali S Morgan, Bing Tang, Gervais Habarugira, Henry de Malmanche, Morgan E Freney, Naphak Modhiran, Daniel Watterson, Abigail L Cox, Kexin Yan, Nicholas K Y Yuen, Dylan H Bowman, Peter D Kirkland, Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Andreas Suhrbier, Roy A Hall, Daniel J Rawle, Jody Hobson-Peters","doi":"10.1038/s41541-024-00903-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-024-00903-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2022, a genotype IV (GIV) strain of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) caused an unprecedented and widespread outbreak of disease in pigs and humans in Australia. As no veterinary vaccines against JEV are approved in Australia and all current approved human and veterinary vaccines are derived from genotype (G) III JEV strains, we used the recently described insect-specific Binjari virus (BinJV) chimeric flavivirus vaccine technology to produce a JEV GIV vaccine candidate. Herein we describe the production of a chimeric virus displaying the structural prM and E proteins of a JEV GIV isolate obtained from a stillborn piglet (JEV<sub>NSW/22</sub>) in the genomic backbone of BinJV (BinJ/JEV<sub>NSW/22-</sub>prME). BinJ/JEV<sub>NSW/22-</sub>prME was shown to be antigenically indistinguishable from the JEV<sub>NSW/22</sub> parental virus by K<sub>D</sub> analysis and a panel of JEV-reactive monoclonal antibodies in ELISA. BinJ/JEV<sub>NSW/22-</sub>prME replicated efficiently in C6/36 cells, reaching titres of >10<sup>7</sup> infectious units/mL - an important attribute for vaccine manufacture. As expected, BinJ/JEV<sub>NSW/22-</sub>prME failed to replicate in a variety of vertebrate cells lines. When used to immunise mice, the vaccine induced a potent virus neutralising response against JEV<sub>NSW/22</sub> and to GII and GIII JEV strains. The BinJ/JEV<sub>NSW/22-</sub>prME vaccine provided complete protection against lethal challenge with JEV<sub>NSW/22</sub>, whilst also providing partial protection against viraemia and disease for the related Murray Valley encephalitis virus. Our results demonstrate that BinJ/JEV<sub>NSW/22-</sub>prME is a promising vaccine candidate against JEV.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"9 1","pages":"134"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11291493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00922-z
Gang Wang, Abhishek K Verma, Juan Shi, Xiaoqing Guan, David K Meyerholz, Fan Bu, Wei Wen, Bin Liu, Fang Li, Stanley Perlman, Lanying Du
Although Omicron RBD of SARS-CoV-2 accumulates many mutations, the backbone region (truncated RBD) of spike protein is highly conserved. Here, we designed several subunit vaccines by keeping the conserved spike backbone region of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 subvariant (S-6P-no-RBD), or inserting the RBD of Delta variant (S-6P-Delta-RBD), Omicron (BA.5) variant (S-6P-BA5-RBD), or ancestral SARS-CoV-2 (S-6P-WT-RBD) to the above backbone construct, and evaluated their ability to induce immune responses and cross-protective efficacy against various SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-CoV. Among the four subunit vaccines, S-6P-Delta-RBD protein elicited broad and potent neutralizing antibodies against all SARS-CoV-2 variants tested, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants, the BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.75, BA.4.6, and BA.5 Omicron subvariants, and the ancestral strain of SARS-CoV-2. This vaccine prevented infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, and completely protected immunized mice against lethal challenge with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant and SARS-CoV. Sera from S-6P-Delta-RBD-immunized mice protected naive mice against challenge with the Delta variant, with significantly reduced viral titers and without pathological effects. Protection correlated positively with the serum neutralizing antibody titer. Overall, the designed vaccine has potential for development as a universal COVID-19 vaccine and/or a pan-sarbecovirus subunit vaccine that will prevent current and future outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-related CoVs.
{"title":"Universal subunit vaccine protects against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-CoV.","authors":"Gang Wang, Abhishek K Verma, Juan Shi, Xiaoqing Guan, David K Meyerholz, Fan Bu, Wei Wen, Bin Liu, Fang Li, Stanley Perlman, Lanying Du","doi":"10.1038/s41541-024-00922-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-024-00922-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although Omicron RBD of SARS-CoV-2 accumulates many mutations, the backbone region (truncated RBD) of spike protein is highly conserved. Here, we designed several subunit vaccines by keeping the conserved spike backbone region of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 subvariant (S-6P-no-RBD), or inserting the RBD of Delta variant (S-6P-Delta-RBD), Omicron (BA.5) variant (S-6P-BA5-RBD), or ancestral SARS-CoV-2 (S-6P-WT-RBD) to the above backbone construct, and evaluated their ability to induce immune responses and cross-protective efficacy against various SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-CoV. Among the four subunit vaccines, S-6P-Delta-RBD protein elicited broad and potent neutralizing antibodies against all SARS-CoV-2 variants tested, including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants, the BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.75, BA.4.6, and BA.5 Omicron subvariants, and the ancestral strain of SARS-CoV-2. This vaccine prevented infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron, and completely protected immunized mice against lethal challenge with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant and SARS-CoV. Sera from S-6P-Delta-RBD-immunized mice protected naive mice against challenge with the Delta variant, with significantly reduced viral titers and without pathological effects. Protection correlated positively with the serum neutralizing antibody titer. Overall, the designed vaccine has potential for development as a universal COVID-19 vaccine and/or a pan-sarbecovirus subunit vaccine that will prevent current and future outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-related CoVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"9 1","pages":"133"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11272943/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141760061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}