Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Brucella , common to certain animals, both domestic and wild, and to humans. Historically, this disease is known as Malta fever or melitococcal disease. The causative agent was isolated in 1887 on the Island of Malta by David Bruce. Its extension is worldwide with a predominance in developing countries. The determinants of the epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa are not well understood and the available data are fragmentary and sometimes insufficient. This bacterial infection affects thousands of people around the world. The main clinical signs of brucellosis in small ruminants are abortion, retained placenta, stillbirth, orchitis and arthritis. Infected animals, milk and dairy products are the sources of infection in humans. B. melitensis , B. abortus and B. suis are the most important species in terms of public health and economy. Pigs are the source of almost all human contaminations. B. melitensis , the species most frequently implicated in human pathology, is largely predominant in sheep and goats. This organism contains three biovars and all of them can cause disease in small ruminants. The purpose of this article is to summarize the epidemiological data collected from bibliographic references: the causative agent of the disease, clinical manifestations, sources and modes of transmission of infection, diagnosis and prophylaxis.
布鲁氏菌病是一种由布鲁氏菌属细菌引起的人畜共患传染病，常见于某些家养和野生动物以及人类。历史上，这种疾病被称为马耳他热或虫球菌病。1887年，大卫·布鲁斯在马耳他岛分离出了这种病原体。它的扩展是世界性的，在发展中国家占主导地位。撒哈拉以南非洲小反刍动物疾病流行病学的决定因素尚未得到很好的了解，现有的数据是零碎的，有时是不充分的。这种细菌感染影响着全世界成千上万的人。小反刍动物布鲁氏菌病的主要临床症状为流产、胎盘残留、死胎、睾丸炎和关节炎。受感染的动物、牛奶和乳制品是人类感染的来源。melitensis, B. abortus和B. suis在公共卫生和经济方面是最重要的物种。猪是几乎所有人类污染的来源。羊分枝杆菌是最常与人类病理有关的物种，在绵羊和山羊中主要存在。这种生物含有三种生物变体，它们都能引起小反刍动物的疾病。本文的目的是总结从文献资料中收集到的流行病学资料:疾病的病原体、临床表现、感染的来源和传播方式、诊断和预防。
{"title":"Epidemiology of Brucellosis in Small Ruminants","authors":"B. Kebkiba","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000199","url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Brucella , common to certain animals, both domestic and wild, and to humans. Historically, this disease is known as Malta fever or melitococcal disease. The causative agent was isolated in 1887 on the Island of Malta by David Bruce. Its extension is worldwide with a predominance in developing countries. The determinants of the epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants in sub-Saharan Africa are not well understood and the available data are fragmentary and sometimes insufficient. This bacterial infection affects thousands of people around the world. The main clinical signs of brucellosis in small ruminants are abortion, retained placenta, stillbirth, orchitis and arthritis. Infected animals, milk and dairy products are the sources of infection in humans. B. melitensis , B. abortus and B. suis are the most important species in terms of public health and economy. Pigs are the source of almost all human contaminations. B. melitensis , the species most frequently implicated in human pathology, is largely predominant in sheep and goats. This organism contains three biovars and all of them can cause disease in small ruminants. The purpose of this article is to summarize the epidemiological data collected from bibliographic references: the causative agent of the disease, clinical manifestations, sources and modes of transmission of infection, diagnosis and prophylaxis.","PeriodicalId":19559,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72649355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tuberculosis (TB) is the major cause of mortality across the world. About one-third of world population is affected by this fatal disease. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 Rv ( M. tuberculosis ) which is a gram- positive bacterium is responsible for the cause of TB. M. tuberculosis is spreading its roots worldwide with the help of various survival mechanisms and making its cure more difficult. In the present study, we have made use of various in-silico tools to predict the properties of Rv1651c which is a member of the PE_PGRS protein family. This manuscript reveals some important aspects of Rv1651c as its function is still unknown. The major part of this study includes protein sequence retrieval, multiple sequence alignment, protein-protein interaction study, epitope prediction, localization, function prediction, structure prediction and its validation, ligand binding prediction and mutational analysis. This protein shows the presence of GTP-binding motifs such as DXXG and GXXXXGK. These motifs can be targeted to mutate the protein and thereby, decrease its stability. This protein also shows similarity with enzyme ribose-5-phosphate isomerase, which performs the function of interconversion of ribose-5-phosphate and ribulose-5-phosphate. This similarity proves to be of great importance as this protein has ribulose-5-phosphate as one of its predicted ligands. All these in-silico generated results of Rv1651c give a hint of it being involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Carbohydrate metabolism is an important process required for the production of energy molecules. Thus, this protein might be targeted to block the carbohydrate metabolism pathway. These prediction-based studies using computational approach might prove to be a successful step towards developing drugs against TB.
{"title":"Revelation of the Involvement of Rv1651c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 Rv in Carbohydrate Metabolism","authors":"Laxman S. Meena","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000204","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is the major cause of mortality across the world. About one-third of world population is affected by this fatal disease. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 Rv ( M. tuberculosis ) which is a gram- positive bacterium is responsible for the cause of TB. M. tuberculosis is spreading its roots worldwide with the help of various survival mechanisms and making its cure more difficult. In the present study, we have made use of various in-silico tools to predict the properties of Rv1651c which is a member of the PE_PGRS protein family. This manuscript reveals some important aspects of Rv1651c as its function is still unknown. The major part of this study includes protein sequence retrieval, multiple sequence alignment, protein-protein interaction study, epitope prediction, localization, function prediction, structure prediction and its validation, ligand binding prediction and mutational analysis. This protein shows the presence of GTP-binding motifs such as DXXG and GXXXXGK. These motifs can be targeted to mutate the protein and thereby, decrease its stability. This protein also shows similarity with enzyme ribose-5-phosphate isomerase, which performs the function of interconversion of ribose-5-phosphate and ribulose-5-phosphate. This similarity proves to be of great importance as this protein has ribulose-5-phosphate as one of its predicted ligands. All these in-silico generated results of Rv1651c give a hint of it being involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Carbohydrate metabolism is an important process required for the production of energy molecules. Thus, this protein might be targeted to block the carbohydrate metabolism pathway. These prediction-based studies using computational approach might prove to be a successful step towards developing drugs against TB.","PeriodicalId":19559,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84796246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper it is shown that information is involved in operations, independently of their source or support, chemical, physical or mathematical ones. Particularly, it is shown that info-structuration and info-destructuration are participatory processes typically in biological organisms, which can be represented schematically as a relation between the interacting components, highlighting that the info-structuration is an information-absorbing process and info-destructuration is an info-releasing one. Moreover, functions and functionality of an organism, as a combination of multiple interacting components, are actually expressed as information. It is also shown on this basis that can be distinguished and defined seven informational systems both in the human/sub-human bodies and in the living unit, which is the eukaryotic cell. An info-circuit of a sense perception can be described in terms of typical info-communication systems, as composed by information source (captured sensation), a coder (the involved sensor), a transmission channel (nervous system in animals or pathways in the cell), the decoder (brain in human and sub-human organisms or specialized reaction in the cell) and the displaying “screen" (prefrontal cortex in the brain or sensitive interpreter in the cell). Therefore, it is deduced that a proto-consciousness could be defined not only for the human and sub-human organisms, as rudimentary as the brain circuits are less complex in comparison with the brain, but also in the cell, marked by sentient-decisional pathways/micro-circuits and genetic transcription/translation (body info-(re) structuration) and/or replication (reproduction) processes.
{"title":"Information as an Essential Component of the Biological Structures and Their Informational Organization","authors":"G. F","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000198","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper it is shown that information is involved in operations, independently of their source or support, chemical, physical or mathematical ones. Particularly, it is shown that info-structuration and info-destructuration are participatory processes typically in biological organisms, which can be represented schematically as a relation between the interacting components, highlighting that the info-structuration is an information-absorbing process and info-destructuration is an info-releasing one. Moreover, functions and functionality of an organism, as a combination of multiple interacting components, are actually expressed as information. It is also shown on this basis that can be distinguished and defined seven informational systems both in the human/sub-human bodies and in the living unit, which is the eukaryotic cell. An info-circuit of a sense perception can be described in terms of typical info-communication systems, as composed by information source (captured sensation), a coder (the involved sensor), a transmission channel (nervous system in animals or pathways in the cell), the decoder (brain in human and sub-human organisms or specialized reaction in the cell) and the displaying “screen\" (prefrontal cortex in the brain or sensitive interpreter in the cell). Therefore, it is deduced that a proto-consciousness could be defined not only for the human and sub-human organisms, as rudimentary as the brain circuits are less complex in comparison with the brain, but also in the cell, marked by sentient-decisional pathways/micro-circuits and genetic transcription/translation (body info-(re) structuration) and/or replication (reproduction) processes.","PeriodicalId":19559,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90037264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Waste materials discharged from any industries without any treatment may cause serious environmental problems which may consequently affect public health. Present study design to screen the proliferation of microorganisms in different waste and environmental samples near industrial areas along with the assessment of the presence of antibacterial substances. The existence of the total viable bacteria and fungi was estimated up to 10 7 cfu/g and 10 4 cfu/g, respectively, in solid wastes. For liquid wastes, the total viable bacteria were recovered up to 10 7 cfu/mL and fungi were observed up to 10 5 cfu/mL. Both types of samples were found to be contaminated with an array of pathogenic bacteria including Klebsiella spp ., Staphylococcus spp ., and Vibrio spp . Conversely, some medical and pharmaceutical waste samples were found to inhibit the growth of laboratory isolates tested which indicate the presence of antibiotics residues. Finally, the huge microbial load and the possible presence of antibiotic or other antimicrobial residues render the samples a major public health concern.
{"title":"Prevalence of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Determination of Possible Presence of Antimicrobial Residues in Industrial and Medical Wastes","authors":"Munshi Sk","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000209","url":null,"abstract":"Waste materials discharged from any industries without any treatment may cause serious environmental problems which may consequently affect public health. Present study design to screen the proliferation of microorganisms in different waste and environmental samples near industrial areas along with the assessment of the presence of antibacterial substances. The existence of the total viable bacteria and fungi was estimated up to 10 7 cfu/g and 10 4 cfu/g, respectively, in solid wastes. For liquid wastes, the total viable bacteria were recovered up to 10 7 cfu/mL and fungi were observed up to 10 5 cfu/mL. Both types of samples were found to be contaminated with an array of pathogenic bacteria including Klebsiella spp ., Staphylococcus spp ., and Vibrio spp . Conversely, some medical and pharmaceutical waste samples were found to inhibit the growth of laboratory isolates tested which indicate the presence of antibiotics residues. Finally, the huge microbial load and the possible presence of antibiotic or other antimicrobial residues render the samples a major public health concern.","PeriodicalId":19559,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75579828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background of Study: Microorganisms in particular have been regarded as treasure of useful enzymes. There is a great variation between various genera as to their ability to produce a specific enzyme for the production of particular enzymes varies with the particular medium and pH. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, ATBU, Bauchi Nigeria, from November, 2020 to October, 2021. Aim: This study was aimed to isolates fungi from disposed maize cobs and evaluates its potentials to produce amylase. Methods: Twelve samples each was collected from three different areas; market place, farmland and residential areas in Bauchi metropolis, (a total of 36 samples in all) using precise aseptic techniques. Each sample was collected using clean polythene bag, transported to the lab and aseptically blended. One gram of each sample was aseptically weighed and placed in a test tube containing sterile water; it was then allowed to stand for 30 minutes. One ml of the stock solution was serially diluted and 10ml dilution of each sample was plated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. The plate was incubated at 25°C within a period of three, five and seven days during which they were monitored and examined, to isolate the required fungi species. The isolates were tested for amylolytic activity using 1% iodine and screen for amylase production by pre-treatment and solid state fermentation, then α-amylase activity finally determined. Results: Amylase-producing fungi were isolated from maize cobs collected from residence, market and farm areas in Bauchi metropolis. The ability of ten (10) fungal isolates recovered, (Mucor racemosus, Aspergillus niger Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus oryzae, Microsporum sp, Trichoderma sp, Nocardia sp, Monilla sp, Fusarium sp and Chaetomum sp) to degrade starch was determined. Three (3) of the fungal isolates Aspergillus niger Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus oryzae, had the highest frequency of (20%) each. Four (4) of the fungal isolates (Mucor racemosus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus oryzae) showed zone of clearance on starch agar medium, the fungi isolates were selected and subjected to various temperatures, incubation time and pH ranges for amylase production. The results showed that Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus oryzae have maximum amylase activity at temperature 35°C, incubation time 96hrs (4days), pH 5.5 and temperature 30°C,incubation time 96hrs(4days) and pH 5.0 respectively. Penicillium chrysogenum produced 46.3μ/ml, and Rhizopus oryzae, produced 30.8μ/ml of amylase. Conclusion: The results of this work proved Penicillium chrysogenum to be the best producer of amylase compared to Rhizopus oryzae. Isolation of amylase producing fungi from maize cobs from residence, market and farm areas will help in the bioremediation of environment, which could have caused environmental pollution. It is recommended tha
{"title":"Screening of Fungi from Disposed Maize Cobs for Amylase Production","authors":"Oguche So","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000207","url":null,"abstract":"Background of Study: Microorganisms in particular have been regarded as treasure of useful enzymes. There is a great variation between various genera as to their ability to produce a specific enzyme for the production of particular enzymes varies with the particular medium and pH. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology Laboratory, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, ATBU, Bauchi Nigeria, from November, 2020 to October, 2021. Aim: This study was aimed to isolates fungi from disposed maize cobs and evaluates its potentials to produce amylase. Methods: Twelve samples each was collected from three different areas; market place, farmland and residential areas in Bauchi metropolis, (a total of 36 samples in all) using precise aseptic techniques. Each sample was collected using clean polythene bag, transported to the lab and aseptically blended. One gram of each sample was aseptically weighed and placed in a test tube containing sterile water; it was then allowed to stand for 30 minutes. One ml of the stock solution was serially diluted and 10ml dilution of each sample was plated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. The plate was incubated at 25°C within a period of three, five and seven days during which they were monitored and examined, to isolate the required fungi species. The isolates were tested for amylolytic activity using 1% iodine and screen for amylase production by pre-treatment and solid state fermentation, then α-amylase activity finally determined. Results: Amylase-producing fungi were isolated from maize cobs collected from residence, market and farm areas in Bauchi metropolis. The ability of ten (10) fungal isolates recovered, (Mucor racemosus, Aspergillus niger Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus oryzae, Microsporum sp, Trichoderma sp, Nocardia sp, Monilla sp, Fusarium sp and Chaetomum sp) to degrade starch was determined. Three (3) of the fungal isolates Aspergillus niger Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus oryzae, had the highest frequency of (20%) each. Four (4) of the fungal isolates (Mucor racemosus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus oryzae) showed zone of clearance on starch agar medium, the fungi isolates were selected and subjected to various temperatures, incubation time and pH ranges for amylase production. The results showed that Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus oryzae have maximum amylase activity at temperature 35°C, incubation time 96hrs (4days), pH 5.5 and temperature 30°C,incubation time 96hrs(4days) and pH 5.0 respectively. Penicillium chrysogenum produced 46.3μ/ml, and Rhizopus oryzae, produced 30.8μ/ml of amylase. Conclusion: The results of this work proved Penicillium chrysogenum to be the best producer of amylase compared to Rhizopus oryzae. Isolation of amylase producing fungi from maize cobs from residence, market and farm areas will help in the bioremediation of environment, which could have caused environmental pollution. It is recommended tha","PeriodicalId":19559,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86133115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commercial biosurfactant (BS) or bioemulsifier (BE) production requires high manufacturing cost and result difficulties in downstream processing and purification. This problem can be resolved by using low- cost natural substrates. Agro- industrial wastes as well as non-edible portions of fruits, vegetables, fish and meat contributes in high disposal and loss of nutritional biomass from the environment. These are readily available wastes which have tremendous potential to be reused as a substrate by microorganisms for efficient BS or BE production. Fruits, vegetables, fish, dairy and brewery wastes are rich sources of valuable nutrients which includes carbon, nitrogen, vitamins and other minerals. BS or BE produced using these substrates are stable in environment and show potential applications in many sectors of food industry, oil industry, agriculture, bioremediation, medicine and pharmaceutical industry. Yield of biosurfactant or bioemulsifier production can be increased by optimizing certain media parameters with the natural substrate concentrations. Growth parameters such as pH, temperature, salinity, carbon and nitrogen content have effect on stability of microorganism for maximum biosurfactant or bioemulsifier production. This review describes some recent developments and applications for the commercial biosurfactant or bioemulsifier production using cheap and unconventional natural wastes.
{"title":"Use of Natural Wastes for Biosurfactant (BS) and Bioemulsifier (BE) Production and their Applications – A Review","authors":"Mujumdar Shilpa","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000203","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial biosurfactant (BS) or bioemulsifier (BE) production requires high manufacturing cost and result difficulties in downstream processing and purification. This problem can be resolved by using low- cost natural substrates. Agro- industrial wastes as well as non-edible portions of fruits, vegetables, fish and meat contributes in high disposal and loss of nutritional biomass from the environment. These are readily available wastes which have tremendous potential to be reused as a substrate by microorganisms for efficient BS or BE production. Fruits, vegetables, fish, dairy and brewery wastes are rich sources of valuable nutrients which includes carbon, nitrogen, vitamins and other minerals. BS or BE produced using these substrates are stable in environment and show potential applications in many sectors of food industry, oil industry, agriculture, bioremediation, medicine and pharmaceutical industry. Yield of biosurfactant or bioemulsifier production can be increased by optimizing certain media parameters with the natural substrate concentrations. Growth parameters such as pH, temperature, salinity, carbon and nitrogen content have effect on stability of microorganism for maximum biosurfactant or bioemulsifier production. This review describes some recent developments and applications for the commercial biosurfactant or bioemulsifier production using cheap and unconventional natural wastes.","PeriodicalId":19559,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72981853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
History has proven that there are pandemics and there is little distinction between them in COVID-19. Earlier this year, investigators predicted the inevitability of third and fourth surge which could be greater than the previous. The statistics doubled. In the battle against the pandemic, even countries that played templates have been knocked down. We learned from the pandemic that: Developed nations should send medical teams to underdeveloped areas. It should close down social media websites that encourage users who receive disinformation to punish them. Nations should focus more on public education and awareness programs. Conserve biodiversity at all costs for all countries. Fatal virus experiments should be monitored and performed under stricter.
{"title":"Perspectives into What Will Happen After the End of COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Dawood Aa","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000206","url":null,"abstract":"History has proven that there are pandemics and there is little distinction between them in COVID-19. Earlier this year, investigators predicted the inevitability of third and fourth surge which could be greater than the previous. The statistics doubled. In the battle against the pandemic, even countries that played templates have been knocked down. We learned from the pandemic that: Developed nations should send medical teams to underdeveloped areas. It should close down social media websites that encourage users who receive disinformation to punish them. Nations should focus more on public education and awareness programs. Conserve biodiversity at all costs for all countries. Fatal virus experiments should be monitored and performed under stricter.","PeriodicalId":19559,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80588319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The medicinal uses of the mushroom still need to be worked out for their biological activities. Mushrooms are small pharmaceutical factories, manufacturing various promising biologically active chemical compounds. These compounds exist in the mushroom fruit bodies, cultured mycelium, and culture broth. The presence of various phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, terpenoids, β-glucans, schizophyllan, ganoderic acid, and other compounds, is the reason for their potent biological activities, much more biological activities are discovered every day. Several compounds are responsible for the therapeutic activities of many medicinal mushrooms genera; the main groups of these compounds are polysaccharides, terpenes, phenolic compounds, and essential amino acids, as well as minerals such as such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Overall, studies both on the chemistry and pharmacology of Laetiporus sulphureus and Schizophyllum commune extracts and compounds are increasing in recent years and show therapeutic potential for various pathologies. The purpose of this review was to investigate the biological activities of extract prepared from fruiting bodies of Laetiporus sulphureus and Schizophyllum commune .
{"title":"Chicken of the Woods Laetiporus Sulphureus and Schizophyllum Commune Treasure of Medicinal Mushrooms","authors":"W. Elkhateeb","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000201","url":null,"abstract":"The medicinal uses of the mushroom still need to be worked out for their biological activities. Mushrooms are small pharmaceutical factories, manufacturing various promising biologically active chemical compounds. These compounds exist in the mushroom fruit bodies, cultured mycelium, and culture broth. The presence of various phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, terpenoids, β-glucans, schizophyllan, ganoderic acid, and other compounds, is the reason for their potent biological activities, much more biological activities are discovered every day. Several compounds are responsible for the therapeutic activities of many medicinal mushrooms genera; the main groups of these compounds are polysaccharides, terpenes, phenolic compounds, and essential amino acids, as well as minerals such as such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Overall, studies both on the chemistry and pharmacology of Laetiporus sulphureus and Schizophyllum commune extracts and compounds are increasing in recent years and show therapeutic potential for various pathologies. The purpose of this review was to investigate the biological activities of extract prepared from fruiting bodies of Laetiporus sulphureus and Schizophyllum commune .","PeriodicalId":19559,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82517115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Dissemination of resistant bacteria is responsible for a considerable increase in mortality, morbidity and cost of treatment. Our study aimed to determine the frequency of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in two referral hospitals in Yaounde Cameroon, and to examine the antibiotic resistance profile. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out for a five-month period. Samples were collected from in and out- patients at the Yaounde General Hospital and at the Yaounde Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital. The bacteria isolation was done using standard bacteriological procedures and the identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae species was done using API 20E sytem (Biomerieux). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was determined using the disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton media and the interpretation of the antibiogram was performed as recommended by the Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie (2019). The data collected were analyzed with Epi Info 7.0 software and Excel 2013. Results: The frequency of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections was 2.48% (52/2096). The majority of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were isolated from urinary tract infections 55.77% (29/52). Most isolates were recovered from in-patients 63.46% (33/52) received at the pediatrics unit 25.0% (13/52). Few isolates were resistant to imipenem and meropenem with a resistance rate of 3.85% (2/52) each, while a considerable number of isolates were highly resistant to antibiotics such as ticarcillin 96.15% (50/52), amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 94.23% (49/52) and piperacillin 86.54% (45/52). The majority of isolates 73.08% (38/52) were multidrug-resistant and one isolate was resistant to all tested antibiotics (superbug). Conclusion: More than half of the isolates were multidrug-resistant and one isolate from an in-patient was found to be resistant to all tested antibiotics. These findings demonstrate the importance of establishing an effective surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance in Cameroon.
导言:耐药细菌的传播是造成死亡率、发病率和治疗费用大幅增加的原因。我们的研究旨在确定喀麦隆雅温得两家转诊医院肺炎克雷伯菌感染的频率，并检查抗生素耐药性。方法:采用横断面描述性研究，为期5个月。样本是从雅温得总医院和雅温得妇产科和儿科医院的住院和门诊患者中收集的。采用标准细菌学程序进行细菌分离，采用API 20E系统(Biomerieux)进行肺炎克雷伯菌菌种鉴定。在Mueller Hinton培养基上采用圆盘扩散法进行抗生素药敏试验，并按照法国社会微生物学委员会(2019年)的建议对抗生素谱进行解释。采用Epi Info 7.0软件和Excel 2013对收集的数据进行分析。结果:肺炎克雷伯菌感染率为2.48%(52/2096)。肺炎克雷伯菌主要来自尿路感染，占55.77%(29/52)。大多数分离株来自儿科住院患者63.46%(33/52)和25.0%(13/52)。对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率均为3.85%(2/52)，但对替卡西林96.15%(50/52)、阿莫西林+克拉维酸94.23%(49/52)、哌拉西林86.54%(45/52)等抗菌药物的耐药率较高。73.08%(38/52)的分离株多重耐药，1株对所有抗生素均耐药(超级细菌)。结论:半数以上的分离株具有多重耐药，一名住院患者的分离株对所有检测的抗生素都有耐药性。这些发现表明了在喀麦隆建立有效的抗微生物药物耐药性监测系统的重要性。
{"title":"Resistance Profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Isolated at the Yaounde General Hospital and the Yaounde Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital","authors":"Lyon Ee","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000205","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Dissemination of resistant bacteria is responsible for a considerable increase in mortality, morbidity and cost of treatment. Our study aimed to determine the frequency of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in two referral hospitals in Yaounde Cameroon, and to examine the antibiotic resistance profile. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out for a five-month period. Samples were collected from in and out- patients at the Yaounde General Hospital and at the Yaounde Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital. The bacteria isolation was done using standard bacteriological procedures and the identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae species was done using API 20E sytem (Biomerieux). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was determined using the disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton media and the interpretation of the antibiogram was performed as recommended by the Comité de l’Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie (2019). The data collected were analyzed with Epi Info 7.0 software and Excel 2013. Results: The frequency of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections was 2.48% (52/2096). The majority of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were isolated from urinary tract infections 55.77% (29/52). Most isolates were recovered from in-patients 63.46% (33/52) received at the pediatrics unit 25.0% (13/52). Few isolates were resistant to imipenem and meropenem with a resistance rate of 3.85% (2/52) each, while a considerable number of isolates were highly resistant to antibiotics such as ticarcillin 96.15% (50/52), amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 94.23% (49/52) and piperacillin 86.54% (45/52). The majority of isolates 73.08% (38/52) were multidrug-resistant and one isolate was resistant to all tested antibiotics (superbug). Conclusion: More than half of the isolates were multidrug-resistant and one isolate from an in-patient was found to be resistant to all tested antibiotics. These findings demonstrate the importance of establishing an effective surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance in Cameroon.","PeriodicalId":19559,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91551948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kalanchoe integra is a plant that belongs to the Crassulaceae family. In English, the international common name is never die. There are 1500 species of perennial herbs or low shrubs in the genus. Antibiotic resistance is currently at an alarmingly high level. Phytocompounds of Kalanchoe sp . were reported as antimicrobial agents. In Rwanda, no study about antimicrobial activity of K. integra extracts against bacteria-causing diseases was conducted. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial effectiveness of K. integra phytochemicals against clinically selected pathogenic bacteria ( Shigella sonnei, Haemophilus influenza, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae ). Maceration technique was used to prepare the leaf and stem extracts using methanol, water and petroleum ether. Phytochemical screening tests revealed that flavonoids, phenolics, and saponins were present in the leaves and stem extracts by using methanol and water. However, tannins were only present in the leaves. No phytochemicals observed by the using petroleum ether. The antimicrobial activity of clinically selected pathogenic bacteria ( S. aureus, Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Shigella sonnei, S. typhi, and E. coli ) was tested using the agar well diffusion procedure. In order to analyse the data, SPSS was used. The means of inhibition zones of leaf and stem extracts were studied using a two-way ANOVA and both of them showed statistical significant with p-values of 0.03 and 0.04, respectively. Antibacteria activity results showed that S. typhi was more sensitive than other tested bacteria. The largest zone of inhibition (20.5 mm) was observed with methanol leaf extract against S. typhi , and the smallest inhibition was observed with H. influenza (12.5 mm). Leaf and stem extracts using methanol solvent showed activity on all bacteria used in the study except on S. sonnei . Leaf and stem water extracts significantly inhibit the growth of E. coli with inhibition zone of 14.5 mm and 11.5 mm, respectively, while petroleum ether had no effect on any bacterium. Thus, the present medicinal plant could serve as antibiotics as it showed an important activity against studied bacteria. The study has to continue with other plant parts and other bacteria-causing diseases to make the process cost-effective.
{"title":"Activity of Kalanchoe integra against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria","authors":"Niyonzima Fn","doi":"10.23880/oajmb-16000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000197","url":null,"abstract":"Kalanchoe integra is a plant that belongs to the Crassulaceae family. In English, the international common name is never die. There are 1500 species of perennial herbs or low shrubs in the genus. Antibiotic resistance is currently at an alarmingly high level. Phytocompounds of Kalanchoe sp . were reported as antimicrobial agents. In Rwanda, no study about antimicrobial activity of K. integra extracts against bacteria-causing diseases was conducted. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial effectiveness of K. integra phytochemicals against clinically selected pathogenic bacteria ( Shigella sonnei, Haemophilus influenza, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae ). Maceration technique was used to prepare the leaf and stem extracts using methanol, water and petroleum ether. Phytochemical screening tests revealed that flavonoids, phenolics, and saponins were present in the leaves and stem extracts by using methanol and water. However, tannins were only present in the leaves. No phytochemicals observed by the using petroleum ether. The antimicrobial activity of clinically selected pathogenic bacteria ( S. aureus, Haemophilus influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Shigella sonnei, S. typhi, and E. coli ) was tested using the agar well diffusion procedure. In order to analyse the data, SPSS was used. The means of inhibition zones of leaf and stem extracts were studied using a two-way ANOVA and both of them showed statistical significant with p-values of 0.03 and 0.04, respectively. Antibacteria activity results showed that S. typhi was more sensitive than other tested bacteria. The largest zone of inhibition (20.5 mm) was observed with methanol leaf extract against S. typhi , and the smallest inhibition was observed with H. influenza (12.5 mm). Leaf and stem extracts using methanol solvent showed activity on all bacteria used in the study except on S. sonnei . Leaf and stem water extracts significantly inhibit the growth of E. coli with inhibition zone of 14.5 mm and 11.5 mm, respectively, while petroleum ether had no effect on any bacterium. Thus, the present medicinal plant could serve as antibiotics as it showed an important activity against studied bacteria. The study has to continue with other plant parts and other bacteria-causing diseases to make the process cost-effective.","PeriodicalId":19559,"journal":{"name":"Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76961771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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