Open Journal of Epidemiology最新文献

Prevalence and Clinical Relevance of Schistosoma mansoni Co-Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Systematic Literature Review. 曼氏血吸虫与结核分枝杆菌合并感染的患病率及临床相关性:系统文献综述。

Open Journal of Epidemiology

Pub Date : 2023-02-01 DOI: 10.4236/ojepi.2023.131008

Bocar Baya, Bourahima Kone, Amadou Somboro, Ousmane Kodio, Anou Moise Somboro, Bassirou Diarra, Fah Gaoussou Traore, Drissa Kone, Mama Adama Traore, Mahamadou Kone, Antieme Georges Togo, Yeya Sadio Sarro, Almoustapha Maiga, Mamoudou Maiga, Yacouba Toloba, Souleymane Diallo, Robert L Murphy, Seydou Doumbia

Tuberculosis disease stands for the second leading cause of death worldwide after COVID-19, most active tuberculosis cases result from the reactivation of latent TB infection through impairment of immune response. Several factors are known to sustain that process. Schistosoma mansoni, a parasite of the helminth genus that possesses switching power from an immune profile type Th1 to Th2 that favors reactivation of latent TB bacteria. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of the co-infection between the two endemic infections. Systematic literature was contacted at the University Clinical Research Center at the University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako in Mali. Original articles were included, and full texts were reviewed to assess the prevalence and better understand the immunological changes that occur during the co-infection. In total, 3530 original articles were retrieved through database search, 53 were included in the qualitative analysis, and data from 10 were included in the meta-analysis. Prevalence of the co-infection ranged from 4% to 34% in the literature. Most of the articles reported that immunity against infection with helminth parasite and more specifically Schistosoma mansoni infection enhances latent TB reactivation through Th1/Th2. In sum, the impact of Schistosoma mansoni co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is under-investigated. Understanding the role of this endemic tropical parasite as a contributing factor to TB epidemiology and burden could help integrate its elimination as one of the strategies to achieve the END-TB objectives by the year 2035.

结核病是仅次于COVID-19的全球第二大死亡原因，大多数活动性结核病病例是由于免疫反应受损导致潜伏性结核感染重新激活造成的。已知有几个因素维持了这一过程。曼氏血吸虫，一种蠕虫属寄生虫，具有从免疫谱型Th1到Th2的转换能力，有利于潜伏结核细菌的再激活。本研究的目的是评估两种地方性感染之间合并感染的流行程度。系统文献是在马里巴马科科学、技术和技术大学临床研究中心联系的。纳入了原始文章，并对全文进行了审查，以评估患病率并更好地了解合并感染期间发生的免疫学变化。通过数据库检索共检索到3530篇原创文章，其中53篇纳入定性分析，10篇纳入meta分析。在文献中，合并感染的患病率从4%到34%不等。大多数文章报道了对寄生虫感染的免疫，特别是对曼氏血吸虫感染的免疫通过Th1/Th2增强了潜伏性结核的再激活。总之，曼氏血吸虫与结核分枝杆菌合并感染的影响尚待研究。了解这种地方性热带寄生虫作为结核病流行病学和负担的一个促成因素的作用，有助于将消除这种寄生虫作为到2035年实现终止结核病目标的战略之一。

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引用次数: 1

Religion and “Zero-Dose” Vaccination Status in Children Aged 12 to 23 Months in Benin and Togo: “Evidence of Demographic and Health Survey and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys” 贝宁和多哥12至23个月儿童的宗教和"零剂量"疫苗接种状况:"人口与健康调查和多指标类集调查的证据"

Open Journal of Epidemiology

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4236/ojepi.2023.134023

Nyulelen Toyi Mangbassim, Alphonse Kpozehouen, Jacques Zinsou Saizonou, Nicolas Gaffan, Aissata Ba Sidibe, Marie Therese Guigui, Yaovi Temfan Toke, Dadja Essoya Landoh, Assima-Essodom Kalao

Introduction: The relationship between religion and health has been a topic of interest in the past, and in recent years it has become increasingly visible in the social, behavioural, and health sciences. This work aims to study the influence of religion on the “zero-dose” vaccination status of children aged 12 - 23 months in Benin and Togo. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which consisted in carrying out secondary analyzes using the databases of the most recent editions of the Demographic and Health Surveys in Benin and the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) in Togo. We extracted data concerning the vaccination status (“1 = zero-dose”, “0 = vaccinated”) of the children, the religious affiliation of the head of the household or the mother and other variables related to the child, the mother, the household and the environment. By means of a logistic regression, the adjusted effect of the religious affiliation of the head of the household or of the mother on the vaccination status at “zero-dose” was determined. Results: A total of 2430 and 933 children were respectively included in the study on behalf of Benin and Togo. The prevalence of “zero-dose” vaccination status in children aged 12 - 23 months was 33.91% (95% CI = 31.67 - 36.23) in Benin and this prevalence was 26.88% (95% CI = 23.50 - 30.55) in Togo. In Benin, there is no evidence in favour of the influence of the religious affiliation of the mother on the “zero-dose” vaccination status of children. In Togo, children living in households whose head was Muslim (ORa = 3.44; 95% CI = 1.29 - 9.13) were more likely to be “zero-dose” than those coming from households run by individuals with no religious beliefs. Conclusion: Further research is needed to understand the basis for the excess risk of “zero-dose” vaccination status in children that appears to be associated with the Muslim religion.

宗教与健康之间的关系在过去一直是一个令人感兴趣的话题，近年来，它在社会、行为和健康科学中越来越明显。这项工作旨在研究宗教对贝宁和多哥12 - 23个月儿童"零剂量"疫苗接种状况的影响。方法:这是一项横断面研究，利用贝宁人口与健康调查和多哥多指标类集调查最新版本的数据库进行二次分析。我们提取了有关儿童接种疫苗状况(“1 =零剂量”，“0 =接种疫苗”)、户主或母亲的宗教信仰以及与儿童、母亲、家庭和环境相关的其他变量的数据。通过逻辑回归，确定了户主或母亲的宗教信仰对“零剂量”疫苗接种状况的调整效应。结果:贝宁和多哥分别有2430名和933名儿童被纳入研究。贝宁12 - 23月龄儿童“零剂量”疫苗接种状况的患病率为33.91% (95% CI = 31.67 - 36.23)，多哥为26.88% (95% CI = 23.50 - 30.55)。在贝宁，没有证据表明母亲的宗教信仰对儿童的"零剂量"疫苗接种状况有影响。在多哥，家庭户主为穆斯林的儿童(ORa = 3.44;95% CI = 1.29 - 9.13)比来自无宗教信仰家庭的人更有可能是“零剂量”。结论:需要进一步的研究来了解儿童“零剂量”疫苗接种状态的过度风险的基础，这似乎与穆斯林宗教有关。

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引用次数: 0

Factors Associated with Full Vaccination of Children Aged 12 to 23 Months in the Commune of Thiomby (Kaolack/Senegal) Thiomby (Kaolack/塞内加尔)社区12至23个月儿童全面接种疫苗的相关因素

Open Journal of Epidemiology

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4236/ojepi.2023.134021

Boubacar Gueye, Oumar Bassoum, Ndéye Marième Diagne, Martial Coly Bop, Alioune Badara Tall, Abdoul Aziz Ndiaye, Cheikh Tacko Diop, Papa Gallo Sow, Ousseynou Ka, Ibrahima Seck

Introduction: Data on the complete vaccination of children in rural areas and the factors associated with it are poorly known. Knowledge of these factors is necessary for the adoption of effective vaccination strategies. The aim of our study was to determine the proportion of children aged 12 to 23 months fully vaccinated before the age of 12 months in the commune of Thiomby and to identify associated factors. Methods: A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from 15 January to 15 February 2020 in Thiomby among of children aged 12 to 23 months and their mothers/caregivers. The sampling was carried out in two-step clusters. Bivariate analysis was done with Epi-Info version 7.2.2.16. Results: The sample included 380 mothers/caregivers with children aged on average 24.7 years. Among them, 93.2% were housewives, 29.4% had attended school and 12.8% had a monthly income of more than 100,000 CFA francs. In total, 296 children were fully inoculated i.e. 77.9% of children aged 12 - 23 months had received all the appropriate vaccines by the age of 12 months. In addition, 42% of mothers and babysitters had a good level of knowledge about vaccination (benefits, side effects, etc.). The primary source of information for mothers about vaccination was the midwife, with 88 percent of women being informed through this channel. The age of mothers less than or equal to 30 years would significantly reduce (p < 0.05) the probability of fully vaccinating children. On the other hand, mothers’ education, good level of knowledge and receipt of vaccination advice during antenatal and postnatal consultations significantly increases the probability of children being fully vaccinated before the age of 12 months. Conclusion: Factors such as a good level of knowledge of mothers and access to information through midwives during prenatal and postnatal consultations contribute to an improvement in complete vaccination coverage among children aged 12 to 23 months.

导言:农村地区儿童完全接种疫苗的数据及其相关因素所知甚少。了解这些因素对于采取有效的疫苗接种战略是必要的。本研究的目的是确定Thiomby社区12至23个月大的儿童在12个月前完全接种疫苗的比例，并确定相关因素。方法:于2020年1月15日至2月15日在Thiomby对12至23个月大的儿童及其母亲/照顾者进行了一项描述性和分析性横断面研究。抽样采用两步聚类。采用Epi-Info版本7.2.2.16进行双变量分析。结果:样本包括380名母亲/照顾者，平均年龄为24.7岁。其中93.2%是家庭主妇，29.4%上过学，12.8%月收入超过10万非洲法郎。总共有296名儿童接种了完全疫苗，即77.9%的12 - 23个月的儿童在12个月前接种了所有适当的疫苗。此外，42%的母亲和保姆对疫苗接种(益处、副作用等)有良好的了解。母亲获得有关疫苗接种信息的主要来源是助产士，88%的妇女通过这一渠道获得信息。年龄小于或等于30岁的母亲会显著降低儿童充分接种疫苗的概率(p < 0.05)。另一方面，母亲的教育、良好的知识水平以及在产前和产后咨询期间接受疫苗接种建议，大大增加了儿童在12个月前充分接种疫苗的可能性。结论:母亲的良好知识水平以及在产前和产后咨询期间通过助产士获得信息等因素有助于提高12至23个月儿童的完全疫苗接种覆盖率。

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引用次数: 0

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Status of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria on Handheld Shopping Trolleys and Baskets in Supermarkets in Ndola, Zambia 赞比亚恩多拉市超市手推车和购物篮上革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌的流行及药敏状况

Open Journal of Epidemiology

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4236/ojepi.2023.134018

Shivangi Patel, Victor Daka, Steward Mudenda, Mulemba Samutela, Misheck Chileshe, Warren Chanda, Imukusi Mutanekelwa, Ephraim Chikwanda, Titus Haakonde, Tobela Mudenda, Scott Matafwali, Samson Mwale, Ruth Lindizyani Mfune

Background: Supermarkets are a place visited by individuals with different health conditions daily where microbiological contaminants through touch onto fomites such as trolleys and baskets can be passed on to other people hence potentially spreading infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the presence of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria on handheld shopping trolleys and baskets and their antimicrobial susceptibility status against commonly used antibiotics in Zambia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Trolleys and basket handles were swabbed and standard microbiological methods were used to identify the bacteria and disc diffusion to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility status. Data was collected from December 2021 to April 2022. Data was analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22. Results: Twenty-eight percent of the 200 total samples were found to be culture-positive and predominant isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (17.3%), Pseudomonas species (4.5%), Escherichia coli (2%), Corynebacterium species (2%), Staphylococcus species (1.5%) and Enterobacter aerogenes (0.5%). Staphylococcus aureus showed the most resistance to azithromycin (17%) followed by ciprofloxacin (2.8%), nitrofurantoin (2.8%) and chloramphenicol (2.8%). Escherichia coli showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin, cloxacillin and ampicillin, 75% resistance to ciprofloxacin and the least resistance to azithromycin (25%) while it was susceptible to nitrofurantoin. Staphylococcus species, Corynebacterium species, Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas species showed no resistance to any antibiotics. Conclusion: The study showed the presence of microorganisms with considerable antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics in Zambia on trolley and basket handles indicating the need for more initiatives to address proper hygiene in public environmental sites for better infection prevention and control.

背景:超市是不同健康状况的人每天都会光顾的地方，在那里，微生物污染物可以通过触摸手推车和篮子等污染物传递给其他人，从而可能传播传染病。本研究旨在调查赞比亚手提式购物车和购物篮中革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌的存在情况及其对常用抗生素的药敏状况。方法:采用横断面研究。用拭子擦拭手推车和提篮把手，采用标准微生物学方法进行细菌鉴定和盘片扩散，确定其抗菌药物敏感性状况。数据收集于2021年12月至2022年4月。使用IBM社会科学统计软件包(SPSS)第22版对数据进行分析。结果:200份样品中培养阳性的占28%，优势菌株为金黄色葡萄球菌(17.3%)、假单胞菌(4.5%)、大肠杆菌(2%)、棒状杆菌(2%)、葡萄球菌(1.5%)和产气肠杆菌(0.5%)。金黄色葡萄球菌对阿奇霉素的耐药率最高(17%)，其次是环丙沙星(2.8%)、呋喃妥因(2.8%)和氯霉素(2.8%)。大肠杆菌对阿莫西林、氯西林和氨苄西林耐药100%，对环丙沙星耐药75%，对阿奇霉素耐药最少(25%)，对呋喃妥英敏感。葡萄球菌、棒状杆菌、产气肠杆菌和假单胞菌对所有抗生素均无耐药性。结论:该研究表明，赞比亚手推车和篮子把手上存在对抗生素具有相当耐药性的微生物，这表明需要采取更多行动，解决公共环境场所的适当卫生问题，以更好地预防和控制感染。

{"title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Status of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria on Handheld Shopping Trolleys and Baskets in Supermarkets in Ndola, Zambia","authors":"Shivangi Patel, Victor Daka, Steward Mudenda, Mulemba Samutela, Misheck Chileshe, Warren Chanda, Imukusi Mutanekelwa, Ephraim Chikwanda, Titus Haakonde, Tobela Mudenda, Scott Matafwali, Samson Mwale, Ruth Lindizyani Mfune","doi":"10.4236/ojepi.2023.134018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojepi.2023.134018","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Supermarkets are a place visited by individuals with different health conditions daily where microbiological contaminants through touch onto fomites such as trolleys and baskets can be passed on to other people hence potentially spreading infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the presence of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria on handheld shopping trolleys and baskets and their antimicrobial susceptibility status against commonly used antibiotics in Zambia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Trolleys and basket handles were swabbed and standard microbiological methods were used to identify the bacteria and disc diffusion to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility status. Data was collected from December 2021 to April 2022. Data was analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22. Results: Twenty-eight percent of the 200 total samples were found to be culture-positive and predominant isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (17.3%), Pseudomonas species (4.5%), Escherichia coli (2%), Corynebacterium species (2%), Staphylococcus species (1.5%) and Enterobacter aerogenes (0.5%). Staphylococcus aureus showed the most resistance to azithromycin (17%) followed by ciprofloxacin (2.8%), nitrofurantoin (2.8%) and chloramphenicol (2.8%). Escherichia coli showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin, cloxacillin and ampicillin, 75% resistance to ciprofloxacin and the least resistance to azithromycin (25%) while it was susceptible to nitrofurantoin. Staphylococcus species, Corynebacterium species, Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas species showed no resistance to any antibiotics. Conclusion: The study showed the presence of microorganisms with considerable antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics in Zambia on trolley and basket handles indicating the need for more initiatives to address proper hygiene in public environmental sites for better infection prevention and control.","PeriodicalId":19578,"journal":{"name":"Open Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135550524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Temporal Variations in Mortality after Liver Transplantation: Retrospective Investigation of Potential Risk Factors Using Propensity Score 肝移植术后死亡率的时间变化:使用倾向评分对潜在危险因素的回顾性调查

Open Journal of Epidemiology

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4236/ojepi.2023.134019

Rana A. Almousa, Mohamed M. Shoukri

Objective: We aim to detect over-time variations in mortality of liver transplant recipients stratified by the period of transplant. Since this is a retrospective investigation, bias reduction caused by possible confounding effects can be achieved by using propensity score weighting in a multivariate logistic regression model. Methods: Medical charts of all adult liver transplant recipients (n = 250) who were transplanted in three periods 2005-2009, 2010-2014 and 2015-2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The following recipient factors were analyzed: recipients and donors’ ages, sex, renal impairment, body mass index (BMI), presence of bacterial or viral infections, MELD (Model for end-stage diseases). Multivariate logistic model adjusted by Propensity Scores (PS) was used to identify the effect of the risk factors on mortality, and death within five years, in the targeted time frame. Patient outcomes are recorded as; (patient status = 1 if dead, or patient status = 0 if alive). Results: Meld score, recipient age, and renal impairments were shown to be predictors of mortality in transplanted patients. Multivariate regression model was used to identify the significance of the specified risk factors, followed by pairwise comparisons between periods. Pairwise comparisons between periods using logistic regression weighted by the inverse propensity score, correcting for the possible confounding effect of measured covariates showed that the death rate is significantly reduced in subsequent periods as compared to the initial period. Conclusions: The clinical implications of these findings are the ability to stratify patients at high risk of posttransplant death by planning more intensive and accurate management for them.

目的:我们的目的是检测肝移植受者按移植期分层的死亡率随时间的变化。由于这是一项回顾性调查，因此可以通过在多元逻辑回归模型中使用倾向得分加权来减少可能的混杂效应引起的偏差。方法:回顾性分析2005-2009年、2010-2014年和2015-2019年3个时期接受肝移植的所有成人肝移植受者(n = 250)的病历。分析以下受者因素:受者和供者的年龄、性别、肾功能损害、体重指数(BMI)、是否存在细菌或病毒感染、MELD(终末期疾病模型)。采用倾向评分(PS)调整的多变量logistic模型来确定危险因素对死亡率的影响，以及在目标时间框架内5年内的死亡。患者结果记录为;(死亡患者状态= 1，活着患者状态= 0)。结果:Meld评分、受体年龄和肾损害被证明是移植患者死亡率的预测因子。采用多元回归模型确定特定危险因素的显著性，并进行两两比较。使用逆倾向评分加权的逻辑回归对两期进行两两比较，校正了测量协变量可能的混杂效应，结果显示，与初始期相比，后续期的死亡率显著降低。结论:这些发现的临床意义在于能够对移植后死亡高风险患者进行分层，并对他们进行更密集和准确的管理。

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引用次数: 0

Screening for Precancerous Cervical Lesions in Women of Reproductive Age in the Kara Region of Togo in 2022 2022年多哥卡拉地区育龄妇女宫颈癌前病变筛查

Open Journal of Epidemiology

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4236/ojepi.2023.134022

Gatibe Yendu-Suglpak Gnatou, Zézé Onivogui, Latame Komla Adoli, Fifonsi Adjidossi Gbeasor-Komlanvi, Arnold Junior Sadio, Yao Rodion Konu, Martin Kouame Tchankoni, Wendpouiré Ida Carine Zida-Compaore, Amegnona Agbonon, Didier Koumavi Ekouevi

Introduction: Worldwide, cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer in women and is a public health problem. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of precancerous cervical lesions and to describe its associated factors among women of reproductive age in the Kara region of Togo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 6 to 14, 2022 in 11 health centers in Kara. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire and screening for precancerous cervical lesions was performed by visual inspection of the cervix, after application of 5% acetic acid and Lugol’s. Logistic regression analysis was performed to describe factors associated with precancerous lesions. Results: A total of 728 women with a median age of 36, interquartile range [31 - 41] were enrolled. The prevalence of precancerous cervical lesions was 3.9%, 95% confidence interval (95% CI: [2.6 - 5.4]. Factors associated with the presence of precancerous lesions were age at first sexual intercourse ≥ 18 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR = 3.67; 95% CI [1.17 - 18.4]) and being a sex worker (aOR = 8.14; 95% CI [1.96 - 27.1]). HIV infection was not associated with the presence of precancerous lesions. Conclusion: The results of this study underscore the importance of intensifying cervical cancer screening efforts in resource-limited countries for better management. These efforts should prioritize vulnerable populations such as female sex workers.

导言:在世界范围内，宫颈癌是第四大最常见的女性癌症，是一个公共卫生问题。本研究的目的是估计宫颈癌前病变的患病率，并描述其在多哥卡拉地区育龄妇女中的相关因素。方法:于2022年3月6日至14日在卡拉市11个卫生中心进行横断面研究。使用标准化问卷收集数据，在应用5%醋酸和Lugol’s后，通过目测检查宫颈进行宫颈癌前病变筛查。采用Logistic回归分析描述与癌前病变相关的因素。结果:共纳入728名女性，中位年龄36岁，四分位数范围[31 - 41]。宫颈癌前病变的患病率为3.9%，95%可信区间(95% CI:[2.6 - 5.4])。与癌前病变存在相关的因素为:第一次性交年龄≥18岁(校正优势比(aOR = 3.67;95% CI[1.17 - 18.4])和性工作者(aOR = 8.14;95% ci[1.96 - 27.1])。HIV感染与癌前病变的存在无关。结论:本研究的结果强调了在资源有限的国家加强宫颈癌筛查工作的重要性。这些努力应优先考虑女性性工作者等弱势群体。

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引用次数: 0

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Psychoactive Substance Misuse among Heavy Goods Vehicle Drivers in Cotonou, Benin 贝宁科托努重型货车司机中精神活性物质滥用的患病率及相关因素

Open Journal of Epidemiology

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.4236/ojepi.2023.134020

Yolaine Glèlè-Ahanhanzo, Nouriat Mohammed, Donatien Daddah, Nicolas Gaffan, Lamidhi Salami, Alphonse Kpozehouen

Introduction: In Benin, Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) drivers play an essential role in the logistics chain, facilitating the transportation of goods within the country or between other countries in the sub-region. HGV drivers are professionals who experience adverse working conditions, exposing them to risky behaviours, including Psychoactive Substance (PAS) misuse, leading to particularly severe road accidents. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PAS misuse among HGV drivers and identify associated factors in Cotonou, Benin. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey involving HGV drivers at parking areas in Cotonou from 26 March to 10 April 2023. The dependent variable was the PAS misuse by HGV drivers, and the independent variables were related to their socio-demographic characteristics, health status and lifestyle habits, and professional characteristics. Data analysis involved determining the prevalence of PAS misuse with a 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI). Subsequently, we identified factors associated with PAS misuse among the participants using multivariate logistic regression. We presented the final regression results as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% CI. Results: The study included 425 HGV drivers. Among them, 53 (12.47%, 95% CI = 9.64 - 15.98) were misusing PAS. Compared to drivers aged 35 and older, those aged under 25 (aOR = 10.67, 95% CI = 3.56 - 32.03) and those aged 25 to 34 (aOR = 3.47, 95% CI = 1.37 - 8.82) had higher odds of PAS misuse. Drivers with a primary education were less likely (aOR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.19 - 0.97) to misuse PAS than those with no formal education. Drivers suffering from cardiovascular diseases were also three times more likely (aOR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.08 - 8.81) to misuse PAS than others. The odds of PAS misuse were also higher among drivers who reported taking breaks than those claiming not to (aOR = 3.11, 95% CI = 1.57 - 6.18). Conclusion: Driving under the influence of PAS is a risk factor for road accidents, associated with other factors highlighted in this study. Addressing these factors in prevention strategies through integrated approaches could lead to more effective results.

简介:在贝宁，重型货车(HGV)司机在物流链中发挥着至关重要的作用，促进了国内或次区域其他国家之间的货物运输。重型货车司机是经历恶劣工作条件的专业人员，使他们暴露于危险行为，包括滥用精神活性物质(PAS)，导致特别严重的道路事故。本研究旨在确定贝宁科托努HGV驾驶员中PAS滥用的流行程度，并确定相关因素。材料和方法:我们于2023年3月26日至4月10日在科托努的停车场对重型货车司机进行了横断面调查。因变量为载重货车驾驶员PAS滥用情况，自变量为载重货车驾驶员社会人口学特征、健康状况和生活习惯、职业特征。数据分析包括以95%置信区间(95% CI)确定PAS滥用的发生率。随后，我们使用多变量逻辑回归确定了与PAS滥用相关的因素。我们将最终的回归结果以校正优势比(aOR)表示，CI为95%。结果:共纳入425名重型货车驾驶员。其中53例(12.47%，95% CI = 9.64 ~ 15.98)存在PAS滥用。与35岁及以上驾驶员相比，25岁以下驾驶员(aOR = 10.67, 95% CI = 3.56 ~ 32.03)和25 ~ 34岁驾驶员(aOR = 3.47, 95% CI = 1.37 ~ 8.82)滥用PAS的几率更高。与没有受过正规教育的司机相比，受过初等教育的司机滥用PAS的可能性更小(aOR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.19 - 0.97)。患有心血管疾病的司机滥用PAS的可能性是其他人的三倍(aOR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.08 - 8.81)。在报告休息的司机中，滥用PAS的几率也高于那些声称没有休息的司机(aOR = 3.11, 95% CI = 1.57 - 6.18)。结论:在PAS影响下驾驶是道路交通事故的危险因素，与本研究强调的其他因素相关。通过综合办法在预防战略中处理这些因素可以产生更有效的结果。

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引用次数: 0

Coronavirus Disease-2019 Conspiracy Theories are Alive and Breathing on the Internet 2019冠状病毒病阴谋论在互联网上活跃起来

Open Journal of Epidemiology

Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.17140/epoj-7-126

John E. Boos

The more detailed origin stories of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the coronavirus disease2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are both unknown to the layperson. These unknowns serve as opportunities for misinformation messaging to the layperson. How did pharmaceutical companies create a vaccine within a matter of months to a year for a relatively new virus? Were aborted fetal cells used to make the COVID vaccines? What if there are long-term side COVID-19 vaccine effects not yet known to scientists and the public? While the internet, without a fact-checker and combined with opportunity and individual attitudes and information preferences, may flourish with misinformation and conspiracy theories. Scientists have a professional duty to publish evidence-based data in all pursuits, but recently the scientific community has spent much time educating the public in hopes of neutralizing many of the COVID fallacies we see every day on social media.

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒-2 (SARS-CoV-2)和2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)疫苗的更详细起源故事对于外行人来说都是未知的。这些未知为外行人传递错误信息提供了机会。制药公司是如何在几个月到一年内为一种相对较新的病毒研制出疫苗的?流产的胎儿细胞是否用于制造COVID疫苗?如果科学家和公众还不知道COVID-19疫苗的长期副作用怎么办?而互联网，如果没有事实核查员，再加上机会、个人态度和信息偏好，可能会充斥着错误信息和阴谋论。科学家有职业责任在所有领域发布基于证据的数据，但最近科学界花了很多时间教育公众，希望消除我们每天在社交媒体上看到的许多关于COVID的谬论。

引用次数: 0

Unintended Effects of Coronavirus Disease-2019 2019冠状病毒病的意外影响

Open Journal of Epidemiology

Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.17140/epoj-7-e003

James M. Wesson

As of this writing: “Globally, as of 4:22 pm CEST, 25 May 2022, there have been 524,339,768 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), including 6,281,260 deaths, reported to World Health Organization (WHO). As of 23 May 2022, a total of 11,752,954,673 vaccine doses have been administered”

在撰写本文时:“截至2022年5月25日欧洲中部标准时间下午4点22分，世界卫生组织(世卫组织)报告了全球524,339,768例冠状病毒病-2019 (COVID-19)确诊病例，包括6281,260例死亡。截至2022年5月23日，共接种了11,752,954,673剂疫苗。”

引用次数: 0

Investigations of PM2.5 Long-term Exposure and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Women: An Overview PM2.5长期暴露与女性亚临床动脉粥样硬化的研究综述

Open Journal of Epidemiology

Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.17140/epoj-7-129

Lei Zhu, Samar R. El Khoudary, J. Adibi, A. Youk, E. Talbott

Background/Aim Evidence demonstrates that coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a biological marker for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction. Acute cardiovascular effects of temporary and chronic environmental particle exposures sensitive to ≤2.5 micrometers in diameter (here termed “PM2.5”) have been well-studied. However, there is less information on the long-term effects of PM2.5 exposures on the earlier pre-clinical stage of CVD, especially in women (in whom it is also established experience frequent cardiovascular late- and under-diagnoses). This phase of pre-diagnosis pathological activity is classified as subclinical atherosclerosis (SCA) unless and until a patient meets established clinical diagnostic criteria. In this systematic review, we summarize reported associations of long-term PM2.5 and SCA exposure, with investigators placing an emphasis on gender differences in any documented associations. Methods We conducted a comprehensive literature review for articles published from 2007 to 2022 that reported associations of long-term PM2.5 and SCA and evaluated each study with areas of particular focus including study designs, populations at risk, and exposure measures. Results Investigations representing four cohorts yielded equivocal findings related to long-term PM2.5 exposure and CAC. Three cohorts reported positive associations between long-term PM2.5 and CAC development/progression. Two studies supported a strongly positive associations among women or postmenopausal women for PM2.5 on CAC. Studies, however, evaluating PM2.5 exposure associations with carotid intima-media thickness (another biomarker of SCA), reflect increases in both men and women with ↑ PM2.5 levels but reporting no gender differences in PM2.5 exposure and this measure of SCA. Conclusion Our study identifies important gaps in current knowledge synthesis including different methods of PM2.5 estimation and linkage, a lack of consensus of what constitutes long-term air pollution, and the selection of important covariates and intermediate variables. Our aim is to outline best practices going forward in the investigation of PM2.5 long-term exposure and SCA in women

背景/目的有证据表明，冠状动脉钙化(CAC)是预测心血管疾病(CVD)风险的生物学标志物。暂时和长期暴露于直径≤2.5微米的环境颗粒(这里称为PM2.5)对急性心血管的影响已经得到了充分的研究。然而，关于PM2.5暴露对CVD早期临床前阶段的长期影响的信息较少，特别是对女性(也确定女性经常经历心血管晚期诊断和诊断不足)。这一阶段的诊断前病理活动被归类为亚临床动脉粥样硬化(SCA)，除非患者符合既定的临床诊断标准。在这篇系统综述中，我们总结了长期PM2.5与SCA暴露的相关报道，研究人员强调了任何记录在案的关联中的性别差异。方法:我们对2007年至2022年发表的报告长期PM2.5与SCA关联的文章进行了全面的文献综述，并从研究设计、风险人群和暴露措施等重点领域对每项研究进行了评估。结果代表四个队列的调查得出了与长期PM2.5暴露和CAC相关的模棱两可的结果。三个队列报告了长期PM2.5与CAC发展/进展之间的正相关。两项研究支持PM2.5与女性或绝经后女性CAC呈正相关。然而，评估PM2.5暴露与颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度(SCA的另一个生物标志物)之间关系的研究，反映出PM2.5水平在男性和女性中均有所增加，但PM2.5暴露和这一SCA测量没有性别差异。我们的研究发现了当前知识综合中的重要空白，包括PM2.5估算和关联的不同方法，对长期空气污染的构成缺乏共识，以及重要协变量和中间变量的选择。我们的目标是概述PM2.5长期暴露和女性SCA调查的最佳实践

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