Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1542/9781610021470-part03-borrelia_infections
{"title":"Borrelia Infections Other Than Lyme Disease (Relapsing Fever)","authors":"","doi":"10.1542/9781610021470-part03-borrelia_infections","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021470-part03-borrelia_infections","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196929,"journal":{"name":"Red Book (2018)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123850964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1542/9781610021470-part03-pelvic_inflammatory
Lindsey K. Jennings, D. Krywko
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is defined as an inflammation of the upper genital tract due to an infection in women. The disease affects the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. It is typically an ascending infection, spreading from the lower genital tract. The majority of cases PID are related to a sexually transmitted infection. The diagnosis of PID is primarily clinical and should be suspected in female patients with lower abdominal or pelvic pain and genital tract tenderness. During the patient’s evaluation, other etiologies of pain including ectopic pregnancy should be considered and ruled out. PID is treated with antibiotics to cover the primary pathogens including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Short-term complications include tubo-ovarian or pelvic abscess. Long-term complications include ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and chronic pelvic pain. Early diagnosis and treatment can potentially prevent complications.
{"title":"Pelvic Inflammatory Disease","authors":"Lindsey K. Jennings, D. Krywko","doi":"10.1542/9781610021470-part03-pelvic_inflammatory","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021470-part03-pelvic_inflammatory","url":null,"abstract":"Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is defined as an inflammation of the upper genital tract due to an infection in women. The disease affects the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. It is typically an ascending infection, spreading from the lower genital tract. The majority of cases PID are related to a sexually transmitted infection. The diagnosis of PID is primarily clinical and should be suspected in female patients with lower abdominal or pelvic pain and genital tract tenderness. During the patient’s evaluation, other etiologies of pain including ectopic pregnancy should be considered and ruled out. PID is treated with antibiotics to cover the primary pathogens including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Short-term complications include tubo-ovarian or pelvic abscess. Long-term complications include ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and chronic pelvic pain. Early diagnosis and treatment can potentially prevent complications.","PeriodicalId":196929,"journal":{"name":"Red Book (2018)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122017012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1542/9781610021470-part03-tularemia
Ray W. Rosson
fULAREMIA is a topic of interest to the physician IL in general practice and to various specialists, including internists, surgeons, dermatologists, pediatricians, and even at times gynecologists.1' 23.5,9 It is by name an appropriate subject for consideration in Tulare County, California, from which it derives that name. In 1911 here in Tulare County, McCoy and Chapin isolated the bacterium tularense in ground squirrels which were dead or dying due to a disease affecting them at that time.3 The author has been told by oldtimers of this city that their field work was carried out in the area about 12 or 14 miles south of the town of Tulare. A guess is that McCoy and Chapin were most fortunate in locating a transitory localized epizootic. As a boy here, and sometimes in or near the very spots where they worked, I personally and with bare hands skinned or cut open numerous squirrels and rabbits, and knew dozens of other boys who did. Wearing gloves to do these things would have been ridiculous to us in those days, but I never heard of infection or sickness resulting. In the many years that I have practiced medicine here I have been interested in tularemia. I have always hoped to find a case and have had agglutination tests made in search of it innumerable times. But I had seen no tularemia in Tulare County until in June, 1946, I found a bona fide case of it which was contracted within this county. The disease must be *rare in this place of its scientific birth. Aside from the case I reported, I have been informed through the Tulare County Health Department that it has no record of any tularemia being reported in Tulare County from December 31, 1940, when reliable records on it were started, to the time of writing this, except one in 1944 reported by an osteopath. Of this last-mentioned case there is no record with the County Department (or with the State of California Department of Public Health) concerning the methods used to diagnose nor any follow-up report of the case. In the circumstances, I am inclined to withhold judgment as to its authenticity. Of course, the number of wild rabbits and squirrels in this vicinity has greatly decreased since 1911, but on the other hand the human population has greatly increased. The California State Department of Public Health has kept records on tularemia since 1927, and on June 2, 1928, the disease was made officially reportable in this state. In the period 1927 to 1946 inclusive, there have been only 322 cases reported to the State Department from all the counties of the vast area of California. Of these, 75 were not chargeable to any one locality and included were patients already ill or in whom the disease had been diagnosed before they entered this state, or who were itinerants. Although in Fresno County, which adjoins Tulare County on the north, just six cases have been reported in this period 1927 to 1946 inclusive, in Kern County, bordering us on the south, 48 cases have been reported during that time
{"title":"Tularemia","authors":"Ray W. Rosson","doi":"10.1542/9781610021470-part03-tularemia","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021470-part03-tularemia","url":null,"abstract":"fULAREMIA is a topic of interest to the physician IL in general practice and to various specialists, including internists, surgeons, dermatologists, pediatricians, and even at times gynecologists.1' 23.5,9 It is by name an appropriate subject for consideration in Tulare County, California, from which it derives that name. In 1911 here in Tulare County, McCoy and Chapin isolated the bacterium tularense in ground squirrels which were dead or dying due to a disease affecting them at that time.3 The author has been told by oldtimers of this city that their field work was carried out in the area about 12 or 14 miles south of the town of Tulare. A guess is that McCoy and Chapin were most fortunate in locating a transitory localized epizootic. As a boy here, and sometimes in or near the very spots where they worked, I personally and with bare hands skinned or cut open numerous squirrels and rabbits, and knew dozens of other boys who did. Wearing gloves to do these things would have been ridiculous to us in those days, but I never heard of infection or sickness resulting. In the many years that I have practiced medicine here I have been interested in tularemia. I have always hoped to find a case and have had agglutination tests made in search of it innumerable times. But I had seen no tularemia in Tulare County until in June, 1946, I found a bona fide case of it which was contracted within this county. The disease must be *rare in this place of its scientific birth. Aside from the case I reported, I have been informed through the Tulare County Health Department that it has no record of any tularemia being reported in Tulare County from December 31, 1940, when reliable records on it were started, to the time of writing this, except one in 1944 reported by an osteopath. Of this last-mentioned case there is no record with the County Department (or with the State of California Department of Public Health) concerning the methods used to diagnose nor any follow-up report of the case. In the circumstances, I am inclined to withhold judgment as to its authenticity. Of course, the number of wild rabbits and squirrels in this vicinity has greatly decreased since 1911, but on the other hand the human population has greatly increased. The California State Department of Public Health has kept records on tularemia since 1927, and on June 2, 1928, the disease was made officially reportable in this state. In the period 1927 to 1946 inclusive, there have been only 322 cases reported to the State Department from all the counties of the vast area of California. Of these, 75 were not chargeable to any one locality and included were patients already ill or in whom the disease had been diagnosed before they entered this state, or who were itinerants. Although in Fresno County, which adjoins Tulare County on the north, just six cases have been reported in this period 1927 to 1946 inclusive, in Kern County, bordering us on the south, 48 cases have been reported during that time","PeriodicalId":196929,"journal":{"name":"Red Book (2018)","volume":"263 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134518488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1542/9781610021470-part03-toxocariasis
{"title":"Toxocariasis (Visceral Toxocariasis [a Form of Visceral Larva Migrans], Ocular Toxocariasis [a Form of Ocular Larva Migrans])","authors":"","doi":"10.1542/9781610021470-part03-toxocariasis","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021470-part03-toxocariasis","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":196929,"journal":{"name":"Red Book (2018)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125129389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-01DOI: 10.1542/9781610021470-part03-lymphocytic_choriomeningitis
AGENT: Arenavirus Of many latent viruses present in mice, only LCM naturally infects humans. LCM can easily be transmitted from animals to humans. Virus isolated by Armstrong and Lillie during investigation of a St. Louis Encephalitis outbreak in 1933. RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE: Worldwide in wild mice (M. musculus). This disease is principally confined to the eastern seaboard and northeastern states in the U.S. Wild mice infect the lab mouse. Mouse and hamster are the only species in which long term, asymptomatic infection is known to exist. *LCM virus is present in experimental mouse tumors which is a second source of infection for humans. This was first recognized in a transplantable leukemia of C58 mice. The disease can also be transmitted to laboratory animals via inoculation of infected tissue culture cells. The infection also occurs in guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, canines, swine, and primates. TRANSMISSION: Infection in mice is maintained by congenital infection followed by lifelong carriage and excretion of virus in saliva, urine, and feces. Human infections are probably from contaminated food and dust, the handling of dead mice, and mouse bites. Bloodsucking arthropod vectors such as ticks, lice, and mosquitos may transmit the disease. Person to person transmission does not occur. DISEASE IN ANIMALS: The clinical signs of LCM depend on the host's resistance and age when infected, although the various categories of the disease are not always clearly delineated. Animals infected in utero or during the first 48 hours postpartum may develop a transient viremia but recover completely within a few weeks. Other animals similarly infected may develop a persistent tolerant infection (PTI) that continues asymptomatically for 6 or more months. Animals infected after the first few days, when the virus will be recognized as foreign, often overcome the infection completely, but an acute, usually fatal syndrome can develop. Signs of acute infection in mice continue for 1-2 weeks and include decreased growth, rough hair coat, hunched posture, blepharitis, weakness, photophobia, tremors, and convulsions. The terminal stage of the PTI, which occurs over several weeks to 5 to 12 month old mice, is characterized by weight loss, blepharitis, and impaired reproductive performance and runted litters. The important necropsy signs are microscopic. Visceral organs, including the liver, kidneys, lungs, pancreas, blood vessels, and meninges, are infiltrated by lymphocytes. A glomerulonephritis of probable immune complex origin is a characteristic feature of terminal PTI. DISEASE IN MAN: The features may include …
{"title":"Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis","authors":"","doi":"10.1542/9781610021470-part03-lymphocytic_choriomeningitis","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1542/9781610021470-part03-lymphocytic_choriomeningitis","url":null,"abstract":"AGENT: Arenavirus Of many latent viruses present in mice, only LCM naturally infects humans. LCM can easily be transmitted from animals to humans. Virus isolated by Armstrong and Lillie during investigation of a St. Louis Encephalitis outbreak in 1933. RESERVOIR AND INCIDENCE: Worldwide in wild mice (M. musculus). This disease is principally confined to the eastern seaboard and northeastern states in the U.S. Wild mice infect the lab mouse. Mouse and hamster are the only species in which long term, asymptomatic infection is known to exist. *LCM virus is present in experimental mouse tumors which is a second source of infection for humans. This was first recognized in a transplantable leukemia of C58 mice. The disease can also be transmitted to laboratory animals via inoculation of infected tissue culture cells. The infection also occurs in guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, canines, swine, and primates. TRANSMISSION: Infection in mice is maintained by congenital infection followed by lifelong carriage and excretion of virus in saliva, urine, and feces. Human infections are probably from contaminated food and dust, the handling of dead mice, and mouse bites. Bloodsucking arthropod vectors such as ticks, lice, and mosquitos may transmit the disease. Person to person transmission does not occur. DISEASE IN ANIMALS: The clinical signs of LCM depend on the host's resistance and age when infected, although the various categories of the disease are not always clearly delineated. Animals infected in utero or during the first 48 hours postpartum may develop a transient viremia but recover completely within a few weeks. Other animals similarly infected may develop a persistent tolerant infection (PTI) that continues asymptomatically for 6 or more months. Animals infected after the first few days, when the virus will be recognized as foreign, often overcome the infection completely, but an acute, usually fatal syndrome can develop. Signs of acute infection in mice continue for 1-2 weeks and include decreased growth, rough hair coat, hunched posture, blepharitis, weakness, photophobia, tremors, and convulsions. The terminal stage of the PTI, which occurs over several weeks to 5 to 12 month old mice, is characterized by weight loss, blepharitis, and impaired reproductive performance and runted litters. The important necropsy signs are microscopic. Visceral organs, including the liver, kidneys, lungs, pancreas, blood vessels, and meninges, are infiltrated by lymphocytes. A glomerulonephritis of probable immune complex origin is a characteristic feature of terminal PTI. DISEASE IN MAN: The features may include …","PeriodicalId":196929,"journal":{"name":"Red Book (2018)","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125548331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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