Pub Date : 2018-12-07DOI: 10.4324/9780429432026-14
Gary W. Wood
{"title":"A Bit of an Outro …","authors":"Gary W. Wood","doi":"10.4324/9780429432026-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429432026-14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":197293,"journal":{"name":"Letters to a New Student","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130610456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
fetal, and placental. Each of these indicators consisted of 3 or 4 conditions (e.g., fetal indicators: fetal compromise, fetal phenotype abnormality, or multiple gestations). We determined the level of concordance between clinical indicator condition and placental pathologic diagnosis. Results: Of submitted placentas with clinical indicators (81%), 49% were maternal indicators, 31% fetal, and 19% placental. In 64% of placentas, the pathologic diagnosis correlated with the clinical indicator. The highest concordance (100%) was with the suspected condition of chorioamnionitis/infection and the lowest level of concordance (33%) was with suspected placental conditions (e.g., previa, retained products, etc.). In 19% of specimens, an appropriate clinical indicator was not provided and the majority was from women who had a Cesarean section with bilateral tubal ligation and no maternal, fetal or placental indications of disease. None of these placental specimens had signifi cant pathologic fi ndings. Extrapolated to the entire year, our laboratory performed a placental examination without appropriate clinical indication in 114 cases. Conclusions: We hypothesize that a standard clinical indicator checklist may be used to triage placentas for pathologic examination. Providing clinicians with correlation of clinical indicator-pathologic fi ndings also may be used to evaluate the utility of the clinical indicator assessment. Improved lab effi ciency may be achieved by limiting unnecessary placental examinations without compromising safety.
{"title":"Techniques","authors":"Gary W. Wood","doi":"10.4324/9780429432026-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429432026-9","url":null,"abstract":"fetal, and placental. Each of these indicators consisted of 3 or 4 conditions (e.g., fetal indicators: fetal compromise, fetal phenotype abnormality, or multiple gestations). We determined the level of concordance between clinical indicator condition and placental pathologic diagnosis. Results: Of submitted placentas with clinical indicators (81%), 49% were maternal indicators, 31% fetal, and 19% placental. In 64% of placentas, the pathologic diagnosis correlated with the clinical indicator. The highest concordance (100%) was with the suspected condition of chorioamnionitis/infection and the lowest level of concordance (33%) was with suspected placental conditions (e.g., previa, retained products, etc.). In 19% of specimens, an appropriate clinical indicator was not provided and the majority was from women who had a Cesarean section with bilateral tubal ligation and no maternal, fetal or placental indications of disease. None of these placental specimens had signifi cant pathologic fi ndings. Extrapolated to the entire year, our laboratory performed a placental examination without appropriate clinical indication in 114 cases. Conclusions: We hypothesize that a standard clinical indicator checklist may be used to triage placentas for pathologic examination. Providing clinicians with correlation of clinical indicator-pathologic fi ndings also may be used to evaluate the utility of the clinical indicator assessment. Improved lab effi ciency may be achieved by limiting unnecessary placental examinations without compromising safety.","PeriodicalId":197293,"journal":{"name":"Letters to a New Student","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123614971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Intro of Sorts …","authors":"Gary W. Wood","doi":"10.4324/9780429432026-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429432026-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":197293,"journal":{"name":"Letters to a New Student","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124038884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Attitudes","authors":"Gary W. Wood","doi":"10.4324/9780429432026-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429432026-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":197293,"journal":{"name":"Letters to a New Student","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128770016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-07DOI: 10.4324/9780429432026-16
Gary W. Wood
{"title":"About the Author","authors":"Gary W. Wood","doi":"10.4324/9780429432026-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429432026-16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":197293,"journal":{"name":"Letters to a New Student","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117262177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wellbeing","authors":"Gary W. Wood","doi":"10.4324/9780429432026-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429432026-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":197293,"journal":{"name":"Letters to a New Student","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114625014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-07DOI: 10.4324/9780429432026-13
Gary W. Wood
{"title":"Summary of Learning Principles","authors":"Gary W. Wood","doi":"10.4324/9780429432026-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429432026-13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":197293,"journal":{"name":"Letters to a New Student","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133862979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Not every item in a stimulus ensemble equally contributes to the perceived ensemble average. Rather, items with feature values close to the ensemble mean (inlying items) contribute stronger compared to those items whose feature values are further away from the mean (outlying items). This nonuniform weighting process, named robust averaging, has been interpreted as evidence against an optimal integration of sensory information. Here, however, we show that robust averaging naturally emerges from an optimal integration process when sensory encoding is efficiently adapted to the ensemble statistics in the experiment. We demonstrate that such a model can accurately fit several existing datasets showing robust perceptual averaging in discriminating low-level stimulus features such as orientation. Across various feature domains, our model accurately predicts subjects’ decision accuracy and nonuniform weighting profile, and both their dependency on the specific stimulus distribution in the experiments. Our results suggest that the human visual system forms efficient sensory representations on short time-scales to improve overall decision performance.
{"title":"Cognition","authors":"Gary W. Wood","doi":"10.4324/9780429432026-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429432026-6","url":null,"abstract":"Not every item in a stimulus ensemble equally contributes to the perceived ensemble average. Rather, items with feature values close to the ensemble mean (inlying items) contribute stronger compared to those items whose feature values are further away from the mean (outlying items). This nonuniform weighting process, named robust averaging, has been interpreted as evidence against an optimal integration of sensory information. Here, however, we show that robust averaging naturally emerges from an optimal integration process when sensory encoding is efficiently adapted to the ensemble statistics in the experiment. We demonstrate that such a model can accurately fit several existing datasets showing robust perceptual averaging in discriminating low-level stimulus features such as orientation. Across various feature domains, our model accurately predicts subjects’ decision accuracy and nonuniform weighting profile, and both their dependency on the specific stimulus distribution in the experiments. Our results suggest that the human visual system forms efficient sensory representations on short time-scales to improve overall decision performance.","PeriodicalId":197293,"journal":{"name":"Letters to a New Student","volume":"37 17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116789139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-07DOI: 10.4324/9780429432026-17
Gary W. Wood
William’s medical background gives him a particular interest and advantage in clinical negligence and personal injury and related claims. “He has an excellent understanding of medicine and the law. His experience and knowledge is well beyond his call.” (Chambers & Partners, 2017). William also has particular interest and experience in claims involving both initial conventional personal injury and then also superadded medical negligence in treatment thereafter, advising and assisting as to contribution claims and apportionment. He has also been instructed in cases regarding the sale and supply of goods and services, motor insurance and uninsured drivers, property damage and general commercial matters.
{"title":"Get in Touch …","authors":"Gary W. Wood","doi":"10.4324/9780429432026-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429432026-17","url":null,"abstract":"William’s medical background gives him a particular interest and advantage in clinical negligence and personal injury and related claims. “He has an excellent understanding of medicine and the law. His experience and knowledge is well beyond his call.” (Chambers & Partners, 2017). William also has particular interest and experience in claims involving both initial conventional personal injury and then also superadded medical negligence in treatment thereafter, advising and assisting as to contribution claims and apportionment. He has also been instructed in cases regarding the sale and supply of goods and services, motor insurance and uninsured drivers, property damage and general commercial matters.","PeriodicalId":197293,"journal":{"name":"Letters to a New Student","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130743877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-07DOI: 10.4324/9780429432026-12
Gary W. Wood
{"title":"Support","authors":"Gary W. Wood","doi":"10.4324/9780429432026-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429432026-12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":197293,"journal":{"name":"Letters to a New Student","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130567613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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