K. R. Burke, Christine Schumacher, Spencer E. Harpe
Currently only minimal information is available regarding risk factors for the development of sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor (SGLT2i)‐related diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We aim to identify individual patient characteristics associated with cases of SGLT2i‐related DKA to better describe potential risk factors.
{"title":"SGLT2 Inhibitors: A Systematic Review of Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Related Risk Factors in the Primary Literature","authors":"K. R. Burke, Christine Schumacher, Spencer E. Harpe","doi":"10.1002/phar.1881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1881","url":null,"abstract":"Currently only minimal information is available regarding risk factors for the development of sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor (SGLT2i)‐related diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We aim to identify individual patient characteristics associated with cases of SGLT2i‐related DKA to better describe potential risk factors.","PeriodicalId":19812,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90899752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-04DOI: 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1982.tb03207.x
Edmond Couchot, Ernő Lendvai, Jean-Bernard Condat
30 Neu HC. Current practices in antimicrobial dosing. Rev Infect Dis. 1981 ;3:11 C-6. Parker RF, Luse A. Action of penicillin on Staphylococcus: further observation of short exposure. J Bacteriol. 1948;56:75-81, Eagle A, Musselman AD. Slow recovery of bacteria from toxic effect of penicillin. J Bacteriol. 1949;58:475-90. Anon. Bacampicillin hydrochloride. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1981 ;23:4950. Hallander HO, Flodstrom A, Sjovall J. Pharmacological and clinical study of bacampicillin in acute peritonsillitis a comparison with ampicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1977;11:185-90. Magni L, Sjovall J, Syvalahti E. Comparative clinical pharmacology of bacampicillin and high oral dose of ampicillin, Infection. 1978;6:283-9. Neu HC. The pharmacokinetics of bacampicillin. Rev Infect Dis. 1981 ;3:110-6. Rozencweig M, Stagnet M, Klastersky J. Antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics of bacampicillin and ampicillin. Clin Pharmacol Ther.
{"title":"Commentaries","authors":"Edmond Couchot, Ernő Lendvai, Jean-Bernard Condat","doi":"10.1002/j.1875-9114.1982.tb03207.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1982.tb03207.x","url":null,"abstract":"30 Neu HC. Current practices in antimicrobial dosing. Rev Infect Dis. 1981 ;3:11 C-6. Parker RF, Luse A. Action of penicillin on Staphylococcus: further observation of short exposure. J Bacteriol. 1948;56:75-81, Eagle A, Musselman AD. Slow recovery of bacteria from toxic effect of penicillin. J Bacteriol. 1949;58:475-90. Anon. Bacampicillin hydrochloride. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1981 ;23:4950. Hallander HO, Flodstrom A, Sjovall J. Pharmacological and clinical study of bacampicillin in acute peritonsillitis a comparison with ampicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1977;11:185-90. Magni L, Sjovall J, Syvalahti E. Comparative clinical pharmacology of bacampicillin and high oral dose of ampicillin, Infection. 1978;6:283-9. Neu HC. The pharmacokinetics of bacampicillin. Rev Infect Dis. 1981 ;3:110-6. Rozencweig M, Stagnet M, Klastersky J. Antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics of bacampicillin and ampicillin. Clin Pharmacol Ther.","PeriodicalId":19812,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73749007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rising cost of pharmaceuticals and, in particular, cancer drugs has made headline news in recent years. Several factors contribute to increasing costs and the burden this places on the health care system and patients. Some of these factors include costly cancer pharmaceutical research and development, longer clinical trials required to achieve drug approval, manufacturing costs for complex compounds, and the economic principles surrounding oncology drug pricing. Strategies to control costs have been proposed, and some have already been implemented to mitigate cancer drug costs such as the use of clinical treatment pathways and tools to facilitate cost discussions with patients. In this article, we briefly review some of the potential factors contributing to increasing cancer pharmaceutical costs and interventions to mitigate costs, and touch on the role of health care providers in addressing this important issue.
{"title":"Rising Cost of Cancer Pharmaceuticals: Cost Issues and Interventions to Control Costs","authors":"A. Glode, Megan B May","doi":"10.1002/phar.1867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1867","url":null,"abstract":"The rising cost of pharmaceuticals and, in particular, cancer drugs has made headline news in recent years. Several factors contribute to increasing costs and the burden this places on the health care system and patients. Some of these factors include costly cancer pharmaceutical research and development, longer clinical trials required to achieve drug approval, manufacturing costs for complex compounds, and the economic principles surrounding oncology drug pricing. Strategies to control costs have been proposed, and some have already been implemented to mitigate cancer drug costs such as the use of clinical treatment pathways and tools to facilitate cost discussions with patients. In this article, we briefly review some of the potential factors contributing to increasing cancer pharmaceutical costs and interventions to mitigate costs, and touch on the role of health care providers in addressing this important issue.","PeriodicalId":19812,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74042096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Rising Cost of Prescription Drugs: Causes and Solutions","authors":"G. Schumock, L. Vermeulen","doi":"10.1002/phar.1873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1873","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19812,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85672452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multiple myeloma (referred to henceforth as myeloma) is a B‐cell malignancy characterized by unregulated growth of plasma cells in the bone marrow. The treatment paradigm for myeloma underwent significant evolution in the last decade, with an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease as well as the development of therapeutic agents that target not only the tumor cells but also their microenvironment. Despite these therapeutic advances, the prognosis of patients with relapsed or refractory myeloma remains poor. Accordingly, a need exists for new therapeutic avenues that can overcome resistance to current therapies and improve survival outcomes. In addition, myeloma is associated with progressive immune dysregulation, with defects in T‐cell immunity, natural killer cell function, and the antigen‐presenting capacity of dendritic cells, resulting in a tumor microenvironment that promotes disease tolerance and progression. Together, the immunosuppressive microenvironment and oncogenic mutations activate signaling networks that promote myeloma cell survival. Immunotherapy incorporates novel treatment options (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, antibody‐drug conjugates, chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, bispecific antibodies, and tumor vaccines) either alone or in combination with existing lines of therapies (e.g., immunomodulatory agents, proteasome inhibitors, and histone deacetylase inhibitors) to enhance the host anti myeloma immunity within the bone marrow microenvironment and improve clinical response. Following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of daratumumab and elotuzumab in 2015, more immunotherapeutic agents are expected to be become available as valuable treatment options in the near future. This review provides a basic understanding of the role of immunotherapy in modulating the bone marrow tumor microenvironment and its role in the treatment of myeloma. Clinical efficacy and safety of recently approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (daratumumab, elotuzumab) are discussed, along with the therapeutic potential of emerging immunotherapies (antibody‐drug conjugates, chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy, tumor vaccines, and immune checkpoint inhibitors).
{"title":"Role of Immunotherapy in Targeting the Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Multiple Myeloma: An Evolving Therapeutic Strategy","authors":"C. Chung","doi":"10.1002/phar.1871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1871","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple myeloma (referred to henceforth as myeloma) is a B‐cell malignancy characterized by unregulated growth of plasma cells in the bone marrow. The treatment paradigm for myeloma underwent significant evolution in the last decade, with an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease as well as the development of therapeutic agents that target not only the tumor cells but also their microenvironment. Despite these therapeutic advances, the prognosis of patients with relapsed or refractory myeloma remains poor. Accordingly, a need exists for new therapeutic avenues that can overcome resistance to current therapies and improve survival outcomes. In addition, myeloma is associated with progressive immune dysregulation, with defects in T‐cell immunity, natural killer cell function, and the antigen‐presenting capacity of dendritic cells, resulting in a tumor microenvironment that promotes disease tolerance and progression. Together, the immunosuppressive microenvironment and oncogenic mutations activate signaling networks that promote myeloma cell survival. Immunotherapy incorporates novel treatment options (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, antibody‐drug conjugates, chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, bispecific antibodies, and tumor vaccines) either alone or in combination with existing lines of therapies (e.g., immunomodulatory agents, proteasome inhibitors, and histone deacetylase inhibitors) to enhance the host anti myeloma immunity within the bone marrow microenvironment and improve clinical response. Following the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of daratumumab and elotuzumab in 2015, more immunotherapeutic agents are expected to be become available as valuable treatment options in the near future. This review provides a basic understanding of the role of immunotherapy in modulating the bone marrow tumor microenvironment and its role in the treatment of myeloma. Clinical efficacy and safety of recently approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (daratumumab, elotuzumab) are discussed, along with the therapeutic potential of emerging immunotherapies (antibody‐drug conjugates, chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy, tumor vaccines, and immune checkpoint inhibitors).","PeriodicalId":19812,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73099391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Lam, Maya Wai, J. Lau, M. Mcnamara, M. Earl, B. Udeh
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy and second leading cause of cancer‐related mortality. Chemotherapy options for patients who fail first‐line treatment are limited. Thus the objective of this study was to assess the cost‐effectiveness of second‐line treatment options for patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer.
{"title":"Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis of Second‐Line Chemotherapy Agents for Advanced Gastric Cancer","authors":"S. Lam, Maya Wai, J. Lau, M. Mcnamara, M. Earl, B. Udeh","doi":"10.1002/phar.1870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1870","url":null,"abstract":"Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy and second leading cause of cancer‐related mortality. Chemotherapy options for patients who fail first‐line treatment are limited. Thus the objective of this study was to assess the cost‐effectiveness of second‐line treatment options for patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer.","PeriodicalId":19812,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81648634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander H. Flannery, Komal Pandya, Melanie E. Laine, Philip J. Almeter, J. Flynn
Pharmaceutical costs for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) constitute a large portion of hospital drug budgets. Unfortunately, prices for medications commonly used in the ICU are on the rise for a variety of reasons. In particular, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Unapproved Drugs Initiative, generic manufacturers cornering the marketplace, drug shortages, and regulatory device changes are major drivers of pharmaceutical price escalation affecting costs in the ICU. Furthermore, traditional high acquisition cost items still pose challenges to controlling costs. To offer strategies to mitigate the rising costs of pharmaceuticals in the ICU setting, we searched the PubMed/Medline and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases and other related sources to identify published cost‐saving protocols concerning specific medications that are affected by rising prices or have traditional high acquisition costs. In the absence of specific protocols, we offer possible cost‐saving initiatives based on published literature regarding specific agents or based on our own diverse set of experiences. Finally, we review suggested clinical and operational activities at an institutional level to address these rising drug costs in the ICU setting.
{"title":"Managing the Rising Costs and High Drug Expenditures in Critical Care Pharmacy Practice","authors":"Alexander H. Flannery, Komal Pandya, Melanie E. Laine, Philip J. Almeter, J. Flynn","doi":"10.1002/phar.1862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1862","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmaceutical costs for patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) constitute a large portion of hospital drug budgets. Unfortunately, prices for medications commonly used in the ICU are on the rise for a variety of reasons. In particular, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Unapproved Drugs Initiative, generic manufacturers cornering the marketplace, drug shortages, and regulatory device changes are major drivers of pharmaceutical price escalation affecting costs in the ICU. Furthermore, traditional high acquisition cost items still pose challenges to controlling costs. To offer strategies to mitigate the rising costs of pharmaceuticals in the ICU setting, we searched the PubMed/Medline and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases and other related sources to identify published cost‐saving protocols concerning specific medications that are affected by rising prices or have traditional high acquisition costs. In the absence of specific protocols, we offer possible cost‐saving initiatives based on published literature regarding specific agents or based on our own diverse set of experiences. Finally, we review suggested clinical and operational activities at an institutional level to address these rising drug costs in the ICU setting.","PeriodicalId":19812,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87878027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Suda, Drew J. Halbur, R. Hunkler, Linda M. Matusiak, G. Schumock
New hepatitis C virus (HCV) antivirals have been shown to be highly effective with minimal adverse effects, but they are costly. Little is known, however, about the impact of the new HCV antivirals on expenditures in the overall U.S. health care system or by health care sector. Thus the objective of this study was to describe HCV antiviral expenditures by agent, year, and health care sector.
{"title":"Spending on Hepatitis C Antivirals in the United States, 2009–2015","authors":"K. Suda, Drew J. Halbur, R. Hunkler, Linda M. Matusiak, G. Schumock","doi":"10.1002/phar.1865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1865","url":null,"abstract":"New hepatitis C virus (HCV) antivirals have been shown to be highly effective with minimal adverse effects, but they are costly. Little is known, however, about the impact of the new HCV antivirals on expenditures in the overall U.S. health care system or by health care sector. Thus the objective of this study was to describe HCV antiviral expenditures by agent, year, and health care sector.","PeriodicalId":19812,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89108265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheung-Yin Fan, H. Shum, W. Cheng, Yat-Hei Chan, Sik-Yin McShirley Leung, W. Yan
To determine whether critically ill patients receiving extended‐infusion (EI) piperacillin/tazobactam would have improved clinical outcomes compared with patients receiving intermittent infusions.
确定接受延长输注(EI)哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的危重患者与接受间歇输注的患者相比是否能改善临床结果。
{"title":"Clinical Outcomes of Extended Versus Intermittent Infusion of Piperacillin/Tazobactam in Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Clinical Trial","authors":"Sheung-Yin Fan, H. Shum, W. Cheng, Yat-Hei Chan, Sik-Yin McShirley Leung, W. Yan","doi":"10.1002/phar.1875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1875","url":null,"abstract":"To determine whether critically ill patients receiving extended‐infusion (EI) piperacillin/tazobactam would have improved clinical outcomes compared with patients receiving intermittent infusions.","PeriodicalId":19812,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91160334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drayton A. Hammond, Niranjan Kathe, Anuj Shah, B. Martin
To determine the cost‐effectiveness of stress ulcer prophylaxis with histamine2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) versus proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in critically ill and mechanically ventilated adults.
{"title":"Cost‐Effectiveness of Histamine2 Receptor Antagonists Versus Proton Pump Inhibitors for Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Critically Ill Patients","authors":"Drayton A. Hammond, Niranjan Kathe, Anuj Shah, B. Martin","doi":"10.1002/phar.1859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1859","url":null,"abstract":"To determine the cost‐effectiveness of stress ulcer prophylaxis with histamine2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) versus proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in critically ill and mechanically ventilated adults.","PeriodicalId":19812,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90313564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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