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News From the Field 现场新闻
Pub Date : 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2014.2144
David Free
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引用次数: 0
Time course of grouping of shape by perceptual closure: effects of spatial proximity and collinearity. 感知闭合对形状分组的时间过程:空间接近和共线性的影响。
Pub Date : 2010-03-27 DOI: 10.1167/8.6.582
Bat-Sheva Hadad, R. Kimchi
We examined time course of grouping of shape by perceptual closure in three experiments using a primed matching task. The gaps between the closure-inducing contours varied in size. In addition, depending on the distribution of the gaps along the closure-inducing contours--occurring at straight contour segments or at the point of change in contour direction--collinearity was either present or absent. In the absence of collinearity, early priming of the shape was observed for spatially close fragments, but not for spatially distant fragments. When collinearity was available, the shape of both spatially close and spatially distant fragments was primed at brief exposures. These results suggest that spatial proximity is critical for the rapid grouping of shape by perceptual closure in the absence of collinearity, but collinearity facilitates the rapid grouping of shape when the closure-inducing fragments are spatially distant. In addition, shape priming persisted over time only when the collinear fragments were spatially close, suggesting that a stable representation of shape depends both on collinearity and spatial proximity between the closure-inducing fragments.
在三个实验中,我们用启动匹配任务考察了知觉闭合对形状分组的时间过程。诱导闭合轮廓之间的间隙大小不一。此外,根据沿闭合诱导轮廓的间隙分布(发生在直线轮廓段或在轮廓方向变化点),共线性存在或不存在。在没有共线性的情况下,在空间近的碎片上观察到形状的早期启动,但在空间远的碎片上没有。当共线性可用时,在短暂曝光下启动空间近距离和空间远距离碎片的形状。这些结果表明,在没有共线性的情况下,空间接近对于通过感知闭合快速分组形状至关重要,但当诱导闭合的片段在空间上较远时,共线性有助于形状的快速分组。此外,只有当共线片段在空间上接近时,形状启动才会持续一段时间,这表明形状的稳定表征取决于共线片段和空间接近性。
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引用次数: 16
Prior experience affects amodal completion in pigeons. 先前的经验影响鸽子的情态完成。
Pub Date : 2010-03-24 DOI: 10.1167/6.6.764
Y. Nagasaka, O. Lazareva, E. Wasserman
In a three-alternative forced-choice task, 4 pigeons were trained to discriminate a target stimulus consisting of two colored shapes, one of which partially occluded the other, from two foil stimuli that portrayed either a complete or an incomplete version of the occluded shape. The dependent measure was the percentage of total errors that the birds committed to the complete foil. At the outset of training, the pigeons committed approximately 50% of total errors to the complete foil, but as training progressed, the percentage of errors to the complete foil rose. When the pigeons were given a second exposure to the initial set of stimuli, they committed 70% of total errors to the complete foil, suggesting that they now saw the complete foil as more similar to the occluded target than the incomplete foil. These results suggest that experience with 2-D images may facilitate amodal completion in pigeons, perhaps via perceptual learning.
在一个三种选择的强迫选择任务中,4只鸽子被训练区分由两个彩色形状组成的目标刺激,其中一个部分遮挡了另一个,以及两个描绘完整或不完整被遮挡形状的箔刺激。依赖的测量是总错误的百分比,鸟类承诺完整的箔。在训练开始时,鸽子犯了大约50%的错误,但随着训练的进行,错误的百分比上升。当鸽子第二次暴露于最初的一组刺激时,它们对完整的箔片犯了70%的错误,这表明它们现在认为完整的箔片比不完整的箔片更像被遮挡的目标。这些结果表明,对二维图像的体验可能通过感知学习促进鸽子的模态完成。
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引用次数: 14
A stereo advantage in generalizing over changes in viewpoint on object recognition tasks. 在物体识别任务中,视点变化在概括上的立体优势。
Pub Date : 2010-03-18 DOI: 10.1167/6.6.313
D. J. Bennett, Q. Vuong
In four experiments, we examined whether generalization to unfamiliar views was better under stereo viewing or under nonstereo viewing across different tasks and stimuli. In the first three experiments, we used a sequential matching task in which observers matched the identities of shaded tube-like objects. Across Experiments 1-3, we manipulated the presentation method of the nonstereo stimuli (having observers wear an eye patch vs. showing observers the same screen image) and the magnitude of the viewpoint change (30 degrees vs. 38 degrees). In Experiment 4, observers identified "easy" and "hard" rotating wire-frame objects at the individual level under stereo and nonstereo viewing conditions. We found a stereo advantage for generalizing to unfamiliar views in all the experiments. However, in these experiments, performance remained view dependent even under stereo viewing. These results strongly argue against strictly 2-D image-based models of object recognition, at least for the stimuli and recognition tasks used, and suggest that observers used representations that contained view-specific local depth information.
在四个实验中,我们考察了在不同的任务和刺激下,立体视觉和非立体视觉对陌生视图的泛化效果是更好的。在前三个实验中,我们使用了顺序匹配任务,其中观察者匹配阴影管状物体的身份。在实验1-3中,我们操纵了非立体刺激的呈现方法(让观察者戴上眼罩与向观察者展示相同的屏幕图像)和视点变化的幅度(30度vs 38度)。在实验4中,观察者在立体和非立体观看条件下在个体水平上识别“容易”和“难”旋转的线框物体。在所有的实验中,我们都发现了对陌生观点进行概括的立体优势。然而,在这些实验中,即使在立体视觉下,性能仍然依赖于视觉。这些结果强烈反对严格的基于二维图像的物体识别模型,至少对于所使用的刺激和识别任务,并表明观察者使用包含特定于视图的局部深度信息的表征。
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引用次数: 23
The visual perception of length along intrinsically curved surfaces. 沿着固有曲面的长度的视觉感知。
Pub Date : 2010-03-15 DOI: 10.1167/2.7.84
J. Norman, Hideko F. Norman, Young-lim Lee, D. Stockton, J. Lappin
The ability of observers to perceive three-dimensional (3-D) distances or lengths along intrinsically curved surfaces was investigated in three experiments. Three physically curved surfaces were used: convex and/or concave hemispheres (Experiments 1 and 3) and a hyperbolic paraboloid (Experiment 2). The first two experiments employed a visual length-matching task, but in the final experiment the observers estimated the surface lengths motorically by varying the separation between their two index fingers. In general, the observers' judgments of surface length in both tasks (perceptual vs. motoric matching) were very precise but were not necessarily accurate. Large individual differences (overestimation, underestimation, etc.) in the perception of length occurred. There were also significant effects of viewing distance, type of surface, and orientation of the spatial intervals on the observers' judgments of surface length. The individual differences and failures of perceptual constancy that were obtained indicate that there is no single relationship between physical and perceived distances on 3-D surfaces that is consistent across observers.
观察者感知三维(3-D)的距离或长度沿着本质曲面的能力进行了三个实验研究。三个物理曲面被使用:凸面和/或凹面半球(实验1和3)和双曲抛物面(实验2)。前两个实验采用视觉长度匹配任务,但在最后一个实验中,观察者通过改变他们两个食指之间的距离来估计表面长度。总的来说,观察者在两项任务(知觉匹配和运动匹配)中对表面长度的判断都非常精确,但不一定准确。对长度的感知存在较大的个体差异(高估、低估等)。观察距离、表面类型和空间间隔方向对观察者对表面长度的判断也有显著影响。个体差异和感知恒常性的失败表明,在三维表面上的物理和感知距离之间没有单一的关系,这在观察者之间是一致的。
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引用次数: 7
Covert shifts of attention precede involuntary eye movements. 隐蔽的注意力转移先于无意识的眼球运动。
Pub Date : 2010-03-15 DOI: 10.1167/2.7.163
M. Peterson, A. Kramer, D. E. Irwin
There is considerable evidence that covert visual attention precedes voluntary eye movements to an intended location. What happens to covert attention when an involuntary saccadic eye movement is made? In agreement with other researchers, we found that attention and voluntary eye movements are tightly coupled in such a way that attention always shifts to the intended location before the eyes begin to move. However, we found that when an involuntary eye movement is made, attention first precedes the eyes to the unintended location and then switches to the intended location, with the eyes following this pattern a short time later. These results support the notion that attention and saccade programming are tightly coupled.
有相当多的证据表明,隐蔽的视觉注意先于自愿的眼球运动到达预定的位置。当眼球进行非自愿跳动时,隐蔽注意力会发生什么变化?与其他研究人员一致,我们发现注意力和眼球运动是紧密结合在一起的,在眼睛开始运动之前,注意力总是会转移到预定的位置。然而,我们发现,当眼球不自觉地运动时,注意力首先在眼睛之前转移到意想不到的位置,然后转移到预期的位置,眼睛在很短的时间后就会遵循这种模式。这些结果支持了注意力和扫视编程紧密耦合的概念。
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引用次数: 98
Perceptual saliency of points along the contour of everyday objects: a large-scale study. 沿日常物体轮廓的点的知觉显著性:一项大规模的研究。
Pub Date : 2010-03-14 DOI: 10.1167/2.7.487
J. De Winter, J. Wagemans
The aim of this large-scale study was to find out which points along the contour of a shape are most salient and why. Many subjects (N=161) were asked to mark salient points on contour stimuli, derived from a large set of line drawings of everyday objects (N=260). The database of more than 200,000 marked points was analyzed extensively to test the hypothesis, first formulated by Attneave (1954), that curvature extrema are most salient. This hypothesis was confirmed by the data: Highly salient points are usually very close to strong curvature extrema (positive maxima and negative minima). However, perceptual saliency of points along the contour is determined by more factors than just local absolute curvature. This was confirmed by an extensive correlational analysis of perceptual saliency in relation to ten different stimulus factors. A point is more salient when the two line segments connecting it with its two neighboring salient points make a sharp turning angle and when the 2-D part defined by the triplet of salient points is less compact and sticks out more.
这项大规模研究的目的是找出形状轮廓上的哪些点是最突出的,以及为什么。许多受试者(N=161)被要求在轮廓刺激上标记突出点,这些轮廓刺激来自于一组日常物品的线条画(N=260)。对数据库中超过20万个标记点进行了广泛的分析,以检验Attneave(1954年)首先提出的假设,即曲率极值是最显著的。数据证实了这一假设:高度突出的点通常非常接近强曲率极值(正最大值和负最小值)。然而,沿轮廓点的感知显著性是由更多的因素决定的,而不仅仅是局部绝对曲率。这是证实了广泛的相关分析知觉显著性有关的十个不同的刺激因素。当一个点与其相邻的两个突出点相连的两条线段形成一个急转弯时,当由三个突出点定义的二维部分不那么紧凑而更突出时,一个点就更突出。
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引用次数: 33
Object and spatial representations in the corner enhancement effect. 物体和空间表现在角落的增强效果。
Pub Date : 2007-01-01 DOI: 10.1068/V070101
G. Cole, P. Skarratt, A. Gellatly
Cole, Gellatly, and Blurton have shown that targets presented adjacent to geometric corners are detected more efficiently than targets presented adjacent to straight edges. In six experiments, we examined how this corner enhancement effect is modulated by corner-of-object representations (i.e., corners that define an object's shape) and local base-level corners that occur as a result of, for instance, overlapping the straight edges of two objects. The results show that the corner phenomenon is greater for corners of object representations than for corners that do not define an object's shape. We also examined whether the corner effect persists within the contour boundaries of an object, as well as on the outside. The results showed that a spatial gradient of attention accompanies the corner effect outside the contour boundaries of an object but that processing within an object is uniform, with no corner effect occurring. We discuss these findings in relation to space-based and object-based theories of attention.
Cole、Gellatly和Blurton已经证明,与直线边缘相邻的目标相比,几何角附近的目标被检测到的效率更高。在六个实验中,我们研究了这种角增强效应是如何通过物体的角表示(即定义物体形状的角)和局部基准面角(例如,重叠两个物体的直边)来调节的。结果表明,物体表示的角比不定义物体形状的角更容易产生角现象。我们还研究了拐角效应是否在物体的轮廓边界内以及外部持续存在。结果表明,在物体的轮廓边界外存在空间注意力梯度,而物体内部的注意力梯度处理是均匀的,不存在角落效应。我们将这些发现与基于空间和基于对象的注意理论进行讨论。
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引用次数: 5
Shifting attention into and out of objects: Evaluating the processes underlying the object advantage 将注意力转移到或移出对象:评估对象优势背后的过程
Pub Date : 2005-09-01 DOI: 10.1167/5.8.1032
James M. Brown, Hope I. Denney
Visual cuing studies have been widely used to demonstrate and explore contributions from both object- and location-based attention systems. A common finding has been a response advantage for shifts of attention occurring within an object, relative to shifts of an equal distance between objects. The present study examined this advantage for within-object shifts in terms of engage and disengage operations within the object- and location-based attention systems. The rationale was that shifts of attention between objects require object-based attention to disengage from one object before shifting to another, something that is not required for shifts of attention within an object or away from a location. One- and two-object displays were used to assess object-based contributions related to disengaging and engaging attention within, between, into, and out of objects. The results suggest that the “object advantage” commonly found in visual cuing experiments in which shifts of attention are required is primarily due to disengage operations associated with object-based attention.
视觉线索研究已被广泛用于证明和探索基于对象和基于位置的注意系统的贡献。一个常见的发现是,相对于在物体之间等距离的转移,在一个物体内发生的注意力转移具有反应优势。本研究从基于对象和位置的注意系统的参与和脱离操作的角度考察了客体内转移的优势。其基本原理是,在物体之间转移注意力需要基于物体的注意力在转移到另一个物体之前从一个物体中脱离出来,而在物体内部或远离一个位置转移注意力则不需要这样做。一个和两个物体显示被用来评估基于物体的贡献,这些贡献与在物体内部、之间、进入和离开物体时的注意力分离和吸引有关。结果表明,在需要注意力转移的视觉提示实验中,通常发现的“物体优势”主要是由于与基于物体的注意力相关的脱离操作。
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引用次数: 50
The efficiency of biological motion perception. 生物运动感知的效率。
Pub Date : 2005-09-01 DOI: 10.1167/5.8.1057
J. Gold, D. Tadin, Susan C. Cook, R. Blake
Humans can readily perceive biological motion from point-light (PL) animations, which create an image of a moving human figure by tracing the trajectories of a small number of light points affixed to a moving human body. We have applied ideal observer analysis to a standard biological motion discrimination task involving either full-figure or PL displays. Contrary to current dogma, we find that PL animations can be rich inpotential stimulus information but that human observers are remarkably inefficient at exploiting this information. Although our findings do not discount the utility of PL animation, they do provide a realistic measure of the computational challenge posed by biological motion perception.
人类可以很容易地从点光动画(PL)中感知生物运动,它通过追踪附着在移动人体上的少量光点的轨迹来创建移动人体的图像。我们将理想观察者分析应用于涉及全图形或PL显示的标准生物运动识别任务。与目前的教条相反,我们发现PL动画可以提供丰富的潜在刺激信息,但人类观察者在利用这些信息方面效率非常低。虽然我们的研究结果并没有贬低PL动画的效用,但它们确实为生物运动感知带来的计算挑战提供了现实的衡量标准。
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引用次数: 23
期刊
Perception & Psychophysics
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