Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal最新文献

A 15-year-old male presented with acute chest pain and was diagnosed with myopericarditis due to acute Q fever, detected by cell-free DNA method. Despite taking a 2-week course of doxycycline, myopericarditis recurred after 6 months. In the absence of an alternative diagnosis, he began treatment for possible chronic Q fever with doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine and has not had further recurrence.

Regarding nirsevimab immunization status, among 1085 infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis, the odds of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis were 4.7 times higher for nonimmunized children. Immunized infants were less likely to require oxygen supplementation (20.2% vs. 30.6%, P = 0.02) and had a 1-day shorter hospital stay. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis was less frequent and less severe in infants immunized with nirsevimab.

Background: Varicella (chickenpox) caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a highly contagious pediatric disease. While it typically manifests as a mild disease, complications leading to hospitalization are not uncommon. Knowing the current disease burden, seasonality and risk groups is pivotal for evidence-based decisions on the introduction of a varicella vaccine.

Methods: Using the Danish National Patient Register and medical helpline records from the Capital Region, we estimated the burden of VZV infections among children younger than 18 years in Denmark from 2015 to June 2023.

Results: We identified 14,443 cases with annual incidence rates of 325/100,000 children for mild-to-moderate varicella cases (helpline calls), 35/100,000 for moderate-to-severe cases (outpatients) and 10/100,000 for severe cases (hospitalized). Mild cases were most prevalent in children aged 1-4 years, while moderate-to-severe cases were most prevalent among infants <1 year old. Among hospitalized cases, 23.2% had underlying diseases and 47.3% experienced complications. In April 2022, rapid surge in all types of VZV cases occurred, where admissions surpassed the prepandemic level.

Conclusion: This study documents that varicella is highly prevalent among Danish young children. Mild-to-moderately severe cases strain healthcare, causing increased helpline calls and posing a persistent hospitalization risk, especially for infants and children with underlying conditions.

Kingella kingae is a cause of bacteremia, endocarditis, and the leading cause of osteoarticular infections between 6 and 48 months of life. We report on a rare case of K. kingae meningitis in the absence of endocarditis and immune deficiency in a 26-month-old boy emphasizing the distinct genomic determinants of the strain which may be of importance to the pathogenesis of the disease.

Some studies have reported increased infectious morbidity and all-cause mortality risk among infants HIV-exposed uninfected compared with infants HIV-unexposed uninfected. In a retrospective analysis of infants enrolled in the Botswana-based Tshilo Dikotla study, we found no difference in the prevalence of infectious hospitalizations or deaths from any cause in the first year of life by perinatal HIV exposure.

Salmonella is a rare causative pathogen of osteomyelitis and is commonly detected in patients with sickle cell disease. We described 2 consecutive cases of nontyphoidal Salmonella osteomyelitis identified in immunocompetent children. It is evident that even children without apparent risk factors for immune dysfunctions can be affected, so maintaining clinical suspicion is crucial for early diagnosis and prompt treatment.

Ganciclovir and valganciclovir are first-line treatments for cytomegalovirus in immunocompromised children; however, the optimal therapeutic target remains unclear. This review identified 6 studies that showed clearance of cytomegalovirus viremia occurs with a median area under the concentration-time curve (AUC24) between 23 and 70 μg·h/mL, with no clear correlation with efficacy or toxicity.