Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00651-z
Damian Mielecki, Elżbieta Salińska
The group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), comprising mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, and mGluR8, offer neuroprotective potential in mitigating excitotoxicity during ischemic brain injury, particularly in neonatal contexts. They are G-protein coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclase and reduce neurotransmitter release, mainly located presynaptically and acting as autoreceptors. This review aims to examine the differential expression and function of group III mGluRs across various brain regions such as the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum, with a special focus on the neonatal stage of development. Glutamate excitotoxicity plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of brain ischemia in neonates. While ionotropic glutamate receptors are traditional targets for neuroprotection, their direct inhibition often leads to severe side effects due to their critical roles in normal neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Group III mGluRs provide a more nuanced and potentially safer approach by modulating rather than blocking glutamatergic transmission. Their downstream signaling cascade results in the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, neuronal hyperpolarization, and reduced neurotransmitter release, effectively decreasing excitotoxic signaling without completely suppressing essential glutamatergic functions. Importantly, the neuroprotective effects of group III mGluRs extend beyond direct modulation of glutamate release influencing glial cell function, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which contribute to secondary injury cascades in brain ischemia. This comprehensive analysis of group III mGluRs multifaceted neuroprotective potential provides valuable insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies to combat excitotoxicity in neonatal ischemic brain injury.
由 mGluR4、mGluR6、mGluR7 和 mGluR8 组成的第三组代谢谷氨酸受体(mGluRs)在减轻缺血性脑损伤(尤其是新生儿脑损伤)过程中的兴奋毒性方面具有神经保护潜力。它们是抑制腺苷酸环化酶和减少神经递质释放的 G 蛋白偶联受体,主要位于突触前并作为自受体发挥作用。本综述旨在研究第三组 mGluRs 在大脑皮层、海马和小脑等不同脑区的不同表达和功能,尤其关注新生儿的发育阶段。谷氨酸兴奋毒性在新生儿脑缺血的病理生理学中起着至关重要的作用。虽然离子型谷氨酸受体是神经保护的传统靶点,但由于它们在正常神经传递和突触可塑性中的关键作用,直接抑制它们往往会导致严重的副作用。第 III 组 mGluRs 通过调节而不是阻断谷氨酸能传导,提供了一种更细致、更安全的方法。它们的下游信号级联可调节细胞内钙水平、神经元超极化和减少神经递质释放,从而有效减少兴奋毒性信号传导,而不会完全抑制谷氨酸能的基本功能。重要的是,第 III 组 mGluRs 的神经保护作用超出了对谷氨酸释放的直接调节,它还会影响神经胶质细胞功能、神经炎症和氧化应激,所有这些因素都会导致脑缺血的继发性损伤级联。对 III 组 mGluRs 多方面神经保护潜力的全面分析为开发新的治疗策略以对抗新生儿缺血性脑损伤中的兴奋毒性提供了宝贵的见解。
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Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00653-x
Damian Mielecki, Ewelina Bratek-Gerej, Elżbieta Salińska
Injury to the developing central nervous system resulting from perinatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI) is still a clinical challenge. The only approach currently available in clinical practice for severe cases of HI is therapeutic hypothermia, initiated shortly after birth and supported by medications to regulate blood pressure, control epileptic seizures, and dialysis to support kidney function. However, these treatments are not effective enough to significantly improve infant survival or prevent brain damage. The need to create a new effective therapy has focused attention on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), which control signaling pathways involved in HI-induced neurodegeneration. The complexity of mGluR actions, considering their localization and developmental changes, and the functions of each subtype in HI-evoked brain damage, combined with difficulties in the availability of safe and effective modulators, raises the question whether modulation of mGluRs with subtype-selective ligands can become a new treatment in neonatal HI. Addressing this question, this review presents the available information concerning the role of each of the eight receptor subtypes of the three mGluR groups (group I, II, and III). Data obtained from experiments performed on in vitro and in vivo neonatal HI models show the neuroprotective potential of group I mGluR antagonists, as well as group II and III agonists. The information collected in this work indicates that the neuroprotective effects of manipulating mGluR in experimental HI models, despite the need to create more safe and selective ligands for particular receptors, provide a chance to create new therapies for the sensitive brains of infants at risk.
围产期缺氧缺血(HI)对发育中的中枢神经系统造成的损伤仍是一项临床挑战。目前临床上治疗严重缺氧缺血病例的唯一方法是治疗性低温,即在婴儿出生后不久开始,并辅以药物调节血压、控制癫痫发作和透析以支持肾功能。然而,这些疗法的效果并不足以显著提高婴儿存活率或预防脑损伤。由于需要创造一种新的有效疗法,人们将注意力集中在代谢型谷氨酸受体(mGluR)上,因为mGluR控制着参与HI诱导的神经变性的信号通路。考虑到 mGluR 的定位和发育变化、各亚型在 HI 诱发的脑损伤中的功能,以及安全有效的调节剂难以获得,mGluR 作用的复杂性提出了一个问题:用亚型选择性配体调节 mGluR 能否成为新生儿 HI 的一种新疗法?针对这一问题,本综述介绍了有关三个 mGluR 组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 组)八种受体亚型各自作用的现有信息。从体外和体内新生儿 HI 模型实验中获得的数据显示,I 组 mGluR 拮抗剂以及 II 组和 III 组激动剂具有保护神经的潜力。这项工作收集的信息表明,尽管需要为特定受体创造更安全、更有选择性的配体,但在实验性脑损伤模型中操纵 mGluR 所产生的神经保护作用为为处于危险中的婴儿敏感的大脑创造新疗法提供了机会。
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Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00649-7
Tereza Kořánová, Lukáš Dvořáček, Dana Grebeňová, Kateřina Kuželová
Background
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a crucial regulator of cell metabolic activity. It forms part of several distinct protein complexes, particularly mTORC1 and mTORC2. The lack of specific inhibitors still hampers the attribution of mTOR functions to these complexes. JR-AB2-011 has been reported as a specific mTORC2 inhibitor preventing mTOR binding to RICTOR, a unique component of mTORC2. We aimed to describe the effects of JR-AB2-011 in leukemia/lymphoma cells, where the mTOR pathway is often aberrantly activated.
Methods
The impact of JR-AB2-011 on leukemia/lymphoma cell metabolism was analyzed using the Seahorse platform. AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 was used as a marker of mTORC2 activity. mTOR binding to RICTOR was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation. RICTOR-null cells were derived from the Karpas-299 cell line using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.
Results
In leukemia/lymphoma cell lines, JR-AB2-011 induced a rapid drop in the cell respiration rate, which was variably compensated by an increased glycolytic rate. In contrast, an increase in the respiration rate due to JR-AB2-011 treatment was observed in primary leukemia cells. Unexpectedly, JR-AB2-011 did not affect AKT Ser473 phosphorylation. In addition, mTOR did not dissociate from RICTOR in cells treated with JR-AB2-011 under the experimental conditions used in this study. The effect of JR-AB2-011 on cell respiration was retained in RICTOR-null cells.
Conclusion
JR-AB2-011 affects leukemia/lymphoma cell metabolism via a mechanism independent of mTORC2.
{"title":"JR-AB2-011 induces fast metabolic changes independent of mTOR complex 2 inhibition in human leukemia cells","authors":"Tereza Kořánová, Lukáš Dvořáček, Dana Grebeňová, Kateřina Kuželová","doi":"10.1007/s43440-024-00649-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-024-00649-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a crucial regulator of cell metabolic activity. It forms part of several distinct protein complexes, particularly mTORC1 and mTORC2. The lack of specific inhibitors still hampers the attribution of mTOR functions to these complexes. JR-AB2-011 has been reported as a specific mTORC2 inhibitor preventing mTOR binding to RICTOR, a unique component of mTORC2. We aimed to describe the effects of JR-AB2-011 in leukemia/lymphoma cells, where the mTOR pathway is often aberrantly activated.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The impact of JR-AB2-011 on leukemia/lymphoma cell metabolism was analyzed using the Seahorse platform. AKT phosphorylation at Ser473 was used as a marker of mTORC2 activity. mTOR binding to RICTOR was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation. RICTOR-null cells were derived from the Karpas-299 cell line using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>In leukemia/lymphoma cell lines, JR-AB2-011 induced a rapid drop in the cell respiration rate, which was variably compensated by an increased glycolytic rate. In contrast, an increase in the respiration rate due to JR-AB2-011 treatment was observed in primary leukemia cells. Unexpectedly, JR-AB2-011 did not affect AKT Ser473 phosphorylation. In addition, mTOR did not dissociate from RICTOR in cells treated with JR-AB2-011 under the experimental conditions used in this study. The effect of JR-AB2-011 on cell respiration was retained in RICTOR-null cells.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>JR-AB2-011 affects leukemia/lymphoma cell metabolism via a mechanism independent of mTORC2.</p>","PeriodicalId":19947,"journal":{"name":"Pharmacological Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00648-8
Izabela Zakrocka, Katarzyna M. Targowska-Duda, Tomasz Kocki, Waldemar Turski, Ewa M. Urbańska, Wojciech Załuska
Background
Loop diuretics became a cornerstone in the therapy of hypervolemia in patients with chronic kidney disease or heart failure. Apart from the influence on water and electrolyte balance, these drugs were shown to inhibit tissue fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-system activity. The kynurenine (KYN) pathway products are suggested to be uremic toxins. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is synthesized by kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs) in the brain and periphery. The cardiovascular and renal effects of KYNA are well documented. However, high KYNA levels have been correlated with the rate of kidney damage and its complications. Our study aimed to assess the effect of loop diuretics, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, and torasemide on KYNA synthesis and KATs activity in rat kidneys in vitro.
Methods
Quantitative analyses of KYNA were performed using fluorimetric HPLC detection. Additionally, molecular docking studies determined the possible interactions of investigated compounds with an active site of KAT I and KAT II.
Results
All studied drugs inhibited KYNA production in rat kidneys in vitro at 0.5–1.0 mmol/l concentrations. Only ethacrynic acid at 1.0 mmol/l concentration significantly lowered KAT I and KAT II activity in kidney homogenates, whereas other drugs were ineffective. Molecular docking results indicated the common binding site for each of the studied loop diuretics and KYNA. They suggested possible residues involved in their binding to the active site of both KAT I and KAT II model.
Conclusions
Our study reveals that loop diuretics may decrease KYNA synthesis in rat kidneys in vitro. The presented results warrant further research in the context of KYN pathway activity regulation by loop diuretics.