Pub Date : 2023-02-24DOI: 10.15226/sojmid/9/1/001111
Mikhail Martchenko Shilman, Leandra O. Gonzalez, Wai S. Gee, T. Henderson, Jeffrey D. Palumbo, Hovhannes J. Gukasyan
Flies naturally contain microbes in their intestines after eating microbe-rich food like decaying fruits. When ingesting microbes, insects are also exposed to their toxins. The sensitivity of insects to ingested microbial toxins and their mechanism of response to toxins has not been thoroughly studied. Transcriptional regulator c-Myc has been shown to regulate the response to some but not all microbial toxins in mammals. We tested the sensitivity of wild-type and Myc mutant Drosophila melanogaster strains to two exotoxins, Clostridium perfringens α-toxin and Vibrio cholerae toxin, and two endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Salmonella minnesota and S. typhimurium. We observed that both sexes of wild-type flies were insensitive to tested toxins. Similarly, Myc mutant males were insensitive to the four toxins. In contrast, female Myc mutants were significantly more sensitive to all tested toxins than wild-type females. The median survival of female Myc mutants was shortened by at least 54 hours in the presence of bacterial toxins. The component of LPS, lipid A, shortened the median survival of Myc females by 104 hours, indicating that the toxicity of LPS is caused by lipid A. This study demonstrates a sex-specific mechanism of the response of insects to toxins and describes that Myc protects female fruit flies from the tested microbial toxins. Keywords: bacterial toxins; sensitivity; resistance; survival; immunity; Drosophila melanogaster Abbreviations: Immune deficiency (Imd); antimicrobial peptides (AMP); mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); Bloomington Drosophila stock center (BDSC); wild type (WT); lipopolysaccharide (LPS); adenosine diphosphate (ADP); Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK); Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB); absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME); absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET); confidence interval (CI); deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); intestinal stem cells (ISCs); Janus kinases (JAK); signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT); epidermal growth factor EGF; and Wingless (Wg).
苍蝇在吃了腐烂的水果等富含微生物的食物后，肠道中自然含有微生物。当摄入微生物时，昆虫也暴露在它们的毒素中。昆虫对摄入的微生物毒素的敏感性及其对毒素的反应机制尚未得到充分的研究。转录调节因子c-Myc已被证明可以调节哺乳动物对一些但不是全部微生物毒素的反应。研究了野生型和Myc突变型黑腹果蝇菌株对产气荚膜梭菌α-毒素和霍乱弧菌毒素两种外毒素以及明尼苏达沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌两种内毒素脂多糖的敏感性。我们观察到，野生型蝇的两性对测试毒素不敏感。同样，Myc突变的雄性对这四种毒素不敏感。相比之下，雌性Myc突变体对所有测试毒素的敏感性明显高于野生型雌性。在存在细菌毒素的情况下，雌性Myc突变体的中位生存期缩短了至少54小时。脂质A使雌性Myc的中位存活时间缩短了104小时，表明脂质A是LPS的毒性来源。本研究揭示了昆虫对毒素反应的性别特异性机制，并描述了Myc保护雌性果蝇免受微生物毒素的侵害。关键词:细菌毒素;敏感性;阻力;生存而生存;免疫力;免疫缺陷(Imd);抗菌肽(AMP);丝裂原活化蛋白激酶;布鲁明顿果蝇库存中心(BDSC);野生型(WT);脂多糖(LPS);二磷酸腺苷(ADP);Jun n -末端激酶(JNK);核因子κ b (NF-κB);吸收、分布、代谢和排泄(ADME);吸收、分布、代谢、排泄和毒性(ADMET);置信区间(CI);脱氧核糖核酸;肠干细胞(ISCs);Janus激酶(JAK);信号转换器和转录激活器(STAT);表皮生长因子;和无翼(Wg)。
{"title":"Myc Mediates Toxin Response in Female Drosophila melanogaster.","authors":"Mikhail Martchenko Shilman, Leandra O. Gonzalez, Wai S. Gee, T. Henderson, Jeffrey D. Palumbo, Hovhannes J. Gukasyan","doi":"10.15226/sojmid/9/1/001111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/sojmid/9/1/001111","url":null,"abstract":"Flies naturally contain microbes in their intestines after eating microbe-rich food like decaying fruits. When ingesting microbes, insects are also exposed to their toxins. The sensitivity of insects to ingested microbial toxins and their mechanism of response to toxins has not been thoroughly studied. Transcriptional regulator c-Myc has been shown to regulate the response to some but not all microbial toxins in mammals. We tested the sensitivity of wild-type and Myc mutant Drosophila melanogaster strains to two exotoxins, Clostridium perfringens α-toxin and Vibrio cholerae toxin, and two endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Salmonella minnesota and S. typhimurium. We observed that both sexes of wild-type flies were insensitive to tested toxins. Similarly, Myc mutant males were insensitive to the four toxins. In contrast, female Myc mutants were significantly more sensitive to all tested toxins than wild-type females. The median survival of female Myc mutants was shortened by at least 54 hours in the presence of bacterial toxins. The component of LPS, lipid A, shortened the median survival of Myc females by 104 hours, indicating that the toxicity of LPS is caused by lipid A. This study demonstrates a sex-specific mechanism of the response of insects to toxins and describes that Myc protects female fruit flies from the tested microbial toxins. Keywords: bacterial toxins; sensitivity; resistance; survival; immunity; Drosophila melanogaster Abbreviations: Immune deficiency (Imd); antimicrobial peptides (AMP); mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); Bloomington Drosophila stock center (BDSC); wild type (WT); lipopolysaccharide (LPS); adenosine diphosphate (ADP); Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK); Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB); absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME); absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET); confidence interval (CI); deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); intestinal stem cells (ISCs); Janus kinases (JAK); signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT); epidermal growth factor EGF; and Wingless (Wg).","PeriodicalId":200618,"journal":{"name":"SOJ Microbiology & Infectious Diseases","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115858312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-09DOI: 10.15226/sojmid/9/1/001110
Mikhail Martchenko Shilman, Leandra O Gonzalez, T. Henderson, Wai S. Gee, D. Jeffrey, Palumbo, J. H. Kim, Gloria Bartolo, K. Salmeron, Kolby Versage, Saleem Alameh, C. Alexander, Valencia, H. Gukasyan
Insects that ingest microbial pathogens are also exposed to their toxins. The sensitivity of insects to ingested toxins of human pathogens and the potential mechanism of toxin resistance has not been thoroughly studied. We tested the survival of Drosophila melanogaster orally fed with exotoxins and endotoxins of ten human bacterial pathogens. We discovered that only a few toxins adversely affect fly survival, and that most toxins either do not affect or paradoxically extend insect survival (hormetic effect) at the dosages tested. We found that in Drosophila, Jra, a homolog of stress response transcription factor Jun, mediates a broad-spectrum toxin response, since the survival of Jra mutants was shortened in the presence of most of the tested toxins. This study begins to uncover the mechanism of the response of insects to toxins. It describes how a toxin-induced Jun stress response system helps insects reduce their sensitivity to toxins of human pathogens. Keywords: toxin; sensitivity; resistance; survival; immunity; Drosophila melanogaster Abbreviations: Jun related antigen (Jra); immune deficiency (Imd); antimicrobial peptides (AMP); mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); Bloomington Drosophila stock center (BDSC); wild type (WT); lipopolysaccharide (LPS); adenosine diphosphate (ADP); adenosine triphosphate (ATP); adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK); Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB); absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME); absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET); confidence interval (CI); soluble N-ethylmale-imide-sensitive factorattachment protein receptors (SNARE); basic leucine zipper (bZIP); deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); eukaryotic elongation factor (eEF); programmed death-ligand (PD-L); cluster of differentiation (CD).
摄入微生物病原体的昆虫也会接触到它们的毒素。昆虫对摄入的人类病原体毒素的敏感性和潜在的毒素抗性机制尚未得到充分的研究。我们测试了口服10种人类细菌病原体的外毒素和内毒素的黑腹果蝇的存活率。我们发现，只有少数毒素对苍蝇的生存有不利影响，而大多数毒素在测试剂量下要么不影响昆虫的生存，要么反而延长昆虫的生存(激效)。我们发现，在果蝇中，应激反应转录因子Jun的同系物Jra介导了广谱毒素反应，因为在大多数被测毒素存在的情况下，Jra突变体的存活时间缩短。这项研究开始揭示昆虫对毒素的反应机制。它描述了毒素诱导的应激反应系统如何帮助昆虫降低对人类病原体毒素的敏感性。关键词:毒素;敏感性;阻力;生存而生存;免疫力;黑腹果蝇简写:君相关抗原(Jra);免疫缺陷(Imd);抗菌肽(AMP);丝裂原活化蛋白激酶;布鲁明顿果蝇库存中心(BDSC);野生型(WT);脂多糖(LPS);二磷酸腺苷(ADP);三磷酸腺苷(ATP);磷酸腺苷(cAMP);Jun n -末端激酶(JNK);核因子κ b (NF-κB);吸收、分布、代谢和排泄(ADME);吸收、分布、代谢、排泄和毒性(ADMET);置信区间(CI);可溶性n -乙基雄性亚胺敏感因子附着蛋白受体;碱性亮氨酸拉链(bZIP);脱氧核糖核酸;真核延伸因子(eEF);程序性死亡配体(PD-L);分化簇(CD)。
{"title":"The Jun Homolog Jra Mediates Toxin Response In Drosophila Melanogaster.","authors":"Mikhail Martchenko Shilman, Leandra O Gonzalez, T. Henderson, Wai S. Gee, D. Jeffrey, Palumbo, J. H. Kim, Gloria Bartolo, K. Salmeron, Kolby Versage, Saleem Alameh, C. Alexander, Valencia, H. Gukasyan","doi":"10.15226/sojmid/9/1/001110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/sojmid/9/1/001110","url":null,"abstract":"Insects that ingest microbial pathogens are also exposed to their toxins. The sensitivity of insects to ingested toxins of human pathogens and the potential mechanism of toxin resistance has not been thoroughly studied. We tested the survival of Drosophila melanogaster orally fed with exotoxins and endotoxins of ten human bacterial pathogens. We discovered that only a few toxins adversely affect fly survival, and that most toxins either do not affect or paradoxically extend insect survival (hormetic effect) at the dosages tested. We found that in Drosophila, Jra, a homolog of stress response transcription factor Jun, mediates a broad-spectrum toxin response, since the survival of Jra mutants was shortened in the presence of most of the tested toxins. This study begins to uncover the mechanism of the response of insects to toxins. It describes how a toxin-induced Jun stress response system helps insects reduce their sensitivity to toxins of human pathogens. Keywords: toxin; sensitivity; resistance; survival; immunity; Drosophila melanogaster Abbreviations: Jun related antigen (Jra); immune deficiency (Imd); antimicrobial peptides (AMP); mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); Bloomington Drosophila stock center (BDSC); wild type (WT); lipopolysaccharide (LPS); adenosine diphosphate (ADP); adenosine triphosphate (ATP); adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK); Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB); absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME); absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET); confidence interval (CI); soluble N-ethylmale-imide-sensitive factorattachment protein receptors (SNARE); basic leucine zipper (bZIP); deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA); eukaryotic elongation factor (eEF); programmed death-ligand (PD-L); cluster of differentiation (CD).","PeriodicalId":200618,"journal":{"name":"SOJ Microbiology & Infectious Diseases","volume":"265 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114326189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.15226/sojmid/8/1/001106
E. Puca, E. Puca, Ina Kadiu, E. Tako, N. Xhabija
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic continues to pose challenges.Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) have many risk factors that predispose them to a severe course of COVID-19– related illness, including co-morbidities, older age, and higher prevalence of immunodeficiency from leukemia. Case presentation: A 70-year-old man had a 2-day history of nonproductive cough, dysnoea and shortness of breath, myalgias/ arthralgias, and headache. He explained that had 6-7 day that not felt well: fatigue, fever over 38.0°C, renching and night sweats. He has been healthy till now. His finger oxygen saturation on air room was 80%. Chest tomography showed bilateral ground glass opacities with basal pulmonary consolidation and bilateral pleural effusions. The complete blood count showed a high leucocytosis and a rise of absolute lymphocyte count. TR-PCR of swab nasopharyngeal for Sars-Cov-2 resulted negative. Antibody anti-Sars-CoV-2 IgM and IgG resulted negative on admission and positive on discharged day. Conclusions: There are limited cases available regarding the presentation of COVID-19 in CLL patients. For these reasons this patient group is of particular concern. Our aim is to describe a patient diagnosed with COVID-19 induced hyperleucocytosisand newly diagnosed CLL. Keywords: COVID-19; Chronic lymphocytic leukemia; Leucocytosis; Lymphocytosis
{"title":"COVID-19 in a Patient Newly Diagnosed with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","authors":"E. Puca, E. Puca, Ina Kadiu, E. Tako, N. Xhabija","doi":"10.15226/sojmid/8/1/001106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/sojmid/8/1/001106","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic continues to pose challenges.Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) have many risk factors that predispose them to a severe course of COVID-19– related illness, including co-morbidities, older age, and higher prevalence of immunodeficiency from leukemia. Case presentation: A 70-year-old man had a 2-day history of nonproductive cough, dysnoea and shortness of breath, myalgias/ arthralgias, and headache. He explained that had 6-7 day that not felt well: fatigue, fever over 38.0°C, renching and night sweats. He has been healthy till now. His finger oxygen saturation on air room was 80%. Chest tomography showed bilateral ground glass opacities with basal pulmonary consolidation and bilateral pleural effusions. The complete blood count showed a high leucocytosis and a rise of absolute lymphocyte count. TR-PCR of swab nasopharyngeal for Sars-Cov-2 resulted negative. Antibody anti-Sars-CoV-2 IgM and IgG resulted negative on admission and positive on discharged day. Conclusions: There are limited cases available regarding the presentation of COVID-19 in CLL patients. For these reasons this patient group is of particular concern. Our aim is to describe a patient diagnosed with COVID-19 induced hyperleucocytosisand newly diagnosed CLL. Keywords: COVID-19; Chronic lymphocytic leukemia; Leucocytosis; Lymphocytosis","PeriodicalId":200618,"journal":{"name":"SOJ Microbiology & Infectious Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115668091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-03DOI: 10.15226/sojmid/8/1/001105
G. Delgado-Sapién, Rene Cerritos-Flores, Alejandro Flores-Alanis, José L Méndez, A. Cravioto, R. Morales-Espinosa
The vapD gene is present in microorganisms from different phyla and encodes for the virulence-associated protein D (vapD). In some microorganisms, it has been suggested that vapD participates in either protecting the bacteria from respiratory burst within the macrophage or in facilitating the persistence of the microorganism within the respiratory epithelial cell. The aim of this study was to define the phylogenetic relationship of the Helicobacter pylori vapD gene with other vapD genes of different bacterial species from different phyla and to estimate the genealogy of vapD gene within H. pylori species. Sixteen sequences of Helicobacter pylori vapD gene obtained from Mexican patients and 211 vapD sequences from 72 species of six bacterial phyla were analysed. Our results showed that the vapD region is a hot spot that presents a greater diversity in the Mexican strains of H. pylori to that previously reported. Rearrangements in the vapD region led to the formation of new ORFs in Mexican strains, which were not seen as being fortuitous, suggesting that these chromosomal rearrangements might provide some type of advantage to the bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis, codon usage bias and GC content indicated that vapD was acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Then, in some H. pylori strains it was incorporated and fixed into the bacterial chromosome and maintained in these strains in a similar fashion as an essential gene. Genealogical analysis of the H. pylori vapD gene showed two divisions: one that grouped most of the strains from different parts of the world and the other that grouped only Mexican strains together with the 60190 and 26695 reference strains. Keywords: vapD gene; Helicobacter pylori; Genealogy; Phylogeny; Horizontal Gene Transfer.
{"title":"Evolutionary dynamics of the vapD gene in Helicobacter pylori and its wide distribution among bacterial phyla","authors":"G. Delgado-Sapién, Rene Cerritos-Flores, Alejandro Flores-Alanis, José L Méndez, A. Cravioto, R. Morales-Espinosa","doi":"10.15226/sojmid/8/1/001105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/sojmid/8/1/001105","url":null,"abstract":"The vapD gene is present in microorganisms from different phyla and encodes for the virulence-associated protein D (vapD). In some microorganisms, it has been suggested that vapD participates in either protecting the bacteria from respiratory burst within the macrophage or in facilitating the persistence of the microorganism within the respiratory epithelial cell. The aim of this study was to define the phylogenetic relationship of the Helicobacter pylori vapD gene with other vapD genes of different bacterial species from different phyla and to estimate the genealogy of vapD gene within H. pylori species. Sixteen sequences of Helicobacter pylori vapD gene obtained from Mexican patients and 211 vapD sequences from 72 species of six bacterial phyla were analysed. Our results showed that the vapD region is a hot spot that presents a greater diversity in the Mexican strains of H. pylori to that previously reported. Rearrangements in the vapD region led to the formation of new ORFs in Mexican strains, which were not seen as being fortuitous, suggesting that these chromosomal rearrangements might provide some type of advantage to the bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis, codon usage bias and GC content indicated that vapD was acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Then, in some H. pylori strains it was incorporated and fixed into the bacterial chromosome and maintained in these strains in a similar fashion as an essential gene. Genealogical analysis of the H. pylori vapD gene showed two divisions: one that grouped most of the strains from different parts of the world and the other that grouped only Mexican strains together with the 60190 and 26695 reference strains. Keywords: vapD gene; Helicobacter pylori; Genealogy; Phylogeny; Horizontal Gene Transfer.","PeriodicalId":200618,"journal":{"name":"SOJ Microbiology & Infectious Diseases","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122441639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-19DOI: 10.15226/sojmid/7/2/001103
Kindu Geta
Seed-borne fungi are the most important constrained factor which causing quantitative losses, produce highly toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins. Plant based fungicides appear to be one of the better alternatives as they are known to have minimal danger to consumers in contrast to synthetic pesticides. In view of the negative public health and economic impacts of storage fungi this study, aimed to determine the efficiency of some plant extracts for reduction or control of seed borne fungi in sorghum grains in agar plate methods. The results obtained revealed that seed treated with Olea europaea leaf extract was found the least in incidence of seed-borne fungi (50%) followed by Capsicum annuum (53.3%) in agar plate methods. Therefore, utilization of these plants as bio-control agents is recommended to reduce the proliferation of storage fungi. Keywords: plant extracts; seed borne fungi; sorghum
{"title":"Efficiency of Medicinal Plants to Control Seed Borne Fungi of Sorghum Grains","authors":"Kindu Geta","doi":"10.15226/sojmid/7/2/001103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/sojmid/7/2/001103","url":null,"abstract":"Seed-borne fungi are the most important constrained factor which causing quantitative losses, produce highly toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins. Plant based fungicides appear to be one of the better alternatives as they are known to have minimal danger to consumers in contrast to synthetic pesticides. In view of the negative public health and economic impacts of storage fungi this study, aimed to determine the efficiency of some plant extracts for reduction or control of seed borne fungi in sorghum grains in agar plate methods. The results obtained revealed that seed treated with Olea europaea leaf extract was found the least in incidence of seed-borne fungi (50%) followed by Capsicum annuum (53.3%) in agar plate methods. Therefore, utilization of these plants as bio-control agents is recommended to reduce the proliferation of storage fungi. Keywords: plant extracts; seed borne fungi; sorghum","PeriodicalId":200618,"journal":{"name":"SOJ Microbiology & Infectious Diseases","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114434161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-19DOI: 10.15226/sojmid/7/2/001102
Raphael Chinweike Okolo, S. A. Ufelle, Alphonsus Ogbonna Ogbuabor, Peter U. Achukwu
The messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) has come to play as potential regulators of gene expression that is translates in the ribosome by the RNA polymerase and yields amino acid and protein. This plays a tremendous role in the protein synthesis and is not just mere template in translation but also contains essential regulatory elements as protein supplement, for therapy vaccine production and generation of pluripotent stem cells. This review highlights the new approaches and insights in the role of mRNA as a template in protein synthesis, functional approach, clinical uses and in vivo usage which is still a challenge underway. Keywords: MRNA; Translation; Protein synthesis; DNA; Gene regulation.
{"title":"A Messenger Ribonucleic Acid: A Platform for Protein Synthesis","authors":"Raphael Chinweike Okolo, S. A. Ufelle, Alphonsus Ogbonna Ogbuabor, Peter U. Achukwu","doi":"10.15226/sojmid/7/2/001102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/sojmid/7/2/001102","url":null,"abstract":"The messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) has come to play as potential regulators of gene expression that is translates in the ribosome by the RNA polymerase and yields amino acid and protein. This plays a tremendous role in the protein synthesis and is not just mere template in translation but also contains essential regulatory elements as protein supplement, for therapy vaccine production and generation of pluripotent stem cells. This review highlights the new approaches and insights in the role of mRNA as a template in protein synthesis, functional approach, clinical uses and in vivo usage which is still a challenge underway. Keywords: MRNA; Translation; Protein synthesis; DNA; Gene regulation.","PeriodicalId":200618,"journal":{"name":"SOJ Microbiology & Infectious Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128302394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-02-17DOI: 10.15226/SOJMID.2013.00111
Tim Sandle
Whilst many governments are placing restrictions on antibiotic use [4], this is too little, too late. The current situation has made the quest for new antibiotics and antibiotic alternatives a matter of great importance. Given the development costs, the complexity in finding new drug targets, and the timescales involved, the prospect of antibiotic alternatives remains low; therefore, greater prospects lie with alternative approaches. This editorial considers some of the current initiatives which form part of the quest for antimicrobial alternatives.
{"title":"Novel Methods to Address Antimicrobial Resistance","authors":"Tim Sandle","doi":"10.15226/SOJMID.2013.00111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/SOJMID.2013.00111","url":null,"abstract":"Whilst many governments are placing restrictions on antibiotic use [4], this is too little, too late. The current situation has made the quest for new antibiotics and antibiotic alternatives a matter of great importance. Given the development costs, the complexity in finding new drug targets, and the timescales involved, the prospect of antibiotic alternatives remains low; therefore, greater prospects lie with alternative approaches. This editorial considers some of the current initiatives which form part of the quest for antimicrobial alternatives.","PeriodicalId":200618,"journal":{"name":"SOJ Microbiology & Infectious Diseases","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125223948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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