Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9657015
Victor Amaral De Sousa, C. Burnay
Model-driven engineering is a promising software development methodology that has been investigated in the context of blockchain-based information systems development. Many approaches propose to specify and generate individual components part of such systems’ architectures using this methodology. In this paper, we provide a high-level overview of the different types of components that can be generated using model-driven engineering in the blockchain context, and of the potential benefits that it could bring in that context. We organize these findings in a framework called MDE4BBIS, which can help identify opportunities to leverage model-driven engineering for different architectural layers in blockchain-based information systems, and promotes an integrated approach.
{"title":"MDE4BBIS: A Framework to Incorporate Model-Driven Engineering in the Development of Blockchain-Based Information Systems","authors":"Victor Amaral De Sousa, C. Burnay","doi":"10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9657015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9657015","url":null,"abstract":"Model-driven engineering is a promising software development methodology that has been investigated in the context of blockchain-based information systems development. Many approaches propose to specify and generate individual components part of such systems’ architectures using this methodology. In this paper, we provide a high-level overview of the different types of components that can be generated using model-driven engineering in the blockchain context, and of the potential benefits that it could bring in that context. We organize these findings in a framework called MDE4BBIS, which can help identify opportunities to leverage model-driven engineering for different architectural layers in blockchain-based information systems, and promotes an integrated approach.","PeriodicalId":202582,"journal":{"name":"2021 Third International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126012493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.1109/isce.2010.5522734
Anatoly Yagola, Sung-Kie Youn, Weihong Zhang, Jinsong Leng, Yuantong Gu, Zhongwei Guan, Shankar Kalyanasundaram, B. Youn, Lihai Zhang, Yusuf C. Toklu, Yijun Liu, Yixiang Gan, N. Sweilam, Yongjin Yoon, Yuichi Tadano, Qinghua Qin Australia, Zhenjun Yang, Zhiqian Zhang Singapore, Jizeng Wang, Sergey Panin Russia
Conference Co-Chairs: Anatoly Yagola (Lomonosoy Moscow State University) Sung-Kie Youn (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) Carlo Sansour (The University of Nottingham) Weihong Zhang (Northwestern Polytechnical University) Hiroshi Okada (Tokyo University of Science) Xi-Qiao Feng (Tsinghua University) Jinsong Leng (Harbin Institute of Technology) Yuantong Gu (Queensland University of Technology) Ming Li (Taiyuan University of Technology) Zhongwei Guan (University of Liverpool)
{"title":"Organization Committees","authors":"Anatoly Yagola, Sung-Kie Youn, Weihong Zhang, Jinsong Leng, Yuantong Gu, Zhongwei Guan, Shankar Kalyanasundaram, B. Youn, Lihai Zhang, Yusuf C. Toklu, Yijun Liu, Yixiang Gan, N. Sweilam, Yongjin Yoon, Yuichi Tadano, Qinghua Qin Australia, Zhenjun Yang, Zhiqian Zhang Singapore, Jizeng Wang, Sergey Panin Russia","doi":"10.1109/isce.2010.5522734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/isce.2010.5522734","url":null,"abstract":"Conference Co-Chairs: Anatoly Yagola (Lomonosoy Moscow State University) Sung-Kie Youn (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) Carlo Sansour (The University of Nottingham) Weihong Zhang (Northwestern Polytechnical University) Hiroshi Okada (Tokyo University of Science) Xi-Qiao Feng (Tsinghua University) Jinsong Leng (Harbin Institute of Technology) Yuantong Gu (Queensland University of Technology) Ming Li (Taiyuan University of Technology) Zhongwei Guan (University of Liverpool)","PeriodicalId":202582,"journal":{"name":"2021 Third International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126466294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656987
Stefano Bistarelli, Francesco Faloci, P. Mori
In this paper we present a framework for automatically coding blockchain based supply chain management systems starting from a Domain Specific Graphical Language (DSGL) interface modeling the typical interactions of the actors of a value chain. For each asset defined in the DSGL, a solidity smart contract is created and for each interaction a specific method is defined. The DSGL allows the specification of the roles of the actors involved in the value chain, and of a set of constraints in order to permit the execution of operations on the assets only to users with specific roles. Besides the smart contracts implementing the supply chain management system, two web based user interfaces are produced by our framework for the management of the supply chain designed through the DSGL: one for the supply chain administrator and the other for the supply chain participant.
{"title":"*.chain: automatic coding of smart contracts and user interfaces for supply chains","authors":"Stefano Bistarelli, Francesco Faloci, P. Mori","doi":"10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656987","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a framework for automatically coding blockchain based supply chain management systems starting from a Domain Specific Graphical Language (DSGL) interface modeling the typical interactions of the actors of a value chain. For each asset defined in the DSGL, a solidity smart contract is created and for each interaction a specific method is defined. The DSGL allows the specification of the roles of the actors involved in the value chain, and of a set of constraints in order to permit the execution of operations on the assets only to users with specific roles. Besides the smart contracts implementing the supply chain management system, two web based user interfaces are produced by our framework for the management of the supply chain designed through the DSGL: one for the supply chain administrator and the other for the supply chain participant.","PeriodicalId":202582,"journal":{"name":"2021 Third International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126915809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656989
Weiquan Ni, Jiawen Kang, C. Maple, Zehui Xiong, Alia Asheralieva
Due to advantages of moderate cost and easy deployment, consortium blockchains have been widely adopted in various commercial services and industrial applications. Nevertheless, because of limited number of miners, consortium blockchains are vulnerable to collusion attacks incurred by compromised block verifiers, i.e., miners verifying new blocks. To address this issue, edge devices acting as lightweight nodes can be recruited as lightweight block verifiers (LBVs) to verify the blocks together with typical miners. This increases the number of block verifiers, thereby enhancing blockchain security, but may result in a larger block verification delay. To tackle this dilemma, in this paper, we propose a computing resource management scheme to maximize the system utility related to users’ satisfaction with the blockchain services, which aims at jointly optimizing computing resources of miners and LBVs. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the optimal set of strategies of miners and LBVs, and then exploit Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions to find these strategies. The numerical results demonstrate that, compared with existing schemes, the proposed scheme achieves secure block verification by involving LBVs with optimized block verification delay.
{"title":"Fast and Secure Consortium Blockchains with Lightweight Block Verifiers","authors":"Weiquan Ni, Jiawen Kang, C. Maple, Zehui Xiong, Alia Asheralieva","doi":"10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656989","url":null,"abstract":"Due to advantages of moderate cost and easy deployment, consortium blockchains have been widely adopted in various commercial services and industrial applications. Nevertheless, because of limited number of miners, consortium blockchains are vulnerable to collusion attacks incurred by compromised block verifiers, i.e., miners verifying new blocks. To address this issue, edge devices acting as lightweight nodes can be recruited as lightweight block verifiers (LBVs) to verify the blocks together with typical miners. This increases the number of block verifiers, thereby enhancing blockchain security, but may result in a larger block verification delay. To tackle this dilemma, in this paper, we propose a computing resource management scheme to maximize the system utility related to users’ satisfaction with the blockchain services, which aims at jointly optimizing computing resources of miners and LBVs. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the optimal set of strategies of miners and LBVs, and then exploit Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions to find these strategies. The numerical results demonstrate that, compared with existing schemes, the proposed scheme achieves secure block verification by involving LBVs with optimized block verification delay.","PeriodicalId":202582,"journal":{"name":"2021 Third International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128460533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9657047
Marco Crosara, L. Olivieri, F. Spoto, Fabio Tagliaferro
Blockchain replicates the execution of transactions in a decentralized network of machines, supporting trust since each machine, by itself, cannot violate the rules for the transactions. Many applications of blockchains are related to the exchange of tokens, ie. valuable units that can be native, such as bitcoin and ether, or implemented in software, through smart contracts. Standards ensure token interoperability among decentralized applications of a certain platform, but they are general enough to be used in other contexts as well. A trend in blockchain is to implement such standards from a platform to another one, easing the design challenges with trusted and widely-used specifications. Exploiting the target language semantic can result in technological advantages with more efficient contracts. This paper presents a re-engineering of OpenZeppelin’s implementation of the ERC-20 standard for fungible tokens on Takamaka, a subset of Java for programming smart contracts in the Hotmoka blockchain. It starts with a literal translation from Solidity to Takamaka, but then describes a novel implementation for making snapshots of tokens, based on tree maps, that is possible in Java, but not in Solidity, and shows that it is much more efficient than the literal translation in Java from Solidity, within the Java Virtual Machine.
{"title":"Re-engineering ERC-20 Smart Contracts with Efficient Snapshots for the Java Virtual Machine","authors":"Marco Crosara, L. Olivieri, F. Spoto, Fabio Tagliaferro","doi":"10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9657047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9657047","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain replicates the execution of transactions in a decentralized network of machines, supporting trust since each machine, by itself, cannot violate the rules for the transactions. Many applications of blockchains are related to the exchange of tokens, ie. valuable units that can be native, such as bitcoin and ether, or implemented in software, through smart contracts. Standards ensure token interoperability among decentralized applications of a certain platform, but they are general enough to be used in other contexts as well. A trend in blockchain is to implement such standards from a platform to another one, easing the design challenges with trusted and widely-used specifications. Exploiting the target language semantic can result in technological advantages with more efficient contracts. This paper presents a re-engineering of OpenZeppelin’s implementation of the ERC-20 standard for fungible tokens on Takamaka, a subset of Java for programming smart contracts in the Hotmoka blockchain. It starts with a literal translation from Solidity to Takamaka, but then describes a novel implementation for making snapshots of tokens, based on tree maps, that is possible in Java, but not in Solidity, and shows that it is much more efficient than the literal translation in Java from Solidity, within the Java Virtual Machine.","PeriodicalId":202582,"journal":{"name":"2021 Third International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","volume":"254 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123896455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9657050
El-hacen Diallo, O. Dib, K. A. Agha
Vehicular Networks (VNs) improve the transportation systems with useful applications that enhance driver safety, minimize operating costs, and enable real-time infotainment services. These applications are based on a general scheme, the vehicular network architecture, which defines the role of each entity in the VN. Several architectures had been proposed to meet the security and performance requirements of the VN. This work presents a taxonomy of different architectures while focusing on blockchain technology inclusion in VNs. We describe each architecture and analyze its limitations and challenges. Furthermore, we emphasize the motivation behind blockchain technology adoption in VNs.
{"title":"The journey of Blockchain inclusion in Vehicular Networks: A Taxonomy","authors":"El-hacen Diallo, O. Dib, K. A. Agha","doi":"10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9657050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9657050","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicular Networks (VNs) improve the transportation systems with useful applications that enhance driver safety, minimize operating costs, and enable real-time infotainment services. These applications are based on a general scheme, the vehicular network architecture, which defines the role of each entity in the VN. Several architectures had been proposed to meet the security and performance requirements of the VN. This work presents a taxonomy of different architectures while focusing on blockchain technology inclusion in VNs. We describe each architecture and analyze its limitations and challenges. Furthermore, we emphasize the motivation behind blockchain technology adoption in VNs.","PeriodicalId":202582,"journal":{"name":"2021 Third International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","volume":"339 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114814945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656975
R. Saha, Gulshan Kumar, Alessandro Brighente, M. Conti
Reputation plays a fundamental role in the blockchain ecosystem, as it provides means to assign trust levels to participating nodes. Reputation is usually gained in time: the higher the fair participation of a node to the network, the higher its reputation. IOTA’s Coordicide proposes a reputation system based on an asset named Mana. This reputation system is the base of the Coordicide’s primary security protection. At present, IOTA assigns to nodes an amount of Mana equivalent of the amount of transferred funds only. However, this may lead to privacy leakage on nodes’ status and may not be sufficient to fully characterize the behavior of a node in the network. Furthermore, the Mana reputation system is currently susceptible to monopoly, eclipse, and spamming attacks. An efficient and secure reputation system shall comprehend a larger number of factors to provide security and reliability.In this paper, we propose Enhanced Mana (eMana), a theoretical model for the IOTA reputation system accounting for nodes’ good or bad behaviour based on their assigned tasks. We model each of the Coordicide modules having direct or indirect connections with the reputation system. In eMana the behavior of a peer node can be transparently analyzed by the other peers; thus, it is infeasible to modify the reputation value. Theoretically, eMana is flexible enough to include possible new modules’ behaviour and provides a strict hard-to-gain reputation. To the best of our knowledge, eMana is the first mathematical model for Coordicide’s enhanced reputation based on nodes’ multi-dimensional behaviour. Additionally, eMana is generic and flexible, and may also be adaptable to other Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) systems.
{"title":"Towards An Enhanced Reputation System for IOTA’s Coordicide","authors":"R. Saha, Gulshan Kumar, Alessandro Brighente, M. Conti","doi":"10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656975","url":null,"abstract":"Reputation plays a fundamental role in the blockchain ecosystem, as it provides means to assign trust levels to participating nodes. Reputation is usually gained in time: the higher the fair participation of a node to the network, the higher its reputation. IOTA’s Coordicide proposes a reputation system based on an asset named Mana. This reputation system is the base of the Coordicide’s primary security protection. At present, IOTA assigns to nodes an amount of Mana equivalent of the amount of transferred funds only. However, this may lead to privacy leakage on nodes’ status and may not be sufficient to fully characterize the behavior of a node in the network. Furthermore, the Mana reputation system is currently susceptible to monopoly, eclipse, and spamming attacks. An efficient and secure reputation system shall comprehend a larger number of factors to provide security and reliability.In this paper, we propose Enhanced Mana (eMana), a theoretical model for the IOTA reputation system accounting for nodes’ good or bad behaviour based on their assigned tasks. We model each of the Coordicide modules having direct or indirect connections with the reputation system. In eMana the behavior of a peer node can be transparently analyzed by the other peers; thus, it is infeasible to modify the reputation value. Theoretically, eMana is flexible enough to include possible new modules’ behaviour and provides a strict hard-to-gain reputation. To the best of our knowledge, eMana is the first mathematical model for Coordicide’s enhanced reputation based on nodes’ multi-dimensional behaviour. Additionally, eMana is generic and flexible, and may also be adaptable to other Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) systems.","PeriodicalId":202582,"journal":{"name":"2021 Third International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116997647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.1109/bcca53669.2021.9657018
{"title":"[Copyright notice]","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/bcca53669.2021.9657018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bcca53669.2021.9657018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":202582,"journal":{"name":"2021 Third International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125776846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656998
Damian Satya Wibowo, S. Fong
The recent simultaneous research expansion of machine learning (ML) and mobile computing has given birth to the concept of Federated Learning (FL). FL downscales ML’s enormous computation power requirement by delegating parts of learning tasks to smaller devices using the devices’ own dataset. Results of these bits then proceed to be aggregated to produce a global model. Blockchain, a (semi-)decentralized distributed ledger, enhances FL in reliability, security, correctness, and availability. Nevertheless, a plain blockchain-based FL (BFL) is not always ideal in mobile settings: mobile devices have limited resources to process blockchain routines and training. Plain BFL also relies on wireless connection which is often unstable. In addition, the heterogeneous nature of these devices cannot guarantee optimal model quality. Thus, this survey covers issues in mobile BFL and recent works which give effort to solving the problems and identifies further research potentials in this field. At the end, this work offers a hypothetical prototype of an ideal mobile-based BFL (MBFL).
{"title":"Mobile Blockchain-Empowered Federated Learning: Current Situation And Further Prospect","authors":"Damian Satya Wibowo, S. Fong","doi":"10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656998","url":null,"abstract":"The recent simultaneous research expansion of machine learning (ML) and mobile computing has given birth to the concept of Federated Learning (FL). FL downscales ML’s enormous computation power requirement by delegating parts of learning tasks to smaller devices using the devices’ own dataset. Results of these bits then proceed to be aggregated to produce a global model. Blockchain, a (semi-)decentralized distributed ledger, enhances FL in reliability, security, correctness, and availability. Nevertheless, a plain blockchain-based FL (BFL) is not always ideal in mobile settings: mobile devices have limited resources to process blockchain routines and training. Plain BFL also relies on wireless connection which is often unstable. In addition, the heterogeneous nature of these devices cannot guarantee optimal model quality. Thus, this survey covers issues in mobile BFL and recent works which give effort to solving the problems and identifies further research potentials in this field. At the end, this work offers a hypothetical prototype of an ideal mobile-based BFL (MBFL).","PeriodicalId":202582,"journal":{"name":"2021 Third International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121433606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-15DOI: 10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656968
N. Rožman, Marko Corn, Gašper Škulj, J. Diaci, L. Šubelj
The development of smart manufacturing modes, following the guidelines of the Industry 4.0 paradigm, suggests the use of new technologies to ensure greater agility, individualization and personalization. Blockchain technology, as one of the new technologies, enables decentralization and trustless environment, however, on the other hand, introduces scalability limitations into the system. This paper presents an exploratory network analysis of money flow in blockchain-based Shared Manufacturing. We conduct an experiment in the form of an online game with people in order to obtain real data on network of prosumers in the said concept. We describe a relation between the money flow network, the supply of services in the market and the state of occupancy of the blockchain network in blockchain-based Shared Manufacturing. A greater supply of services in the market and a more occupied blockchain network causes a tendency for money flow network to organize like scale-free networks, however, this claim will be further verified in future work.
{"title":"Emergence of a scale-free network topology in a blockchain-based Shared Manufacturing","authors":"N. Rožman, Marko Corn, Gašper Škulj, J. Diaci, L. Šubelj","doi":"10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/BCCA53669.2021.9656968","url":null,"abstract":"The development of smart manufacturing modes, following the guidelines of the Industry 4.0 paradigm, suggests the use of new technologies to ensure greater agility, individualization and personalization. Blockchain technology, as one of the new technologies, enables decentralization and trustless environment, however, on the other hand, introduces scalability limitations into the system. This paper presents an exploratory network analysis of money flow in blockchain-based Shared Manufacturing. We conduct an experiment in the form of an online game with people in order to obtain real data on network of prosumers in the said concept. We describe a relation between the money flow network, the supply of services in the market and the state of occupancy of the blockchain network in blockchain-based Shared Manufacturing. A greater supply of services in the market and a more occupied blockchain network causes a tendency for money flow network to organize like scale-free networks, however, this claim will be further verified in future work.","PeriodicalId":202582,"journal":{"name":"2021 Third International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123387899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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