Pub Date : 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1186/s40813-026-00487-4
Guilherme A Cezar, Eric R Burrough, Rodger G Main, Melanie Prarat Koscielny, Ryan Farmer, Ryan Yanez, Rafael R Nicolino, Daniel C L Linhares, Giovani Trevisan
Swine producers frequently encounter polymicrobial disease challenges, with co-infections exacerbating clinical disease and complicating response strategies. This study aimed to characterize co-diagnosis patterns in swine by integrating confirmed diagnosis cases using a standardize diagnosis system (Dx code) from the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. As a secondary objective, the study developed the concept and implemented a framework for the technological transfer of the Dx code system from ISU-VDL to the Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, and to gather Dx code data through an animal disease monitoring program, thereby creating a multi-institutional, confirmed tissue disease diagnosis database. The final collated database was harmonized and used to analyze 45,310 confirmed tissue diagnosis cases submitted between 2020 and 2025. Co-diagnosis was defined as the presence of two or more distinct etiologies within a single case. Overall, 52.62% of cases were co-diagnosed in 42 U.S. states, with a seasonal variation indicating reduced submissions and co-diagnosis rates during the summer months. The wean-to-market production phase accounted for 86.45% of co-diagnosed cases. The co-diagnosed cases were more abundant in respiratory and systemic anatomic systems, with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Streptococcus suis being the predominant co-diagnosed pathogens. Age-specific trends revealed respiratory co-diagnoses peaking in nursery and grow-finish pigs, while digestive co-diagnoses were more common in suckling piglets. Statistical modeling using Conway-Maxwell-Poisson regression revealed that co-diagnosis cases involving bacterial and viral insults had significantly higher numbers of distinct etiologies (IRR = 2.48; CI: 1.66-3.66) compared with co-diagnosis cases without bacterial or viral involvement, with an expected count of 2.95 distinct etiologies per case. The study demonstrated the value of standardized diagnostic coding for epidemiological surveillance and highlights the complexity of co-infections in swine. Additionally, the findings underscore the importance of collaborative data sharing in enhancing swine health management strategies.
{"title":"Macroepidemiologic assessment of swine disease co-occurrences in the United States of America.","authors":"Guilherme A Cezar, Eric R Burrough, Rodger G Main, Melanie Prarat Koscielny, Ryan Farmer, Ryan Yanez, Rafael R Nicolino, Daniel C L Linhares, Giovani Trevisan","doi":"10.1186/s40813-026-00487-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-026-00487-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Swine producers frequently encounter polymicrobial disease challenges, with co-infections exacerbating clinical disease and complicating response strategies. This study aimed to characterize co-diagnosis patterns in swine by integrating confirmed diagnosis cases using a standardize diagnosis system (Dx code) from the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. As a secondary objective, the study developed the concept and implemented a framework for the technological transfer of the Dx code system from ISU-VDL to the Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, and to gather Dx code data through an animal disease monitoring program, thereby creating a multi-institutional, confirmed tissue disease diagnosis database. The final collated database was harmonized and used to analyze 45,310 confirmed tissue diagnosis cases submitted between 2020 and 2025. Co-diagnosis was defined as the presence of two or more distinct etiologies within a single case. Overall, 52.62% of cases were co-diagnosed in 42 U.S. states, with a seasonal variation indicating reduced submissions and co-diagnosis rates during the summer months. The wean-to-market production phase accounted for 86.45% of co-diagnosed cases. The co-diagnosed cases were more abundant in respiratory and systemic anatomic systems, with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Streptococcus suis being the predominant co-diagnosed pathogens. Age-specific trends revealed respiratory co-diagnoses peaking in nursery and grow-finish pigs, while digestive co-diagnoses were more common in suckling piglets. Statistical modeling using Conway-Maxwell-Poisson regression revealed that co-diagnosis cases involving bacterial and viral insults had significantly higher numbers of distinct etiologies (IRR = 2.48; CI: 1.66-3.66) compared with co-diagnosis cases without bacterial or viral involvement, with an expected count of 2.95 distinct etiologies per case. The study demonstrated the value of standardized diagnostic coding for epidemiological surveillance and highlights the complexity of co-infections in swine. Additionally, the findings underscore the importance of collaborative data sharing in enhancing swine health management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-03DOI: 10.1186/s40813-026-00488-3
Paloma Encinas, Gustavo Del Real, Ronaldo Magtoto, Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz, Lu Yen, María Templado, Irene Iglesias, José A Carrillo-Ávila, Jesús Hernández, Luis G Giménez-Lirola
{"title":"Seroprevalence of porcine coronavirus antibodies in Iberian pigs and wild boars from central-western Spain.","authors":"Paloma Encinas, Gustavo Del Real, Ronaldo Magtoto, Juan Carlos Mora-Díaz, Lu Yen, María Templado, Irene Iglesias, José A Carrillo-Ávila, Jesús Hernández, Luis G Giménez-Lirola","doi":"10.1186/s40813-026-00488-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40813-026-00488-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":" ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12879451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The impact of swine diseases on total factor productivity of pig farms of different scales in China.","authors":"Zhen Xu, Xiangdong Hu, Fengqi Xu, Haizhao Zhang, Hui Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00484-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00484-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146044099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1186/s40813-025-00480-3
Mario Andre S Ornelas, Juan M Ortiz Sanjuán, Finola C Leonard, Carla Correia-Gomes, Jordi Estellé, Lorcan O'Neill, Edgar Garcia Manzanilla
{"title":"Cross-sectional study characterizing the porcine faecal microbiome in commercial farms.","authors":"Mario Andre S Ornelas, Juan M Ortiz Sanjuán, Finola C Leonard, Carla Correia-Gomes, Jordi Estellé, Lorcan O'Neill, Edgar Garcia Manzanilla","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00480-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40813-025-00480-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":"12 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12828960/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146030221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1186/s40813-025-00485-y
Theresa Middendorf, Josepha Hallbauer, Matthias Horn, Silke Lehnert, Karoline Rieckmann, Alexander Maas, Wieland Schrödl, Christoph G Baums
{"title":"Serum IgA and bactericidal immunity against Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is increasing between 2 and 6 weeks of age in a farm with autogenous bacterin vaccination pre-farrowing, while specific maternal IgG is decreasing.","authors":"Theresa Middendorf, Josepha Hallbauer, Matthias Horn, Silke Lehnert, Karoline Rieckmann, Alexander Maas, Wieland Schrödl, Christoph G Baums","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00485-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00485-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145971089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1186/s40813-025-00482-1
Wenxiang Zhang, Tao He, Honghuan Li, Aodi Wu, Xin Li, Qianqian Dong, Jie Chen, Jihai Yi, Jinliang Sheng, Xiangwei Zhao
{"title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis on the diagnostic accuracy of various detection methods for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.","authors":"Wenxiang Zhang, Tao He, Honghuan Li, Aodi Wu, Xin Li, Qianqian Dong, Jie Chen, Jihai Yi, Jinliang Sheng, Xiangwei Zhao","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00482-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00482-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145971125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-13DOI: 10.1186/s40813-025-00481-2
Marianne Viuf Agerlin, Lars Erik Larsen, Nicolai Rosager Weber, Mette Fertner, Nicole Bakkegård Goecke, Pia Ryt-Hansen
{"title":"Influenza A virus infection dynamics in two sow herds and effects of interventions.","authors":"Marianne Viuf Agerlin, Lars Erik Larsen, Nicolai Rosager Weber, Mette Fertner, Nicole Bakkegård Goecke, Pia Ryt-Hansen","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00481-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-025-00481-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145966627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1186/s40813-025-00483-0
Laya Kannan Silva Alves, Cecília Archangelo Ferreira de Melo, Monique Danielle Pairis-Garcia, Andréia Gonçalves Arruda, Cesar Augusto Pospissil Garbossa
{"title":"Development and evaluation of an interactive case-based training tool for timely on-farm euthanasia decision-making in swine.","authors":"Laya Kannan Silva Alves, Cecília Archangelo Ferreira de Melo, Monique Danielle Pairis-Garcia, Andréia Gonçalves Arruda, Cesar Augusto Pospissil Garbossa","doi":"10.1186/s40813-025-00483-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40813-025-00483-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":20352,"journal":{"name":"Porcine Health Management","volume":" ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12857146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145934657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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