Pub Date : 2022-12-05DOI: 10.1163/24685968-06010002
Jean Allegrini
Since 2011, more than a million Syrians have fled to Lebanon. Standing close to the Syrian border, the welfare departments of Eastern Christian bishoprics in Zahle are at the forefront of the humanitarian response. Through the comparison of the Maronite, Greek Catholic and Syriac Orthodox Churches, I argue that these faith-based organisations (fbo s) implement an “appropriate” mode of reasoning to design their humanitarian aid strategies which challenges rational assumptions. This article reveals that the “national” or “diasporic” character of Lebanese Christian fbo s matters more than their welfare capacity in determining the Church’s policy of care at times of crisis. These examples illustrate that fbo s present a rare adaptiveness to their beneficiaries’ needs, notably by relying on transnational and diasporic support. Overall, this research demonstrates that fbo s are essential actors in addressing situations of forced displacements, but it also emphasises the importance of considering each fbo’s identity to understand their mechanisms of solidarity.
{"title":"The “Appropriateness” of Religious Welfare from Lebanese Christian Churches","authors":"Jean Allegrini","doi":"10.1163/24685968-06010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24685968-06010002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Since 2011, more than a million Syrians have fled to Lebanon. Standing close to the Syrian border, the welfare departments of Eastern Christian bishoprics in Zahle are at the forefront of the humanitarian response. Through the comparison of the Maronite, Greek Catholic and Syriac Orthodox Churches, I argue that these faith-based organisations (fbo s) implement an “appropriate” mode of reasoning to design their humanitarian aid strategies which challenges rational assumptions. This article reveals that the “national” or “diasporic” character of Lebanese Christian fbo s matters more than their welfare capacity in determining the Church’s policy of care at times of crisis. These examples illustrate that fbo s present a rare adaptiveness to their beneficiaries’ needs, notably by relying on transnational and diasporic support. Overall, this research demonstrates that fbo s are essential actors in addressing situations of forced displacements, but it also emphasises the importance of considering each fbo’s identity to understand their mechanisms of solidarity.","PeriodicalId":203993,"journal":{"name":"Endowment Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130807751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-10DOI: 10.1163/24685968-05010003
Ignacio Sánchez
This is the first of a two-part article that aims at discussing the creation of medical madrasas for Muslims in 7th/13th-century Damascus. This part briefly examines the relationship between medical practitioners and rulers, especially in the Ayyubid period, and studies a number of works written by religious scholars and physicians —often addressed to their patrons—, in which they tackled problems affecting the practice of medicine and its scientific status. I particularly focus on the polemics against pietistic groups who adhered to the doctrine of tawakkul (reliance on God), the emergence of the genre of “prophetic medicine”, and the denunciation of those physicians who impugned the universality of medical principles. This article will provide a wide contextualisation for the discussion of the phenomena that lead to the creation of medical madrasas, which will be analysed in detail in the second part.
{"title":"Patronage, Medicine, and Piety in Ayyubid Damascus","authors":"Ignacio Sánchez","doi":"10.1163/24685968-05010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24685968-05010003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This is the first of a two-part article that aims at discussing the creation of medical madrasas for Muslims in 7th/13th-century Damascus. This part briefly examines the relationship between medical practitioners and rulers, especially in the Ayyubid period, and studies a number of works written by religious scholars and physicians —often addressed to their patrons—, in which they tackled problems affecting the practice of medicine and its scientific status. I particularly focus on the polemics against pietistic groups who adhered to the doctrine of tawakkul (reliance on God), the emergence of the genre of “prophetic medicine”, and the denunciation of those physicians who impugned the universality of medical principles. This article will provide a wide contextualisation for the discussion of the phenomena that lead to the creation of medical madrasas, which will be analysed in detail in the second part.","PeriodicalId":203993,"journal":{"name":"Endowment Studies","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127680430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-05DOI: 10.1163/24685968-05010002
A. Schmiedchen
The phenomenon of interreligious patronage on the Indian subcontinent in the pre-modern period is best attested in royal inscriptions recording religious endowments. It is striking that most pre-Islamic Indian rulers patronised priests, monks, ascetics, and religious establishments of multiple faiths. The personal religious affiliations of the kings often contrasted remarkably with the patronage patterns followed by them according to the testimony of their epigraphs. The strongest indication for the individual confessions of rulers is given by the religious epithets among their titles. While the ambivalent relationship between the personal beliefs of the kings and their donative practices has been repeatedly described as an expression of Indian religious “tolerance” or of the specific character of Indian religious traditions, this paper emphasises that there were several reasons for the dichotomy. This will be investigated on the basis of the epigraphic material of the Maitraka dynasty, which ruled in Gujarat from the 5th to the 8th centuries. The article also contains an edition and translation of the hitherto unpublished Yodhāvaka Grant of Dharasena iv.
{"title":"Buddhist Endowments by Śaiva Kings under the Maitrakas of Valabhī in Western India (5th–8th Cent.) and the Yodhāvaka Grant of Dharasena iv, [Valabhī] Year 326","authors":"A. Schmiedchen","doi":"10.1163/24685968-05010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24685968-05010002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The phenomenon of interreligious patronage on the Indian subcontinent in the pre-modern period is best attested in royal inscriptions recording religious endowments. It is striking that most pre-Islamic Indian rulers patronised priests, monks, ascetics, and religious establishments of multiple faiths. The personal religious affiliations of the kings often contrasted remarkably with the patronage patterns followed by them according to the testimony of their epigraphs. The strongest indication for the individual confessions of rulers is given by the religious epithets among their titles. While the ambivalent relationship between the personal beliefs of the kings and their donative practices has been repeatedly described as an expression of Indian religious “tolerance” or of the specific character of Indian religious traditions, this paper emphasises that there were several reasons for the dichotomy. This will be investigated on the basis of the epigraphic material of the Maitraka dynasty, which ruled in Gujarat from the 5th to the 8th centuries. The article also contains an edition and translation of the hitherto unpublished Yodhāvaka Grant of Dharasena iv.","PeriodicalId":203993,"journal":{"name":"Endowment Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126358549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-13DOI: 10.1163/24685968-05010001
Oskar Böhm
This paper traces the fate of Greifswald’s most significant civic foundation: the Peter Warschow Foundation, a foundation that has existed since the Middle Ages to the present day. It examines the reasons why foundations were dissolved or merged at the local level in the GDR and how a civic foundation was able to survive the period of socialism. The empirical basis for this are previously unpublished archival records. The result of the study is that foundation dissolutions and mergers were primarily pragmatically motivated and that the Peter Warschow Foundation was able to survive mainly because of its cultural practice and financial basis.
{"title":"Civic Foundations under Socialism: The Peter-Warschow-Stiftung in Greifswald","authors":"Oskar Böhm","doi":"10.1163/24685968-05010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24685968-05010001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper traces the fate of Greifswald’s most significant civic foundation: the Peter Warschow Foundation, a foundation that has existed since the Middle Ages to the present day. It examines the reasons why foundations were dissolved or merged at the local level in the GDR and how a civic foundation was able to survive the period of socialism. The empirical basis for this are previously unpublished archival records. The result of the study is that foundation dissolutions and mergers were primarily pragmatically motivated and that the Peter Warschow Foundation was able to survive mainly because of its cultural practice and financial basis.","PeriodicalId":203993,"journal":{"name":"Endowment Studies","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133306414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-24DOI: 10.1163/24685968-04010006
Zachary Chitwood, Esther Möller
The goal of philanthropy is to advance society by providing necessary social, cultural, and educational services which are not provided by the state or the markets for political or economic reasons or which are provided by the state but not in a way that satisfies philanthropists. Philanthropy constitutes a relationship between donor/giver and receiver – or between collectives of donors and collectives of receivers. Both sides gain something in the process of giving – the receiver gains material and financial support; the donor, financial or social advantages. Philanthropy serves as a way to define social distinctions and social classes. The donor provides money, time, and ideas for a project, which he or she alone, or in connection with other donors, attempts to control. Philanthropy always has something to do with power and the shaping of the future of society.1
{"title":"Foundations and the Power of Giving","authors":"Zachary Chitwood, Esther Möller","doi":"10.1163/24685968-04010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24685968-04010006","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of philanthropy is to advance society by providing necessary social, cultural, and educational services which are not provided by the state or the markets for political or economic reasons or which are provided by the state but not in a way that satisfies philanthropists. Philanthropy constitutes a relationship between donor/giver and receiver – or between collectives of donors and collectives of receivers. Both sides gain something in the process of giving – the receiver gains material and financial support; the donor, financial or social advantages. Philanthropy serves as a way to define social distinctions and social classes. The donor provides money, time, and ideas for a project, which he or she alone, or in connection with other donors, attempts to control. Philanthropy always has something to do with power and the shaping of the future of society.1","PeriodicalId":203993,"journal":{"name":"Endowment Studies","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115704720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.1163/24685968-04010004
S. Goldstein-Sabbah
This article explores aspects of Middle Eastern and North African (mena) Jewry in the first half of the twentieth century through their engagement with philanthropy. Specifically, this article demonstrates how many urban Jewish communities in mena adopted and adapted Western European philanthropic structures to fit the needs of their local communities by engaging with multiple public spheres (Jewish, Arab, imperial) that were, at times, in conflict with each other. By highlighting the transnational nature of mena Jewry in the twentieth century, this article demonstrates the importance of philanthropic networks as an articulation of power and social status. Finally, this piece suggests that local Jewish philanthropic initiatives can act as a prism by which we understand power structures within transnational religious networks.
{"title":"The Power of Philanthropy","authors":"S. Goldstein-Sabbah","doi":"10.1163/24685968-04010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24685968-04010004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article explores aspects of Middle Eastern and North African (mena) Jewry in the first half of the twentieth century through their engagement with philanthropy. Specifically, this article demonstrates how many urban Jewish communities in mena adopted and adapted Western European philanthropic structures to fit the needs of their local communities by engaging with multiple public spheres (Jewish, Arab, imperial) that were, at times, in conflict with each other. By highlighting the transnational nature of mena Jewry in the twentieth century, this article demonstrates the importance of philanthropic networks as an articulation of power and social status. Finally, this piece suggests that local Jewish philanthropic initiatives can act as a prism by which we understand power structures within transnational religious networks.","PeriodicalId":203993,"journal":{"name":"Endowment Studies","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131802590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.1163/24685968-04010002
Sarah Epping
Between 1910 and 1917, the Students’ Christian Association of the University of Michigan sent out six alumni to go to Basra, Iraq, to do what they perceived to be humanitarian work. This study looks at the various fundraising mediums used by the organizers of this so-called “Michigan in Arabia” venture to convince potential donors to give the necessary funds. By analyzing these sources this study shows how a campus organization that ostensibly aimed to help the inhabitants of Basra instead functioned to cultivate Americans’ interests in the potential of this Persian Gulf city as a base for furthering U.S. power in the Middle East. It is important to study this short-lived U.S. engagement in Iraq because by cultivating incipient U.S. imperialism in the region, the Michigan venture provides a historical foundation for the emergence of U.S. economic, political, and strategic interests in Iraq in the long run.
1910年至1917年间，密歇根大学学生基督教协会(Students’Christian Association of University of Michigan)派出六名校友前往伊拉克巴士拉，从事他们认为是人道主义的工作。这项研究着眼于所谓的“阿拉伯密歇根”项目的组织者使用的各种筹款媒介，以说服潜在的捐助者提供必要的资金。通过分析这些资料，本研究展示了一个表面上旨在帮助巴士拉居民的校园组织是如何发挥作用的，它培养了美国人对这个波斯湾城市作为美国在中东进一步发展力量基地的潜力的兴趣。研究美国在伊拉克的短暂介入是很重要的，因为通过在该地区培养早期的美帝国主义，密歇根的冒险为美国在伊拉克的经济、政治和战略利益的长期出现提供了历史基础。
{"title":"Between Humanitarianism and Imperialism","authors":"Sarah Epping","doi":"10.1163/24685968-04010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24685968-04010002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Between 1910 and 1917, the Students’ Christian Association of the University of Michigan sent out six alumni to go to Basra, Iraq, to do what they perceived to be humanitarian work. This study looks at the various fundraising mediums used by the organizers of this so-called “Michigan in Arabia” venture to convince potential donors to give the necessary funds. By analyzing these sources this study shows how a campus organization that ostensibly aimed to help the inhabitants of Basra instead functioned to cultivate Americans’ interests in the potential of this Persian Gulf city as a base for furthering U.S. power in the Middle East. It is important to study this short-lived U.S. engagement in Iraq because by cultivating incipient U.S. imperialism in the region, the Michigan venture provides a historical foundation for the emergence of U.S. economic, political, and strategic interests in Iraq in the long run.","PeriodicalId":203993,"journal":{"name":"Endowment Studies","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117238263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.1163/24685968-04010005
A. Meier
The aim of this article is to highlight the political uses of the legal concept of waqf in a confrontation between an Orthodox and a Catholic institution during the initial phase of the schism within the Church of Antioch. The Monastery of St Catherine at Mount Sinai confronted the hospice of the Franciscans in the court of the Chief Judge of the province of Damascus in 1145/1733. The legal aspects of the lawsuit are an interesting example of the use of the Ottoman judiciary by non-Muslims, but in order to understand the political implications of the case, it needs to be analysed in the broader context of the religious and political tensions of the time. Therefore, a sketch of the history of both monasteries and their endowments is supplemented with a chapter on the role of Sylvestros, Patriarch of Antioch, in Damascus and an examination of the French and Spanish interests within this Ottoman context.
{"title":"Waqf as a Political Weapon","authors":"A. Meier","doi":"10.1163/24685968-04010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24685968-04010005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The aim of this article is to highlight the political uses of the legal concept of waqf in a confrontation between an Orthodox and a Catholic institution during the initial phase of the schism within the Church of Antioch. The Monastery of St Catherine at Mount Sinai confronted the hospice of the Franciscans in the court of the Chief Judge of the province of Damascus in 1145/1733. The legal aspects of the lawsuit are an interesting example of the use of the Ottoman judiciary by non-Muslims, but in order to understand the political implications of the case, it needs to be analysed in the broader context of the religious and political tensions of the time. Therefore, a sketch of the history of both monasteries and their endowments is supplemented with a chapter on the role of Sylvestros, Patriarch of Antioch, in Damascus and an examination of the French and Spanish interests within this Ottoman context.","PeriodicalId":203993,"journal":{"name":"Endowment Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132008625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-23DOI: 10.1163/24685968-00301002
V. Olles
Religious foundations in China (500–1500 CE) were largely characterized by the interaction of Buddhist and Daoist institutions with the state (court) and the populace. The present contribution tries to offer some preliminary insights into the endowment culture of traditional China, which is still an understudied and not well-understood area of endowment studies. The peculiarities of Chinese culture and history require a special approach to the topic as well as a basic knowledge of the relevant Chinese terminology. The endowment culture of traditional China was fundamentally influenced and shaped by monasticism, its key impulses obviously coming from Buddhism. I thus propose that in principle all monasteries in traditional China, including Daoist institutions, were foundations. Furthermore, I will introduce basic terms of the Chinese endowment culture, with a special focus on the key notion of religious merit (gongde).
{"title":"Merit and Virtue – Buddhist and Daoist Foundations in China (500–1500 CE)","authors":"V. Olles","doi":"10.1163/24685968-00301002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24685968-00301002","url":null,"abstract":"Religious foundations in China (500–1500 CE) were largely characterized by the interaction of Buddhist and Daoist institutions with the state (court) and the populace. The present contribution tries to offer some preliminary insights into the endowment culture of traditional China, which is still an understudied and not well-understood area of endowment studies. The peculiarities of Chinese culture and history require a special approach to the topic as well as a basic knowledge of the relevant Chinese terminology. The endowment culture of traditional China was fundamentally influenced and shaped by monasticism, its key impulses obviously coming from Buddhism. I thus propose that in principle all monasteries in traditional China, including Daoist institutions, were foundations. Furthermore, I will introduce basic terms of the Chinese endowment culture, with a special focus on the key notion of religious merit (gongde).","PeriodicalId":203993,"journal":{"name":"Endowment Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128243170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-23DOI: 10.1163/24685968-00301003
Gury Schneider-Ludorff
The Reformation transformed the relationship between the living and dead, as well as gift-giving and founding. The foundation’s purpose was redefined and understood as a gift to one’s neighbor, as gratitude for God’s anticipatory act and his unconditional assumption of sinful persons as a good work and true caritas. The deceased founders became models, who by their confession pointed the way to salvation through the realization of “true faith”. This self-understanding likewise offered the basis and legitimation to temporal leaders and sovereign princes to undertake political changes and remodeling in the Early Modern Protestant imperial cities and territories.
{"title":"Critique and Reinterpretation of Foundations in the Period of the Reformation","authors":"Gury Schneider-Ludorff","doi":"10.1163/24685968-00301003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/24685968-00301003","url":null,"abstract":"The Reformation transformed the relationship between the living and dead, as well as gift-giving and founding. The foundation’s purpose was redefined and understood as a gift to one’s neighbor, as gratitude for God’s anticipatory act and his unconditional assumption of sinful persons as a good work and true caritas. The deceased founders became models, who by their confession pointed the way to salvation through the realization of “true faith”. This self-understanding likewise offered the basis and legitimation to temporal leaders and sovereign princes to undertake political changes and remodeling in the Early Modern Protestant imperial cities and territories.","PeriodicalId":203993,"journal":{"name":"Endowment Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127658538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：