Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9.CH016
Sameena, Riyes Un Aziz, Aubid Bashir
Phthalates are the class of chemicals that exhibit numerous adverse effects to health. These non-persistent chemicals are produced in high volume annually and are used in a wide array of industrial consumer products. The overall exposure of phthalates to humans is via ingestion of contaminated food from wrapped materials or dermally via consumer care products. Pthalates are anti-androgenic compounds, so for this reason, they obtrude with the expression of testosterone by manipulating gene expression of proteins and enzymes involved in production of testosterone. The primarily exposure of Pthalates during fetal development stage results in number of harmful effects in male offspring in humans, like abnormalities of the sperm-producing organs, abnormal development of penile, hypospadias, reduced anogenital distance, as well as a risk for prostate cancer and cryptorchidism. The purpose of this chapter was to review the environmental impact of phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive behavior and other health problems in humans.
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Phthalates are a group of manmade chemicals which may be regarded as heroes having profound application in industries belongs to dieters of 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid). They are mainly used as plasticizer. Phthalates may be of high and low molecular weight, and have find their existence in the manufacturing of various products that are of daily use to humans and pose threat to non-occupational humans besides of those working in the industries where phthalate based products are manufactured. Phthalates are now widely used and therefore it is difficult to avoid their exposure; thus, its adverse effects are very certain. The literature present revealed that phthalate exposure has made alteration both to females and males, like reproductive alterations: including damaging the sperm quality, semen concentration and sperm DNA, breast cancer in females, AGD, endocrine disruption. The phthalate exposure has been shown to alter the behavior, which is an indication of nervous system damage. Phthalate exposure has been revealed to affect the respiration. Phthalate after exposure has been found to get metabolized in various end points and their detection by various techniques has made an insight towards understanding the mechanism of phthalates toxicity. Phthalates both of low and high molecular weight have found their way to fauna and created a mess with the physiology of animals or humans. Thus, precaution is better, as said prevention is better than cure. The suggestive remedy for phthalate exposure is to make less use of products that contain phthalate material, more importantly during pregnancy and developmental stage of infants. Utmost care has been taken in regard to the literature cited. The data included in this chapter has been taken from those research articles with indexing of Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus as for authenticity, and also using the Web of Science Database, which provides interactive citation.
邻苯二甲酸酯是一类在工业上有着广泛应用的人造化学品，属于1,2 -苯二甲酸(邻苯二甲酸)的化合物。它们主要用作增塑剂。邻苯二甲酸盐可分为高分子量和低分子量，在人类日常使用的各种产品的制造中发现它们的存在，并对非职业人类构成威胁，除了在生产邻苯二甲酸盐产品的行业中工作的人。邻苯二甲酸酯现在被广泛使用，因此很难避免接触它们;因此，它的副作用是非常肯定的。目前的文献显示，接触邻苯二甲酸盐对女性和男性都产生了改变，比如生殖改变:包括损害精子质量、精液浓度和精子DNA、女性乳腺癌、AGD、内分泌紊乱。邻苯二甲酸盐暴露已被证明会改变行为，这是神经系统受损的迹象。邻苯二甲酸盐暴露已被证实会影响呼吸。邻苯二甲酸酯暴露后会在不同终点代谢，通过各种技术对其进行检测，有助于了解邻苯二甲酸酯的毒性机制。低分子量和高分子量的邻苯二甲酸盐都在动物群中找到了自己的方式，并对动物或人类的生理造成了混乱。因此，预防胜于治疗，正如所说的预防胜于治疗。对于邻苯二甲酸盐暴露的建议是减少使用含有邻苯二甲酸盐材料的产品，更重要的是在怀孕和婴儿发育阶段。对于所引用的文献，已经采取了最大的注意。本章收录的数据来源于科学引文索引扩展(Science Citation Index Expanded)、Scopus作为真实性索引，并使用Web of Science Database提供交互式引文。
{"title":"Environmental Phthalate Exposure in Relation to Reproductive Outcomes and Other Health Endpoints in Humans","authors":"Irfan Ashraf Badroo, Ashiq Hussain Khanday, Zainab Ali, Suriya Ashraf Badroo","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9.CH015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9452-9.CH015","url":null,"abstract":"Phthalates are a group of manmade chemicals which may be regarded as heroes having profound application in industries belongs to dieters of 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (phthalic acid). They are mainly used as plasticizer. Phthalates may be of high and low molecular weight, and have find their existence in the manufacturing of various products that are of daily use to humans and pose threat to non-occupational humans besides of those working in the industries where phthalate based products are manufactured. Phthalates are now widely used and therefore it is difficult to avoid their exposure; thus, its adverse effects are very certain. The literature present revealed that phthalate exposure has made alteration both to females and males, like reproductive alterations: including damaging the sperm quality, semen concentration and sperm DNA, breast cancer in females, AGD, endocrine disruption. The phthalate exposure has been shown to alter the behavior, which is an indication of nervous system damage. Phthalate exposure has been revealed to affect the respiration. Phthalate after exposure has been found to get metabolized in various end points and their detection by various techniques has made an insight towards understanding the mechanism of phthalates toxicity. Phthalates both of low and high molecular weight have found their way to fauna and created a mess with the physiology of animals or humans. Thus, precaution is better, as said prevention is better than cure. The suggestive remedy for phthalate exposure is to make less use of products that contain phthalate material, more importantly during pregnancy and developmental stage of infants. Utmost care has been taken in regard to the literature cited. The data included in this chapter has been taken from those research articles with indexing of Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus as for authenticity, and also using the Web of Science Database, which provides interactive citation.","PeriodicalId":204726,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Research on Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Plastic Pollution","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116466532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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