The solvent extraction of trivalent lanthanoids (La, Nd, Eu, Ho, and Lu) with mixtures of the chelating extractant 1-(2-thienyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-butanedione (thenoyltrifluoro-acetone, HTTA) or 4-benzoyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-on (HP) and 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcin (PAR, S) in CHCl3 was studied. It was found that in the presence of 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcin the lanthanoids were extracted as Ln(TTA)3 ⋅ S and LnP3 ⋅ S. On the basis of the experimental data, the values of the equilibrium constants were calculated. A synergistic effect was observed for the extraction of the above-mentioned ions with the binary mixture of extractants. The separation of the lanthanoids with synergistic mixtures was higher than those obtained with HTTA or HP alone. In most cases an enhancement of the separation of metal ions was observed upon the change of the chelating extractant HP with HTTA.
{"title":"Solvent extraction and separation of lanthanoids with mixtures of chelating extractant and 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcin","authors":"M. Atanassova","doi":"10.3176/chem.2006.4.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/chem.2006.4.03","url":null,"abstract":"The solvent extraction of trivalent lanthanoids (La, Nd, Eu, Ho, and Lu) with mixtures of the chelating extractant 1-(2-thienyl)-4,4,4-trifluoro-1,3-butanedione (thenoyltrifluoro-acetone, HTTA) or 4-benzoyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-on (HP) and 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcin (PAR, S) in CHCl3 was studied. It was found that in the presence of 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcin the lanthanoids were extracted as Ln(TTA)3 ⋅ S and LnP3 ⋅ S. On the basis of the experimental data, the values of the equilibrium constants were calculated. A synergistic effect was observed for the extraction of the above-mentioned ions with the binary mixture of extractants. The separation of the lanthanoids with synergistic mixtures was higher than those obtained with HTTA or HP alone. In most cases an enhancement of the separation of metal ions was observed upon the change of the chelating extractant HP with HTTA.","PeriodicalId":20551,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72919877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays many paper industries are faced with the problem of wastewaters being badly biodegradable because of tannins, lignins, etc. Wet oxidation (WO) is an appropriate met hod for the destruction of very complex, multi-dimensional, and permanent compounds. This paper studies the WO of lignin water as a model case with the aim of degrading lignin and enhancing water biodegradability. The experiments were performed at various temperatures (110-190 °C), partial oxygen pressures (0.5-1.5 MPa), and pH values (5, 9, and 12) in a batch stainless steel high pressure reactor. The experiments showed that increasing the temperature improved the processes efficiency. At the lowest temperature tested 75% lignin reduction was detected and a temperature increase improved the lignin removal to 100% at 190 °C. The effect of temperature on the COD removal rate was lower, but detectable: 20% of organics was oxidized at 110 °C, but 53% at 190 °C. Oxygen partial pressure changes affected the process results modestly. Lignin removal increased by about 10% and COD removal by 4% with an oxygen partial pressure increase from 0.5 to 1.5 MPa. The effect of pH occurred mostly on lignin removal. Increasing the pH enhanced the lignin removal efficiency from 60% to nearly 100%. In all cases, a good biodegradability (BOD/COD ratio over 0.5) was achieved starting at a temperature of 150 °C, pH 9, irrespective of the experimented pressures. The biodegradability (BOD/COD) of the remaining organic matter increased during WO and approached almost 1 at the highest temperature of 190 °C.
{"title":"Degradation of lignins by wet oxidation: model water solutions","authors":"M. Kindsigo, J. Kallas","doi":"10.3176/chem.2006.3.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/chem.2006.3.02","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays many paper industries are faced with the problem of wastewaters being badly biodegradable because of tannins, lignins, etc. Wet oxidation (WO) is an appropriate met hod for the destruction of very complex, multi-dimensional, and permanent compounds. This paper studies the WO of lignin water as a model case with the aim of degrading lignin and enhancing water biodegradability. The experiments were performed at various temperatures (110-190 °C), partial oxygen pressures (0.5-1.5 MPa), and pH values (5, 9, and 12) in a batch stainless steel high pressure reactor. The experiments showed that increasing the temperature improved the processes efficiency. At the lowest temperature tested 75% lignin reduction was detected and a temperature increase improved the lignin removal to 100% at 190 °C. The effect of temperature on the COD removal rate was lower, but detectable: 20% of organics was oxidized at 110 °C, but 53% at 190 °C. Oxygen partial pressure changes affected the process results modestly. Lignin removal increased by about 10% and COD removal by 4% with an oxygen partial pressure increase from 0.5 to 1.5 MPa. The effect of pH occurred mostly on lignin removal. Increasing the pH enhanced the lignin removal efficiency from 60% to nearly 100%. In all cases, a good biodegradability (BOD/COD ratio over 0.5) was achieved starting at a temperature of 150 °C, pH 9, irrespective of the experimented pressures. The biodegradability (BOD/COD) of the remaining organic matter increased during WO and approached almost 1 at the highest temperature of 190 °C.","PeriodicalId":20551,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Chemistry","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73351672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the last 5 years, four types of wastewaters from the food industry (yeast, cheese whey, distillery, vegetable oil) with different technological schemes of anaerobic mesophilic digestion (one or two stages) and different types of reactors (contact process, anaerobic filter, fixed bed filter with plastic media, UASB reactor, and SBR) were investigated. On the basis of the results, the main technological schemes in Estonia and the main types of reactors with main parameters for local treatment of the investigated industrial wastewater were recommended.
{"title":"Investigation of different schemes for anaerobic treatment of food industry wastes in Estonia","authors":"Viktoria Blonskaja, Tarmo Vaalu","doi":"10.3176/chem.2006.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/chem.2006.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"During the last 5 years, four types of wastewaters from the food industry (yeast, cheese whey, distillery, vegetable oil) with different technological schemes of anaerobic mesophilic digestion (one or two stages) and different types of reactors (contact process, anaerobic filter, fixed bed filter with plastic media, UASB reactor, and SBR) were investigated. On the basis of the results, the main technological schemes in Estonia and the main types of reactors with main parameters for local treatment of the investigated industrial wastewater were recommended.","PeriodicalId":20551,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Chemistry","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82740025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the preparation of chitosan powder, the thermocatalytic destruction method developed in our earlier works was applied. Chitosan samples obtained from exoskeletons of crustaceans with a molecular weight of 500 kDalton, deacetylation degree 80% and with a molecular weight of 900 kDalton, deacetylation degree 70% were investigated. For these samples, optimal thermocatalytic treatment conditions for partial destruction of chitosan, which was controlled from the change in intrinsic viscos ity, to the levelling-off degree of polymerization (LODP) were developed. In our case, LODP was ~ 140 units. The destructed chitosan was dissolved in water and precipitated with adding a definite amount of NaOH. The precipitated chitosan was washed off, dried at 60 °C, and ground in a ball mill. As a result, a cream-like powder was obtained, whose major part of particles had sizes of 1-15 µm. The properties of the obtained powder were investigated by the microscopic, X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopic, and physico- chemical methods.
{"title":"Preparation of chitosan powder and investigation of its properties","authors":"M. Laka, S. Chernyavskaya","doi":"10.3176/chem.2006.2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/chem.2006.2.04","url":null,"abstract":"For the preparation of chitosan powder, the thermocatalytic destruction method developed in our earlier works was applied. Chitosan samples obtained from exoskeletons of crustaceans with a molecular weight of 500 kDalton, deacetylation degree 80% and with a molecular weight of 900 kDalton, deacetylation degree 70% were investigated. For these samples, optimal thermocatalytic treatment conditions for partial destruction of chitosan, which was controlled from the change in intrinsic viscos ity, to the levelling-off degree of polymerization (LODP) were developed. In our case, LODP was ~ 140 units. The destructed chitosan was dissolved in water and precipitated with adding a definite amount of NaOH. The precipitated chitosan was washed off, dried at 60 °C, and ground in a ball mill. As a result, a cream-like powder was obtained, whose major part of particles had sizes of 1-15 µm. The properties of the obtained powder were investigated by the microscopic, X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopic, and physico- chemical methods.","PeriodicalId":20551,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Chemistry","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75901334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interaction of 3 H-labelled N-(3-iodoprop-2E-enyl)-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-methyl- phenyl)nortropane (( 3 H)PE2I), a novel tritium-labelled ligand for tracing dopamine transporter protein, with mice striatal membrane fragments was studied under equilibrium conditions. Radio- ligand binding with a homogeneous population of binding sites was observed in these brain membrane fragments and characterized by the Kd value 22 ± 5 nM and Bmax = 0.12 ± 0.02 pmol/mg tissue. The specific binding of ( 3 H)PE2I was effectively displaced by unlabelled PE2I as well as GBR 12935, also known as an inhibitor of the transporter protein. Rather similar pIC 50 values, 7.1 ± 0.3 and 6.9 ± 0.3, respectively, were obtained for these ligands in displacement experiments. This is in agreement with similar pharmacological effects of these ligands on dopaminergic neurons. After correction by the Cheng-Prusoff equation the displacement study yielded the Kd value of 40 nM for PE2I. The difference between the Kd values for PE2I obtained from the direct binding study and displacement experiments seems to point to some specific feature of the mechanism of PE2I interaction with the transporter sites and will be clarified through systematic kinetic study of the radioligand binding.
{"title":"Interaction of tritium-labelled dopamine transporter inhibitor PE2I with mice striatal membrane fragments","authors":"V. Stepanov, J. Järv","doi":"10.3176/chem.2006.3.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/chem.2006.3.05","url":null,"abstract":"Interaction of 3 H-labelled N-(3-iodoprop-2E-enyl)-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-methyl- phenyl)nortropane (( 3 H)PE2I), a novel tritium-labelled ligand for tracing dopamine transporter protein, with mice striatal membrane fragments was studied under equilibrium conditions. Radio- ligand binding with a homogeneous population of binding sites was observed in these brain membrane fragments and characterized by the Kd value 22 ± 5 nM and Bmax = 0.12 ± 0.02 pmol/mg tissue. The specific binding of ( 3 H)PE2I was effectively displaced by unlabelled PE2I as well as GBR 12935, also known as an inhibitor of the transporter protein. Rather similar pIC 50 values, 7.1 ± 0.3 and 6.9 ± 0.3, respectively, were obtained for these ligands in displacement experiments. This is in agreement with similar pharmacological effects of these ligands on dopaminergic neurons. After correction by the Cheng-Prusoff equation the displacement study yielded the Kd value of 40 nM for PE2I. The difference between the Kd values for PE2I obtained from the direct binding study and displacement experiments seems to point to some specific feature of the mechanism of PE2I interaction with the transporter sites and will be clarified through systematic kinetic study of the radioligand binding.","PeriodicalId":20551,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Chemistry","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86584541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Highly toxic residues of rocket fuel have been detected in the groundwater of an abandoned military missile base in north-west Estonia. The growth of indigenous rocket fuel- degrading bacteria in the polluted groundwater is strongly inhibited by a high concentration of pollutants in the groundwater. Two chemical oxidation processes, ozonation and catalytic wet oxidation (CWO), were studied for the treatment of such groundwater. The ozonation experiments were carried out in a wetted-wall column and the CWO experiments were conducted in an autoclave in the presence of granulated activated carbon. The ozone-water contact column operated at laboratory temperature whilst in CWO the operational variables ranged as follows: temperature from 413 to 446 K, oxygen pressure from 0.4 to 1 MPa. Both processes degraded the primary rocket fuel pollutant (dimethylanilines) and increased biodegradability. The solution remaining after ozonation and CWO contained mainly organic acids. Despite the formation of refractory compounds, the residual water can be treated in bioprocesses without complications b ecause organic acids are easily biodegradable.
{"title":"Increasing the biodegradability of rocket fuel polluted groundwater by means of chemical oxidation processes","authors":"J. Reinik, J. Kallas","doi":"10.3176/chem.2006.4.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/chem.2006.4.02","url":null,"abstract":"Highly toxic residues of rocket fuel have been detected in the groundwater of an abandoned military missile base in north-west Estonia. The growth of indigenous rocket fuel- degrading bacteria in the polluted groundwater is strongly inhibited by a high concentration of pollutants in the groundwater. Two chemical oxidation processes, ozonation and catalytic wet oxidation (CWO), were studied for the treatment of such groundwater. The ozonation experiments were carried out in a wetted-wall column and the CWO experiments were conducted in an autoclave in the presence of granulated activated carbon. The ozone-water contact column operated at laboratory temperature whilst in CWO the operational variables ranged as follows: temperature from 413 to 446 K, oxygen pressure from 0.4 to 1 MPa. Both processes degraded the primary rocket fuel pollutant (dimethylanilines) and increased biodegradability. The solution remaining after ozonation and CWO contained mainly organic acids. Despite the formation of refractory compounds, the residual water can be treated in bioprocesses without complications b ecause organic acids are easily biodegradable.","PeriodicalId":20551,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Chemistry","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81844661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dace Erkske, Ilze Viskere, A. Dzene, V. Tupureina, L. Savenkova
Heterogeneous multicomponent biocomposites were elaborated on the basis of bio- degradable polymer polyhydroxybutyrate through incorporation of additives of distinctive chemical nature (plasticizers, renewable fillers, compatib ilizers). Plasticized polyhydroxybutyrate solutions were used as continuous matrices for the formation of films and paper coatings. Mechanical, thermal, hygroscopic, and barrier properties and biodegradation of the obtained materials were evaluated in terms of application as biodegradable packaging.
{"title":"Biobased polymer composites for films and coatings","authors":"Dace Erkske, Ilze Viskere, A. Dzene, V. Tupureina, L. Savenkova","doi":"10.3176/chem.2006.2.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/chem.2006.2.03","url":null,"abstract":"Heterogeneous multicomponent biocomposites were elaborated on the basis of bio- degradable polymer polyhydroxybutyrate through incorporation of additives of distinctive chemical nature (plasticizers, renewable fillers, compatib ilizers). Plasticized polyhydroxybutyrate solutions were used as continuous matrices for the formation of films and paper coatings. Mechanical, thermal, hygroscopic, and barrier properties and biodegradation of the obtained materials were evaluated in terms of application as biodegradable packaging.","PeriodicalId":20551,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Chemistry","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73435810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Lazdiņa, U. Stirna, V. Tupureina, A. Dzene, I. Sevastyanova
Segmented polyurethanes, whose soft segments were formed by poly(caprolactone) diols with the average molecular weight (Mn) ranging from 400 to 2700 and hard segments by poly(lactide) triols with a Mn of 600-3000, and 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate and 4,4'-methylene bis(cyclohexyl) diisocyanate were studied. For poly(lactide) triol and poly(caprolactone) diol synthesis, glycerol and 1,4-butane diol, respectively, were used as D,L-lactide and e-caprolactone polymerization initiators. The effect of a change in the soft segment content on the properties of polyurethanes at a constant value of molecular weight between cross-links was investigated. The obtained polyurethanes have an amorphous or semicrystalline structure with a minor phase separation degree. Varying the Mn of poly(lactide) and poly(caprolactone) blocks as well as their ratio in the structure, polyurethanes with different tensile, thermal, and biodegradation properties were obtained.
{"title":"Synthesis and properties of cross-linked poly(ester urethanes) from poly(lactide) triols and poly(caprolactone) diols","authors":"B. Lazdiņa, U. Stirna, V. Tupureina, A. Dzene, I. Sevastyanova","doi":"10.3176/chem.2006.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/chem.2006.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"Segmented polyurethanes, whose soft segments were formed by poly(caprolactone) diols with the average molecular weight (Mn) ranging from 400 to 2700 and hard segments by poly(lactide) triols with a Mn of 600-3000, and 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate and 4,4'-methylene bis(cyclohexyl) diisocyanate were studied. For poly(lactide) triol and poly(caprolactone) diol synthesis, glycerol and 1,4-butane diol, respectively, were used as D,L-lactide and e-caprolactone polymerization initiators. The effect of a change in the soft segment content on the properties of polyurethanes at a constant value of molecular weight between cross-links was investigated. The obtained polyurethanes have an amorphous or semicrystalline structure with a minor phase separation degree. Varying the Mn of poly(lactide) and poly(caprolactone) blocks as well as their ratio in the structure, polyurethanes with different tensile, thermal, and biodegradation properties were obtained.","PeriodicalId":20551,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Chemistry","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75298240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Orav, A. Raal, E. Arak, M. Müürisepp, T. Kailas
Variations in the essential oil composition of Artemisia absinthium L. obtained from different geographical areas of Europe were determined using capillary gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis methods. The oils from air-dried wormwood were obtained in yields of 0.1-1.1%. The Absinthii herba grown in Estonia corresponded to the EP standards in the aspect of the essential oil contents. A total of 107 components were identified, representing over 85% of the total yield of oil. The principal components in the oils were sabinene (0.9-30.1%), myrcene (0.1-38.9%), 1,8-cineole (0.1-18.0%), artemisia ketone (0-14.9%), linalool and -thujone (1.1-10.9%), -thujone (0.1-64.6%), trans-epoxyocimene (0.1-59.7%), trans-verbenol (0-11.7%), carvone (0-18.5%), (E)-sabinyl acetate ( 0-70.5%), curcumene (0-7.0%), neryl butyrate (0.1-13.9%), neryl 2-methyl- butanoate (0.1-9.2%), neryl 3-methylbutanoate (0.4-7.3%), and chamazulene (0-6.6%). Mono- terpenes were predominant (44.0-67.9%) in the oils from Scotland, Estonia (2000, 2002), Moldova, and Hungary. In the other oils studied oxygenated monoterpenes (41.2-93.9%) were found to predominate. The highest content of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (11.9-29.8%) was found in the oils from Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, and Germany. Armenian oil contained more chamazulene (6.6%) than the other samples studied (0-2.1%). Four chemotypes were found to be characteristic of A. absinthium growing in Europe: sabinene and myrcene rich oil, - and -thujone rich oil, epoxyocimene rich oil, and (E)-sabinyl acetate rich oil. Some mixed chemotypes were also f ound.
{"title":"Composition of the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium L. of different geographical origin","authors":"A. Orav, A. Raal, E. Arak, M. Müürisepp, T. Kailas","doi":"10.3176/chem.2006.3.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/chem.2006.3.04","url":null,"abstract":"Variations in the essential oil composition of Artemisia absinthium L. obtained from different geographical areas of Europe were determined using capillary gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis methods. The oils from air-dried wormwood were obtained in yields of 0.1-1.1%. The Absinthii herba grown in Estonia corresponded to the EP standards in the aspect of the essential oil contents. A total of 107 components were identified, representing over 85% of the total yield of oil. The principal components in the oils were sabinene (0.9-30.1%), myrcene (0.1-38.9%), 1,8-cineole (0.1-18.0%), artemisia ketone (0-14.9%), linalool and -thujone (1.1-10.9%), -thujone (0.1-64.6%), trans-epoxyocimene (0.1-59.7%), trans-verbenol (0-11.7%), carvone (0-18.5%), (E)-sabinyl acetate ( 0-70.5%), curcumene (0-7.0%), neryl butyrate (0.1-13.9%), neryl 2-methyl- butanoate (0.1-9.2%), neryl 3-methylbutanoate (0.4-7.3%), and chamazulene (0-6.6%). Mono- terpenes were predominant (44.0-67.9%) in the oils from Scotland, Estonia (2000, 2002), Moldova, and Hungary. In the other oils studied oxygenated monoterpenes (41.2-93.9%) were found to predominate. The highest content of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (11.9-29.8%) was found in the oils from Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, and Germany. Armenian oil contained more chamazulene (6.6%) than the other samples studied (0-2.1%). Four chemotypes were found to be characteristic of A. absinthium growing in Europe: sabinene and myrcene rich oil, - and -thujone rich oil, epoxyocimene rich oil, and (E)-sabinyl acetate rich oil. Some mixed chemotypes were also f ound.","PeriodicalId":20551,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80714742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Tuvikene, K. Truus, M. Vaher, T. Kailas, P. Kersen
The main isolation procedures (extraction, alkali modification, and precipitation) of hybrid carrageenan blend from seaweeds of the Kassari algal stratum (the Baltic Sea, Estonia) were quantitatively investigated. In the case of all extracting agents (water, KOH and NaOH solutions) used, a sharp rise occurred in the extracting rate during the first 2 h. Pure water was the most efficient extracting medium for carrageenans from the biomass of Furcellaria lumbricalis- Coccotylus truncatus with regard to yield but certainly not gelling properties (gel strength) of polysaccharides extracted. Long-time alkali extraction causes great losses due to degradation of carrageenans; however, alkali treatment is an obligatory step for the isolation of high-quality gelling galactans from the Kassari algal stratum, resulting in a more than 3-fold increase in gel strength. In the case of a typical algal blend from this stratum (69% F. lumbricalis and 10% C. truncatus), the most effective medium for the isolation of carrageenan mixture is 0.05 M KOH solution and the preferred duration of extraction is 3-4 h.
定量研究了从爱沙尼亚波罗的海Kassari藻层海藻中分离杂化卡拉胶共混物的主要工艺流程(提取、碱改性和沉淀)。在使用所有提取剂(水，KOH和NaOH溶液)的情况下，在前2小时内提取率急剧上升。纯水是从毛曲霉-尾形虫生物量中提取卡拉胶的最有效的提取介质，但提取的多糖的凝胶性(凝胶强度)肯定不是。长时间碱浸对角叉菜胶的降解造成很大的损失;然而，碱处理是从卡萨里藻层中分离高质量胶凝半乳的必要步骤，导致凝胶强度增加3倍以上。从该地层中提取的典型海藻混合物(69%的蓝藻和10%的长角藻)中，分离卡拉胶混合物的最有效培养基为0.05 M KOH溶液，最佳提取时间为3-4小时。
{"title":"Extraction and quantification of hybrid carrageenans from the biomass of the red algae Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus","authors":"R. Tuvikene, K. Truus, M. Vaher, T. Kailas, P. Kersen","doi":"10.3176/chem.2006.1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/chem.2006.1.04","url":null,"abstract":"The main isolation procedures (extraction, alkali modification, and precipitation) of hybrid carrageenan blend from seaweeds of the Kassari algal stratum (the Baltic Sea, Estonia) were quantitatively investigated. In the case of all extracting agents (water, KOH and NaOH solutions) used, a sharp rise occurred in the extracting rate during the first 2 h. Pure water was the most efficient extracting medium for carrageenans from the biomass of Furcellaria lumbricalis- Coccotylus truncatus with regard to yield but certainly not gelling properties (gel strength) of polysaccharides extracted. Long-time alkali extraction causes great losses due to degradation of carrageenans; however, alkali treatment is an obligatory step for the isolation of high-quality gelling galactans from the Kassari algal stratum, resulting in a more than 3-fold increase in gel strength. In the case of a typical algal blend from this stratum (69% F. lumbricalis and 10% C. truncatus), the most effective medium for the isolation of carrageenan mixture is 0.05 M KOH solution and the preferred duration of extraction is 3-4 h.","PeriodicalId":20551,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Chemistry","volume":"389 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80797106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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