Cancer is the second biggest mortality rate globally. Most of anti-cancer drugs are hydrophobic and when they are administered in the body, they get clear from the blood. That’s why polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have been used for delivering anti-cancer drugs to targeted sites. Biodegradable and self-assembled nature, PEG-PLGA has been used as a nanocarrier for biomedical applications. We developed PEG-PLGA NP for the doxorubicin (DOX) delivery to cancerous cells. The successful PEG-PLGA synthesis was confirmed by its 1 H NMR spectrum. All NPs displayed individual spherical morphology and 100 nm size range with -18.5mV zeta potential. Drug release profile showed DOX had sustained release pattern from DOX@NPs. In vitro, MTT assay and apoptosis analysis revealed that low-dose DOX@NPs exhibited more toxic effects on cancerous cells as compared to DOX alone. Overall results demonstrate that polymeric-based nanosystems increase the efficacy of DOX on cancer cells.
{"title":"Synthesis and In vitro Evaluation of Doxorubicin loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles on Cancer Cells","authors":"Nimra Batool, Tayyaba Saif, Tahira Anwar, Sajjad Ullah, Sikandar Hayat, Malik Ihsan Ullah Khan","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(61-sp1)1005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(61-sp1)1005","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is the second biggest mortality rate globally. Most of anti-cancer drugs are hydrophobic and when they are administered in the body, they get clear from the blood. That’s why polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have been used for delivering anti-cancer drugs to targeted sites. Biodegradable and self-assembled nature, PEG-PLGA has been used as a nanocarrier for biomedical applications. We developed PEG-PLGA NP for the doxorubicin (DOX) delivery to cancerous cells. The successful PEG-PLGA synthesis was confirmed by its 1 H NMR spectrum. All NPs displayed individual spherical morphology and 100 nm size range with -18.5mV zeta potential. Drug release profile showed DOX had sustained release pattern from DOX@NPs. In vitro, MTT assay and apoptosis analysis revealed that low-dose DOX@NPs exhibited more toxic effects on cancerous cells as compared to DOX alone. Overall results demonstrate that polymeric-based nanosystems increase the efficacy of DOX on cancer cells.","PeriodicalId":20591,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140658969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.53560/ppasb(61-sp1)1003
Saira Mushtaq, Muhammad Tahir Khan, Sikandar Hayyat, Hasnain Javed, Malik Ihsan Ullah Khan, Sajjad Ghani
To understand in an improved way how the dengue virus (DENV) spreads, presents, and becomes hazardous, researching its genetic makeup is necessary. The positive sense RNA of DENV encodes three structural proteins and seven non-structural proteins. One of the non-structural proteins that aids in the replication of viral RNA is the non-structural protein 1 (NS1). The objective was to identify the most frequently repeated mutations in the NS1 protein in DENV RNA isolated from dengue patients in the province Punjab, Pakistan. Selection of 120 DENV isolates was done from laboratories of tertiary care hospitals of Punjab for analysis of sequencing of the whole genome. Only 23 samples were sequenced after viral isolation, quantification and cDNA synthesis. A total of 133 different types of mutations were detected along the entire length of NS.1. The most common mutations with the highest frequency were, K324R and K347R (n=7), D278N (n=6), K174R, and F178S (n=4), found at c-terminal of NS.1 protein. Mutations K347R, K174R, and F178S are novel. Future DENV vaccination development research will be especially profited by the mutations found in the current study. During each DENV outbreak in different places, studying genomic variations is crucial for strengthening societal health and developing new policies for future outbreaks.
{"title":"Genomic Variation in Dengue Virus Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1)","authors":"Saira Mushtaq, Muhammad Tahir Khan, Sikandar Hayyat, Hasnain Javed, Malik Ihsan Ullah Khan, Sajjad Ghani","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(61-sp1)1003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(61-sp1)1003","url":null,"abstract":"To understand in an improved way how the dengue virus (DENV) spreads, presents, and becomes hazardous, researching its genetic makeup is necessary. The positive sense RNA of DENV encodes three structural proteins and seven non-structural proteins. One of the non-structural proteins that aids in the replication of viral RNA is the non-structural protein 1 (NS1). The objective was to identify the most frequently repeated mutations in the NS1 protein in DENV RNA isolated from dengue patients in the province Punjab, Pakistan. Selection of 120 DENV isolates was done from laboratories of tertiary care hospitals of Punjab for analysis of sequencing of the whole genome. Only 23 samples were sequenced after viral isolation, quantification and cDNA synthesis. A total of 133 different types of mutations were detected along the entire length of NS.1. The most common mutations with the highest frequency were, K324R and K347R (n=7), D278N (n=6), K174R, and F178S (n=4), found at c-terminal of NS.1 protein. Mutations K347R, K174R, and F178S are novel. Future DENV vaccination development research will be especially profited by the mutations found in the current study. During each DENV outbreak in different places, studying genomic variations is crucial for strengthening societal health and developing new policies for future outbreaks.","PeriodicalId":20591,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140663994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.53560/ppasb(61-sp1)1004
Mohammad Ejaz, Muhammad Ali Syed, Rani Faryal, Sheryar Jamil
Viruses are notorious for causing a significant array of infectious diseases, rendering them a prominent contributor to global morbidity and mortality rates. Throughout history, various regions have experienced outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics, resulting in significant mortality rates. The Influenza virus gave rise to highly fatal outbreaks that disseminated on a global scale, subsequently resulting in a pandemic during the initial decades of the 20th century. This catastrophic event led to >75 million fatalities, accompanied by a substantial incidence of illnesses. In addition to the development of efficacious treatments for viral diseases, it is imperative to establish and implement various preventive measures to mitigate the transmission of diseases within both local and global populations. Furthermore, it is critical to implement proven conventional and contemporary strategies for managing viral infections, alongside bolstered surveillance systems. Viruses employ diverse modes of transmission, encompassing respiratory, oral-fecal, blood-borne, and vector-borne pathways. Consequently, effective measures to mitigate viral dissemination must be tailored to address each distinct route of transmission. This review discusses the existing strategies employed to mitigate the transmission and containment of viral outbreaks, as well as the dissemination of the disease within a sizable population, intending to reduce their detrimental and fatal impacts on a community.
{"title":"Contemporary Strategies for Managing and Controlling Viral Outbreaks: An Overview","authors":"Mohammad Ejaz, Muhammad Ali Syed, Rani Faryal, Sheryar Jamil","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(61-sp1)1004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(61-sp1)1004","url":null,"abstract":"Viruses are notorious for causing a significant array of infectious diseases, rendering them a prominent contributor to global morbidity and mortality rates. Throughout history, various regions have experienced outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics, resulting in significant mortality rates. The Influenza virus gave rise to highly fatal outbreaks that disseminated on a global scale, subsequently resulting in a pandemic during the initial decades of the 20th century. This catastrophic event led to >75 million fatalities, accompanied by a substantial incidence of illnesses. In addition to the development of efficacious treatments for viral diseases, it is imperative to establish and implement various preventive measures to mitigate the transmission of diseases within both local and global populations. Furthermore, it is critical to implement proven conventional and contemporary strategies for managing viral infections, alongside bolstered surveillance systems. Viruses employ diverse modes of transmission, encompassing respiratory, oral-fecal, blood-borne, and vector-borne pathways. Consequently, effective measures to mitigate viral dissemination must be tailored to address each distinct route of transmission. This review discusses the existing strategies employed to mitigate the transmission and containment of viral outbreaks, as well as the dissemination of the disease within a sizable population, intending to reduce their detrimental and fatal impacts on a community.","PeriodicalId":20591,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140659566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naseer Ullah, Irum Hassan, Maria Rahman, Akhtar Rasool, Muhammad Israr, Muhammad Attaullah, Sayed Ihtishamullah, Ikram Ilahi
Iron is an essential element for the body. Its requirements increase during pregnancy. Improper use of iron may lead to anaemia in the mother. Anaemia may lead to complications such as abortion, stillbirth, and congenital abnormalities in the fetus of pregnant women. This study aimed to determine the iron level and problems associated with iron deficiency in pregnant women in Swat District. Samples were collected from eight hundred pregnant women. The iron status was determined by measuring haemoglobin levels using Sahli’s Method and the Haematology Analyzer. In total, 54 % were anaemic. The age group 41-45 was highly anaemic (100 %) followed by 15-20 (74 %) while the 31-35 age group was the least anaemic (42 %). The Underweight was the highly anaemic group (83 %) and the obese were the least anaemic group (12 %). Pregnant women with second trimester gestational age were the least anaemic (34 %) while the third trimester was the highly anaemic (67 %). It was concluded that iron deficiency is a common issue in pregnant women in District Swat.
{"title":"Deficiency of Iron: A Risk Factor in Pregnant Women in the District Swat","authors":"Naseer Ullah, Irum Hassan, Maria Rahman, Akhtar Rasool, Muhammad Israr, Muhammad Attaullah, Sayed Ihtishamullah, Ikram Ilahi","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-4)761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-4)761","url":null,"abstract":"Iron is an essential element for the body. Its requirements increase during pregnancy. Improper use of iron may lead to anaemia in the mother. Anaemia may lead to complications such as abortion, stillbirth, and congenital abnormalities in the fetus of pregnant women. This study aimed to determine the iron level and problems associated with iron deficiency in pregnant women in Swat District. Samples were collected from eight hundred pregnant women. The iron status was determined by measuring haemoglobin levels using Sahli’s Method and the Haematology Analyzer. In total, 54 % were anaemic. The age group 41-45 was highly anaemic (100 %) followed by 15-20 (74 %) while the 31-35 age group was the least anaemic (42 %). The Underweight was the highly anaemic group (83 %) and the obese were the least anaemic group (12 %). Pregnant women with second trimester gestational age were the least anaemic (34 %) while the third trimester was the highly anaemic (67 %). It was concluded that iron deficiency is a common issue in pregnant women in District Swat.","PeriodicalId":20591,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139178509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Sardar, Y. Bibi, Muhammad Arshad, Anwaar Ahmad, K. Zahara
The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of eight plant extracts that are used by communities of the Pothohar Plateau. Selected plants were Brassica campestris, Brassica oleracea var. italica, Allium sativum, Piper nigrum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Allium cepa, Olea europaea and Moringa oleifera. The antimicrobial assessment was carried out by using the agar diffusion method and antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical assay, phosphomolybdate assay, and reducing power assay, against the selected isolates. Antimicrobial and growth rate studies were carried out by using two Gram-negative, one Gram-positive, and two pathogenic fungal strains. Among all tested extracts M. oleifera appeared to have the highest bioactivity with a percentage inhibition of 89 % against DPPH free radical, followed by Allium sativum 81 %, Allium cepa 75 %, Olea europaea 67 %, B. campestris 60 %, B. oleracea 58 %. During the phosphomolybdate assay similar trends were obtained such as: M. oleifera 91 % followed by A. sativum 85 %, A. cepa 78 %, Brassica campestris 72 %, Brassica oleracea 70 % and Olea europaea 65 % in higher concentration (1000 µg/ml). In the case of antibacterial assay Moringa oleifera showed maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (20mm) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (18mm) and Escherichia coli, (17mm) whereas, crude extract of Allium sativum showed maximum zone of inhibition 14.4 mm against A. flavus whereas M. oleifera gave maximum zone of inhibition against A. alternata, followed by A. sativum and A. cepa. All the tested extracts showed bioactivities. This study can indicate the antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of M. oleifera, and A. species. Hence, it is recommended that the extracts of these plants should be further evaluated for their possible application as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.
{"title":"Evaluation of Biological Activity of Crude Extracts from Plants used by Indigenous Communities of Pothohar Plateau, Pakistan","authors":"N. Sardar, Y. Bibi, Muhammad Arshad, Anwaar Ahmad, K. Zahara","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-4)922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-4)922","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of eight plant extracts that are used by communities of the Pothohar Plateau. Selected plants were Brassica campestris, Brassica oleracea var. italica, Allium sativum, Piper nigrum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Allium cepa, Olea europaea and Moringa oleifera. The antimicrobial assessment was carried out by using the agar diffusion method and antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical assay, phosphomolybdate assay, and reducing power assay, against the selected isolates. Antimicrobial and growth rate studies were carried out by using two Gram-negative, one Gram-positive, and two pathogenic fungal strains. Among all tested extracts M. oleifera appeared to have the highest bioactivity with a percentage inhibition of 89 % against DPPH free radical, followed by Allium sativum 81 %, Allium cepa 75 %, Olea europaea 67 %, B. campestris 60 %, B. oleracea 58 %. During the phosphomolybdate assay similar trends were obtained such as: M. oleifera 91 % followed by A. sativum 85 %, A. cepa 78 %, Brassica campestris 72 %, Brassica oleracea 70 % and Olea europaea 65 % in higher concentration (1000 µg/ml). In the case of antibacterial assay Moringa oleifera showed maximum zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (20mm) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (18mm) and Escherichia coli, (17mm) whereas, crude extract of Allium sativum showed maximum zone of inhibition 14.4 mm against A. flavus whereas M. oleifera gave maximum zone of inhibition against A. alternata, followed by A. sativum and A. cepa. All the tested extracts showed bioactivities. This study can indicate the antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of M. oleifera, and A. species. Hence, it is recommended that the extracts of these plants should be further evaluated for their possible application as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.","PeriodicalId":20591,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139179390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yasmeen, Sumbal Haleem, Salman Ahmad, Sabah Safdar, Nasreen, Riaz Ullah
Infertility is ranked as the fifth-leading cause of disability in the world's population under 60 years old, according to the World Health Organization, affecting an estimated 80 million people worldwide. This reproductive health disorder can be caused by various factors, including structural, biological, and congenital issues, as well as acquired and environmental variables. To investigate the prevalence and potential risk factors of infertility, a hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in district Kohat, Pakistan, from January to May 2021. A total of 120 infertile couples were recruited from the outpatient center at Liaquat Memorial Hospital, and their medical files were reviewed, followed by face-to-face interviews with both partners of each couple. Of the participants, 47.5% were suffering from primary infertility, while 52.5% were affected by secondary infertility. Female infertility was the most common form of infertility, affecting 49.16% of couples, followed by male infertility (15.83%), couples with both partners facing infertility issues (8.33%), and unspecified infertility (26.66%). The most frequent causes of male and female infertility were erection issues (48.27%) and hormonal imbalances (40.57%), respectively. Additionally, 46.34% of couples reported stress and anxiety, and 14.16% had a history of assisted reproductive technology. Furthermore, 18.3% of couples had a family history of infertility, with 77.27% of those affected being infertile females. Infertile couples were also assessed based on potential risk factors, including age difference, age at menarche, occupation, smoking, and BMI. These findings may aid in identifying the factors contributing to infertility among the population.
根据世界卫生组织(world Health Organization)的数据，不孕症是全球60岁以下人口致残的第五大原因，全球约有8000万人受到影响。这种生殖健康障碍可由各种因素引起，包括结构、生物和先天性问题，以及后天和环境变量。为了调查不孕症的患病率和潜在危险因素，于2021年1月至5月在巴基斯坦Kohat区进行了一项基于医院的横断面研究。从Liaquat纪念医院门诊中心共招募了120对不育夫妇，并对他们的医疗档案进行了审查，随后与每对夫妇的双方进行了面对面的访谈。在参与者中，47.5%患有原发性不孕症，而52.5%患有继发性不孕症。女性不孕是最常见的不孕形式，影响49.16%的夫妇，其次是男性不孕(15.83%)，夫妻双方都有不孕问题(8.33%)，不明原因不孕(26.66%)。男性和女性不育最常见的原因分别是勃起问题(48.27%)和激素失衡(40.57%)。此外，46.34%的夫妇报告有压力和焦虑，14.16%的夫妇有辅助生殖技术的历史。此外，18.3%的夫妇有不孕家族史，其中77.27%为不孕女性。不孕夫妇也根据潜在的危险因素进行评估，包括年龄差异、初潮年龄、职业、吸烟和身体质量指数。这些发现可能有助于确定导致人群不孕的因素。
{"title":"Risk Factors and Clinical Patterns of Infertility in Couples: A Hospital-based Cross-sectional Study in Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","authors":"Yasmeen, Sumbal Haleem, Salman Ahmad, Sabah Safdar, Nasreen, Riaz Ullah","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-4)865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-4)865","url":null,"abstract":"Infertility is ranked as the fifth-leading cause of disability in the world's population under 60 years old, according to the World Health Organization, affecting an estimated 80 million people worldwide. This reproductive health disorder can be caused by various factors, including structural, biological, and congenital issues, as well as acquired and environmental variables. To investigate the prevalence and potential risk factors of infertility, a hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in district Kohat, Pakistan, from January to May 2021. A total of 120 infertile couples were recruited from the outpatient center at Liaquat Memorial Hospital, and their medical files were reviewed, followed by face-to-face interviews with both partners of each couple. Of the participants, 47.5% were suffering from primary infertility, while 52.5% were affected by secondary infertility. Female infertility was the most common form of infertility, affecting 49.16% of couples, followed by male infertility (15.83%), couples with both partners facing infertility issues (8.33%), and unspecified infertility (26.66%). The most frequent causes of male and female infertility were erection issues (48.27%) and hormonal imbalances (40.57%), respectively. Additionally, 46.34% of couples reported stress and anxiety, and 14.16% had a history of assisted reproductive technology. Furthermore, 18.3% of couples had a family history of infertility, with 77.27% of those affected being infertile females. Infertile couples were also assessed based on potential risk factors, including age difference, age at menarche, occupation, smoking, and BMI. These findings may aid in identifying the factors contributing to infertility among the population.","PeriodicalId":20591,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138591409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zaid Al-Attar, Saba Jassim, Muhammad Anwar, Wijdan Akram Hussein
The discovery of antibiotics has enhanced the treatment outcomes of infectious diseases. Nevertheless, the injudicious use of antibiotics has triggered a global public health crisis and caused a worldwide spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. Antimicrobial resistance is slowly becoming a major health problem all around the world, especially in our country, and this might be due to the incorrect, unwise prescription of antimicrobial agents among some doctors, which gives rise to this problem. The present study aimed to estimate the knowledge of medical students in Baghdad regarding antimicrobial usage and resistance and to find the association of sociodemographic factors with knowledge scores. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in six medical colleges in Baghdad. An online- based questionnaire was published and used in collecting the data. The data were reviewed and entered to be statistically analyzed in SPSS using the Chi-square test and were presented as frequencies, percentages, graphs and tables. The results showed that 44.1% of the studied sample had a fair knowledge of antimicrobial resistance. There was a statistical significance between gender and knowledge about antimicrobial resistance as the P-value was 0.006. In addition, there was a statistically significant association between the stage and the knowledge about antimicrobial resistance, where the P-value was (0.000). It was concluded that most of the participants had fair to good knowledge regarding antimicrobial resistance that was significantly associated with gender and stage.
{"title":"Knowledge of Medical Students Regarding Antimicrobial Resistance","authors":"Zaid Al-Attar, Saba Jassim, Muhammad Anwar, Wijdan Akram Hussein","doi":"10.53560/ppasb(60-4)884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(60-4)884","url":null,"abstract":"The discovery of antibiotics has enhanced the treatment outcomes of infectious diseases. Nevertheless, the injudicious use of antibiotics has triggered a global public health crisis and caused a worldwide spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. Antimicrobial resistance is slowly becoming a major health problem all around the world, especially in our country, and this might be due to the incorrect, unwise prescription of antimicrobial agents among some doctors, which gives rise to this problem. The present study aimed to estimate the knowledge of medical students in Baghdad regarding antimicrobial usage and resistance and to find the association of sociodemographic factors with knowledge scores. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in six medical colleges in Baghdad. An online- based questionnaire was published and used in collecting the data. The data were reviewed and entered to be statistically analyzed in SPSS using the Chi-square test and were presented as frequencies, percentages, graphs and tables. The results showed that 44.1% of the studied sample had a fair knowledge of antimicrobial resistance. There was a statistical significance between gender and knowledge about antimicrobial resistance as the P-value was 0.006. In addition, there was a statistically significant association between the stage and the knowledge about antimicrobial resistance, where the P-value was (0.000). It was concluded that most of the participants had fair to good knowledge regarding antimicrobial resistance that was significantly associated with gender and stage.","PeriodicalId":20591,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138590999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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