Chen Wang, F. A. M. Rahim, N. S. M. Yusoff, H. Rahman, Vili How
Abstract Daylighting is often integrated into a building as an architectural statement and for energy savings. However, the benefits from daylighting extend beyond architecture and energy savings. Solar bottle bulb is an invention that is highly effective and cost effective enough to be used in huge numbers for those without sources of interior lighting. This invention is very easy and excessively cheap, requires only a bottle, some roofing materials, water and minimal amount of regularly found chemical and no electricity is needed. This paper reviews the critical retrospect of daylighting through the solar bottle bulb perspective. It highlights the need for solar bottle bulbs use within the underprivileged areas of the world and the importance of this invention as a pathway towards sustainability. This paper presents a review on the designs, principles and applications of the invention that have startled the poor people into a new way of life. The review consists of the assessment of journals, books, newspapers, reports and online sources in the field of daylighting and solar bottle bulb.
{"title":"Critical View on Daylighting Through Solar Bottle Bulb","authors":"Chen Wang, F. A. M. Rahim, N. S. M. Yusoff, H. Rahman, Vili How","doi":"10.2478/brj-2014-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/brj-2014-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Daylighting is often integrated into a building as an architectural statement and for energy savings. However, the benefits from daylighting extend beyond architecture and energy savings. Solar bottle bulb is an invention that is highly effective and cost effective enough to be used in huge numbers for those without sources of interior lighting. This invention is very easy and excessively cheap, requires only a bottle, some roofing materials, water and minimal amount of regularly found chemical and no electricity is needed. This paper reviews the critical retrospect of daylighting through the solar bottle bulb perspective. It highlights the need for solar bottle bulbs use within the underprivileged areas of the world and the importance of this invention as a pathway towards sustainability. This paper presents a review on the designs, principles and applications of the invention that have startled the poor people into a new way of life. The review consists of the assessment of journals, books, newspapers, reports and online sources in the field of daylighting and solar bottle bulb.","PeriodicalId":207175,"journal":{"name":"Building Research Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125309106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper presents a general 2.5D meshless MLPG methodology for the computation of the elastic response of longitudinally invariant structure subjected to the incident wave field. A numerical frequency domain model is established using the Fourier transform in time and longitudinal coordinate domains. This allows for significant reduction of computational effort required. In the MLPG method the Moving-Least Squares (MLS) scheme is employed for the approximation of the spatial variation of displacement field. No finite elements are required for the approximation or integration of unknowns. A small circular subdomain is introduced around each nodal point in the analyzed domain. Local integral equations derived from the governing equations are specified on these subdomains. Continuously non-homogeneous material properties are varying in the cross-section of the analyzed structure. A simple patch test is introduced to assess the accuracy and the convergence of developed numerical model. At the end of the paper, numerical examples illustrate the applicability of the proposed numerical formulation.
{"title":"Longitudinally Invariant Elastic Structures Analyzed by the Meshless Mlpg Method Using 2.5D Approach","authors":"P. Staňák, A. Tadeu, J. Sládek, V. Sládek","doi":"10.2478/brj-2014-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/brj-2014-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a general 2.5D meshless MLPG methodology for the computation of the elastic response of longitudinally invariant structure subjected to the incident wave field. A numerical frequency domain model is established using the Fourier transform in time and longitudinal coordinate domains. This allows for significant reduction of computational effort required. In the MLPG method the Moving-Least Squares (MLS) scheme is employed for the approximation of the spatial variation of displacement field. No finite elements are required for the approximation or integration of unknowns. A small circular subdomain is introduced around each nodal point in the analyzed domain. Local integral equations derived from the governing equations are specified on these subdomains. Continuously non-homogeneous material properties are varying in the cross-section of the analyzed structure. A simple patch test is introduced to assess the accuracy and the convergence of developed numerical model. At the end of the paper, numerical examples illustrate the applicability of the proposed numerical formulation.","PeriodicalId":207175,"journal":{"name":"Building Research Journal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133615413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Concrete is the world's most versatile, durable and reliable construction material. Next to water, concrete is the second most used substance on earth and it requires large quantities of Portland cement. The industrial sector is the third largest source of man-made carbon dioxide emissions after the transportation sector as the major generator of carbon dioxide, which pollutes the atmosphere. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production produces the largest amount of carbon dioxide amongst all industrial processes. In addition to that a large amount of energy is also consumed for the cement production. The production of OPC not only consumes a huge amount of the natural resources i.e. limestone and fossil fuels but also produces almost 0.9 t of CO2 for 1t of cement clinker production. Thus, the world cement production generates 2.8 billion tons of manmade greenhouse gas annually. Hence, it is inevitable to find an alternative material to the existing most expensive, most resource and energy consuming Portland cement. Geopolymer cements are innovative binders which can be produced by the chemical action of aluminosilicate materials plenty available worldwide. They are rich in silica and alumina reacting with alkaline solution and producing aluminosilicate gel that acts as the binding material for the concrete. Geopolymers are synthesized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. The paper presents data on the important engineering properties of geopolymer cements showing that these cements offer an alternative to, and potential replacement for, OPC. Geopolymer technology also has the potential to reduce global greenhouse emissions caused by OPC production. Due to the high level of mechanical properties of geopolymer cements and their environmentally beneficial technology they appear as a prospective construction material for the future.
{"title":"Geopolymer Cements and Their Properties: A Review","authors":"V. Živica, M. Palou, M. Križma","doi":"10.2478/brj-2014-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/brj-2014-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Concrete is the world's most versatile, durable and reliable construction material. Next to water, concrete is the second most used substance on earth and it requires large quantities of Portland cement. The industrial sector is the third largest source of man-made carbon dioxide emissions after the transportation sector as the major generator of carbon dioxide, which pollutes the atmosphere. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production produces the largest amount of carbon dioxide amongst all industrial processes. In addition to that a large amount of energy is also consumed for the cement production. The production of OPC not only consumes a huge amount of the natural resources i.e. limestone and fossil fuels but also produces almost 0.9 t of CO2 for 1t of cement clinker production. Thus, the world cement production generates 2.8 billion tons of manmade greenhouse gas annually. Hence, it is inevitable to find an alternative material to the existing most expensive, most resource and energy consuming Portland cement. Geopolymer cements are innovative binders which can be produced by the chemical action of aluminosilicate materials plenty available worldwide. They are rich in silica and alumina reacting with alkaline solution and producing aluminosilicate gel that acts as the binding material for the concrete. Geopolymers are synthesized by polycondensation reaction of geopolymeric precursor and alkali polysilicates. The paper presents data on the important engineering properties of geopolymer cements showing that these cements offer an alternative to, and potential replacement for, OPC. Geopolymer technology also has the potential to reduce global greenhouse emissions caused by OPC production. Due to the high level of mechanical properties of geopolymer cements and their environmentally beneficial technology they appear as a prospective construction material for the future.","PeriodicalId":207175,"journal":{"name":"Building Research Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127171150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Recently illuminance levels under ISO/CIE homogeneous standard sky types were characterised in their relative terms after ISO/CIE (2004, 2003) standardised as normalised by the luminance in the zenith. Sky luminance and horizontal illuminance based on the gradation and scattering indicatrix functions, including the extreme overcast cases frequently encountered in nature, were recently determined in absolute physical units of luminance in kilocandles per meter square and of illuminance in kilolux. The historical search to find energy and visibility critical sky luminance distributions shows a progression of steps in studying the worst or critical overcast situations. That progression has enabled the determination and evaluation of interior illuminance for comparison of the merits of dual daylighting and artificial lighting under established criteria for comfortable visibility.
{"title":"The Research Search For The Least Beneficial Overcast Sky And Progress In Defining Its Luminance Gradation Function","authors":"R. Kittler, S. Darula","doi":"10.2478/brj-2014-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/brj-2014-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recently illuminance levels under ISO/CIE homogeneous standard sky types were characterised in their relative terms after ISO/CIE (2004, 2003) standardised as normalised by the luminance in the zenith. Sky luminance and horizontal illuminance based on the gradation and scattering indicatrix functions, including the extreme overcast cases frequently encountered in nature, were recently determined in absolute physical units of luminance in kilocandles per meter square and of illuminance in kilolux. The historical search to find energy and visibility critical sky luminance distributions shows a progression of steps in studying the worst or critical overcast situations. That progression has enabled the determination and evaluation of interior illuminance for comparison of the merits of dual daylighting and artificial lighting under established criteria for comfortable visibility.","PeriodicalId":207175,"journal":{"name":"Building Research Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124598279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Al-swaidani, S. Aliyan, N. Adarnaly, B. Hanna, E. Dyab
Abstract In the study, three types of cement have been prepared; one CEM I type (the control sample) and two blended cements: CEM II/A-P and CEM II/B-P (EN 197-1), each of them with three replacement levels of volcanic scoria: (10 %, 15 %, 20 % wt.) and (25 %, 30 %, 35 % wt.), respectively. Strength development of mortars has been investigated at 2, 7, 28 and 90 days curing. Evaluation of chemical resistance of mortars containing scoria-based cements has been investigated through exposure to 5 % sulphate and 5 % sulphuric acid solutions in accordance with ASTM C1012 & ASTM 267, respectively. Drying shrinkage has been evaluated in accordance with ASTM C596. Test results showed that at early ages, the mortars containing CEM II/B-P binders had strengths much lower than that of the control mortar. However, at 90 days curing, the strengths were comparable to the control mortar. In addition, the increase of scoria significantly improved the sulphate resistance of mortars. Further, an increase in scoria addition improved the sulphuric acid resistance of mortar, especially at the early days of exposure. The results of drying shrinkage revealed that the CEM II/B-P mortar bars exhibited a greater contraction when compared to the control mortar, especially at early ages. However, drying shrinkage of mortars was not influenced much at longer times.
{"title":"Influence Of Volcanic Scoria On Mechanical Strength, Chemical Resistance And Drying Shrinkage Of Mortars","authors":"A. Al-swaidani, S. Aliyan, N. Adarnaly, B. Hanna, E. Dyab","doi":"10.2478/brj-2014-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/brj-2014-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the study, three types of cement have been prepared; one CEM I type (the control sample) and two blended cements: CEM II/A-P and CEM II/B-P (EN 197-1), each of them with three replacement levels of volcanic scoria: (10 %, 15 %, 20 % wt.) and (25 %, 30 %, 35 % wt.), respectively. Strength development of mortars has been investigated at 2, 7, 28 and 90 days curing. Evaluation of chemical resistance of mortars containing scoria-based cements has been investigated through exposure to 5 % sulphate and 5 % sulphuric acid solutions in accordance with ASTM C1012 & ASTM 267, respectively. Drying shrinkage has been evaluated in accordance with ASTM C596. Test results showed that at early ages, the mortars containing CEM II/B-P binders had strengths much lower than that of the control mortar. However, at 90 days curing, the strengths were comparable to the control mortar. In addition, the increase of scoria significantly improved the sulphate resistance of mortars. Further, an increase in scoria addition improved the sulphuric acid resistance of mortar, especially at the early days of exposure. The results of drying shrinkage revealed that the CEM II/B-P mortar bars exhibited a greater contraction when compared to the control mortar, especially at early ages. However, drying shrinkage of mortars was not influenced much at longer times.","PeriodicalId":207175,"journal":{"name":"Building Research Journal","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130366146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this paper a computational homogenization technique is applied to thermal analyses in porous materials. A volume fraction of pores on the microstructural level is the key factor that changes the macroscopic thermal properties. Thus, the distribution of thermal fields at the macroscopic level is analysed through the incorporation of the microstructural response on the representative volume element (RVE) assuming a uniform distribution of pores. For the numerical analysis the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) is introduced to compute the thermal response of RVE. The SBFEM combines the main advantages of the finite element method (FEM) and the boundary element method (BEM). In this method, only the boundary is discretized with elements leading to the reduction of spatial dimension by one, similarly as in the BEM. It reduces computational efforts in the mesh generation and CPU time. The proposed method is used to study square RVE with a circular and elliptic pore under the thermal load. Dimensions of the pore are varied to obtain different volume fractions of matrix material. Numerical results for effective thermal conductivities obtained via SBFEM modelling show an excellent agreement with the finite element analysis using commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics.
{"title":"Numerical Evaluation Of Effective Thermal Properties For Materials With Variable Porosity","authors":"P. Staňák, J. Sládek, V. Sládek, S. Krahulec","doi":"10.2478/brj-2014-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/brj-2014-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper a computational homogenization technique is applied to thermal analyses in porous materials. A volume fraction of pores on the microstructural level is the key factor that changes the macroscopic thermal properties. Thus, the distribution of thermal fields at the macroscopic level is analysed through the incorporation of the microstructural response on the representative volume element (RVE) assuming a uniform distribution of pores. For the numerical analysis the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) is introduced to compute the thermal response of RVE. The SBFEM combines the main advantages of the finite element method (FEM) and the boundary element method (BEM). In this method, only the boundary is discretized with elements leading to the reduction of spatial dimension by one, similarly as in the BEM. It reduces computational efforts in the mesh generation and CPU time. The proposed method is used to study square RVE with a circular and elliptic pore under the thermal load. Dimensions of the pore are varied to obtain different volume fractions of matrix material. Numerical results for effective thermal conductivities obtained via SBFEM modelling show an excellent agreement with the finite element analysis using commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics.","PeriodicalId":207175,"journal":{"name":"Building Research Journal","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129131277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study investigates the effectiveness of different energy retrofitting techniques and examines the impact of employing those methods on energy consumption of existing residential buildings. Based on the research findings, the most effective and practical method of retrofitting has been proposed in order to improve energy efficiency of existing buildings. In order to achieve this goal, an existing residential building has been simulated in FirstRate 5 software so as to determine the existing thermal performance of the building. Afterwards, considering sustainable design principles, different insulation layers, glazing, and construction materials have been employed to conduct a comprehensive thermal performance study. Based on the research outcomes, the best technique for increasing energy efficiency of existing buildings and reducing their environmental impact and footprint has been identified and proposed for practical purposes.
{"title":"Application Of Sustainable Design Principles To Increase Energy Efficiency Of Existing Buildings","authors":"B. Mansoury, H. R. Tabatabaiefar","doi":"10.2478/brj-2014-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/brj-2014-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigates the effectiveness of different energy retrofitting techniques and examines the impact of employing those methods on energy consumption of existing residential buildings. Based on the research findings, the most effective and practical method of retrofitting has been proposed in order to improve energy efficiency of existing buildings. In order to achieve this goal, an existing residential building has been simulated in FirstRate 5 software so as to determine the existing thermal performance of the building. Afterwards, considering sustainable design principles, different insulation layers, glazing, and construction materials have been employed to conduct a comprehensive thermal performance study. Based on the research outcomes, the best technique for increasing energy efficiency of existing buildings and reducing their environmental impact and footprint has been identified and proposed for practical purposes.","PeriodicalId":207175,"journal":{"name":"Building Research Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133246782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper presents the results of an investigation to assess the validity of producing high strength concrete (HSC) using moderate cement content to reduce the consumption of the binders. Cement content is lowered from 500 kg/m3 to 400 kg/m3. The difference in cement content is compensated by the addition of fine limestone (LS) powder. Pozzolans were incorporated as an addition to cement. Different coarse aggregate types were employed. Workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, permeability and drying shrinkage were measured. Test results revealed that HSC with a compressive strength up to 79 MPa (at 90 days age) could be produced with moderate cement content. The mixtures consistency and drying shrinkage are greatly enhanced due to employing LS powder and the permeability is satisfactory. To provide better solution to some concrete disadvantages like cracking and drying shrinkage, using an economic rate for cement are believed to reduce these disadvantages.
{"title":"A Study on High Strength Concrete with Moderate Cement Content Incorporating Limestone Powder","authors":"A. Rashad, H. Seleem","doi":"10.2478/brj-2014-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/brj-2014-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents the results of an investigation to assess the validity of producing high strength concrete (HSC) using moderate cement content to reduce the consumption of the binders. Cement content is lowered from 500 kg/m3 to 400 kg/m3. The difference in cement content is compensated by the addition of fine limestone (LS) powder. Pozzolans were incorporated as an addition to cement. Different coarse aggregate types were employed. Workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, permeability and drying shrinkage were measured. Test results revealed that HSC with a compressive strength up to 79 MPa (at 90 days age) could be produced with moderate cement content. The mixtures consistency and drying shrinkage are greatly enhanced due to employing LS powder and the permeability is satisfactory. To provide better solution to some concrete disadvantages like cracking and drying shrinkage, using an economic rate for cement are believed to reduce these disadvantages.","PeriodicalId":207175,"journal":{"name":"Building Research Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114745674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In the last years, a great number of experimental tests have been performed to determine the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete (RC) beams retrofitted in flexure by means of externally bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP). Most of design proposals for flexural strengthening are based on a regression analysis from experimental data corresponding to specific configurations which makes it very difficult to capture the real interrelation among the involved parameters. To avoid this, an intelligent predicting system such as artificial neural network (ANN) has been developed to predict the flexural capacity of concrete beams reinforced with this method. An artificial neural network model was developed using past experimental data on flexural failure of RC beams strengthened by CFRP laminates. Fourteen input parameters cover the CFRP properties, beam geometrical properties and reinforcement properties; the corresponding output is the ultimate load capacity. The proposed ANN model considers the effect of these parameters which are not generally account together in the current existing design codes with the purpose of reaching more reliable designs. This paper presents a short review of the well-known American building code provisions (ACI 440.2R-08) for the flexural strengthening of RC beams using FRP laminates. The accuracy of the code in predicting the flexural capacity of strengthened beams was also examined with comparable way by using same test data. The study shows that the ANN model gives reasonable predictions of the ultimate flexural strength of the strengthened RC beams. Moreover, the study concludes that the ANN model predicts the flexural strength of FRPstrengthened beams better than the design formulas provided by ACI 440
{"title":"Intelligent Predicting System for Modeling of Flexurally – Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beams with CFRP Laminates","authors":"I. Metwally","doi":"10.2478/brj-2014-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/brj-2014-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the last years, a great number of experimental tests have been performed to determine the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete (RC) beams retrofitted in flexure by means of externally bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP). Most of design proposals for flexural strengthening are based on a regression analysis from experimental data corresponding to specific configurations which makes it very difficult to capture the real interrelation among the involved parameters. To avoid this, an intelligent predicting system such as artificial neural network (ANN) has been developed to predict the flexural capacity of concrete beams reinforced with this method. An artificial neural network model was developed using past experimental data on flexural failure of RC beams strengthened by CFRP laminates. Fourteen input parameters cover the CFRP properties, beam geometrical properties and reinforcement properties; the corresponding output is the ultimate load capacity. The proposed ANN model considers the effect of these parameters which are not generally account together in the current existing design codes with the purpose of reaching more reliable designs. This paper presents a short review of the well-known American building code provisions (ACI 440.2R-08) for the flexural strengthening of RC beams using FRP laminates. The accuracy of the code in predicting the flexural capacity of strengthened beams was also examined with comparable way by using same test data. The study shows that the ANN model gives reasonable predictions of the ultimate flexural strength of the strengthened RC beams. Moreover, the study concludes that the ANN model predicts the flexural strength of FRPstrengthened beams better than the design formulas provided by ACI 440","PeriodicalId":207175,"journal":{"name":"Building Research Journal","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115642444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract There are, presently, two schools of thought when it comes to designing buildings that promote sustainable development. One school emphasizes materials use and ‘‘green’’ buildings, while the other emphasizes energy use and energy efficient buildings. The promoters of ‘‘green’’ buildings often claim that the reduced energy use during operation of the low energy and solar buildings is counteracted by the increased embodied energy in these buildings. This paper gives categorical analysis of the technologies available for Low energy and green architecture and emphasizes the need to integrate both in residential buildings to of lower the energy use in operation during the lifetime in a residential building in hot arid climate. The results also show that there should be little difference between the approaches of the two schools of thought. The best buildings will generally be those that are both low energy, and ‘‘green’’. This paper also gives policy guidelines to integrate them in the building bye-laws for hot arid climate
{"title":"Solar and Green Building Guidelines for Hot Arid Climate in India","authors":"T. S. Brar, N. Munoth","doi":"10.2478/brj-2014-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/brj-2014-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There are, presently, two schools of thought when it comes to designing buildings that promote sustainable development. One school emphasizes materials use and ‘‘green’’ buildings, while the other emphasizes energy use and energy efficient buildings. The promoters of ‘‘green’’ buildings often claim that the reduced energy use during operation of the low energy and solar buildings is counteracted by the increased embodied energy in these buildings. This paper gives categorical analysis of the technologies available for Low energy and green architecture and emphasizes the need to integrate both in residential buildings to of lower the energy use in operation during the lifetime in a residential building in hot arid climate. The results also show that there should be little difference between the approaches of the two schools of thought. The best buildings will generally be those that are both low energy, and ‘‘green’’. This paper also gives policy guidelines to integrate them in the building bye-laws for hot arid climate","PeriodicalId":207175,"journal":{"name":"Building Research Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125870074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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