Psychopathology最新文献

Objectives: The study investigated the relationship between personality organization, childhood trauma, and paranoid thinking. It is hypothesized that personality organization mediates as well as moderates the link between paranoia and childhood adversity.

Methods: A mixed sample of patients and control participants (N = 119; 76% psychiatric patients; 71% female) was diagnostically assessed according to psychopathology (SCID I and II, BSI-53), personality organization (STIPO), and childhood trauma (CTQ). Mediation effects were analyzed within a Bayesian path modeling approach. We assessed potential moderation effects of personality organization by estimating interaction effects in the SPSS PROCESS macro.

Results: Significant positive correlations were found between childhood trauma, personality organization, and paranoid thinking (all p < 0.001). Mediation analysis showed that personality organization partially mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and paranoid thinking (indirect effect, B = 0.14, 95% CrI [0.07, 0.23], p < 0.01), however, only if not corrected for general psychiatric symptom load. In contrast, moderation analysis indicated that personality organization moderated the relationship (ΔR2 = 0.02, F(6,112) = 4.93, p < 0.05), if controlled for unspecific psychopathology, with stronger personality dysfunction intensifying the link between childhood trauma and paranoid thinking.

Conclusions: The study generally supports the hypothesis that personality organization plays a critical role in linking childhood trauma to paranoid thinking, acting as both mediator and moderator. This suggests that deficits in personality structure partly explain and modulate the association of childhood adversity with paranoid ideation. The complex role of general psychopathology in this relationship is discussed.

Introduction: The construct of epistemic trust (ET) has gained wide acceptance and support in the field, although there is little empirical evidence to substantiate the theoretical assumed model. Studies of the assessment of ET were conducted in community samples only and the mediating role of attachment and mentalizing in addition to ET was not investigated. This study examines the theoretical assumed relationships between ET and attachment and mentalizing as well as the mediating role of attachment, mentalizing and ET in the association between childhood adversity and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in a heterogeneous sample containing also patients.

Methods: The associations between ET and attachment, mentalizing, childhood maltreatment and BPD were explored in a sample of 245 participants, including subjects from the community as well as patients diagnosed with anxiety and personality disorders from two clinical samples. Multiple mediation analysis was performed to explore the mediating role of attachment (ECR-R), mentalizing (RFQ), and ET within the relationship between childhood trauma (CTQ-SF) and BPD (MSI-BPD).

Results: Strong relationships between ET and attachment and mentalizing were found indicating that lower degrees of cET are associated with insecure attachment and lower reflective functioning. Attachment, mentalizing, and ET together accounted for 75% of the mediation between childhood adversity and BPD. Hypomentalizing and anxious attachment accounted for the largest share of the mediation.

Conclusion: Our findings provide preliminary evidence for the theoretical supposed model of ET and suggest relevance of ET in the mediation between childhood adversity and PDs, although the role of ET seems smaller than assumed by recent theories.

Introduction: Self-disturbance phenomena are increasingly recognized as fundamental and debilitating features for patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). The concept of personal recovery describes the process of building a meaningful and satisfying life despite persistent symptoms or challenges related to mental illness. No previous study has investigated the association between self-disturbance phenomena and personal recovery in patients with SSD. Understanding the impact of self-disturbance could strengthen the therapeutic alliance with patients and contribute to the development of treatment strategies supporting their recovery.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate whether severity of self-reported self-disturbance phenomena is associated with the level of self-reported personal recovery in patients with SSD, their unaffected siblings, and healthy controls.

Methods: In a cross-sectional design with 522 patients with SSD, 608 unaffected siblings, and 369 healthy controls, the frequency and distress of self-disturbance phenomena was measured with the Self-Experience Lifetime Frequency Scale (SELF). Personal recovery was assessed with the Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS-24). Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between both scales were examined. Subsequent multiple hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to assess additional explained variance in personal recovery by severity of self-disturbance phenomena, adjusting for positive, negative, and general symptomatology.

Results: Significant correlations were reported between higher SELF and lower RAS-24 scores for patients (ρ = -0.20, p < 0.001), siblings (ρ = -0.24, p < 0.001), and controls (ρ = -0.16, p < 0.005). The severity of self-disturbance phenomena significantly albeit modestly predicted total personal recovery score after adjusting for positive, negative, and general symptoms for patients (R2 change = 0.035, β = -0.19, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Current findings suggest that self-reported self-disturbance phenomena are relevant for the personal recovery of patients with SSD. Healthcare practitioners are urged for attention to patients' first-person perspectives, including experiences of self-disturbance.

Introduction: Beyond the memory deficits classically observed in individuals with alcohol use disorder (IwAUD), research has recently focused on the study of autobiographical memory (AM) processes in IwAUD by analysing the content of AM narratives, and the implications for self-conception have been discussed. However, little is known about how IwAUD subjectively experience autobiographical recall.

Methods: Thirty-seven IwAUD and 37 control participants were invited to perform an AM task that involved recalling memories for 4 life periods (2 important memories per period). Then, they assessed their subjective experience during AM recall using 6 phenomenological scales evaluating emotional valence, emotional intensity, sensory details, distancing, sharing, and vividness. Anxiety and depression symptoms, interoceptive sensibility, and difficulties in emotion regulation were also measured.

Results: The IwAUD experienced greater distancing during AM recall, except during childhood AM recall, indicating that IwAUD are more prone to feeling that the person they are today is different from the person in their retrieved AMs. Very few intergroup differences were observed for AMs from childhood, adolescence-young adulthood, and adulthood, and a greater number of differences were observed for AMs from the last year: the IwAUD experienced AMs with a more negative valence, greater emotional intensity, fewer sensory details, greater distancing, and less sharing. A positive correlation was observed between distancing and interoceptive sensibility in the IwAUD group.

Conclusion: Although these results suggest good preservation of autonoetic consciousness in IwAUD, except for more recent AMs, it is insufficient for IwAUD to experience a sense of self-continuity. This difficulty in maintaining a continuous sense of self may constitute a risk for AUD relapse.

Introduction: Prominent eating disorders (EDs) theories identify a critical relationship between body and self. One of the ways to study this relationship is through autobiographical memories (AMs). The present review aimed to evaluate the studies that investigated AM in patients with EDs.

Methods: A search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases was performed to identify relevant articles. Of the 57,113 studies found, 25,016 were not duplicated. After screening, 27 articles were included.

Results: The studies had some methodological flaws: none of the articles was a randomized control trial and the sample sizes were small. Nevertheless, important evidence emerged because all studies showed that patients with EDs have impaired AM function. This is because the way patients with EDs remember and define themselves is through an allocentric perspective associated with the gazes of others whose role has an impact on AM, body shape, and self.

Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to examine AM in patients with EDs. Future research is needed in EDs to expand knowledge about the relationship between the body and the self.

Background: Differences in subjective stress perception and acute response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis have been reported in internet gaming disorder (IGD). The present study aimed to further investigate alterations in diurnal profiles of the endocrine stress response system in IGD compared to healthy controls (HCs).

Methods: The diurnal course of endocrine markers (salivary cortisol and α-amylase) was investigated in a clinical sample of n = 29 adolescents with IGD compared to n = 26 HC. Further, the effect of unrestricted gaming versus restricted gaming was examined within the IGD group.

Results: No significant differences in salivary cortisol and α-amylase were observed comparing adolescents with IGD and HC. In addition, in the IGD group, there were no significant differences in salivary cortisol and α-amylase between conditions of unrestricted gaming versus restricted gaming. Compared to the HC group, the IGD group showed a significantly higher body mass index.

Conclusions: Our results indicate no alteration in diurnal profiles of the endocrine stress response in IGD.

Introduction: Self-disorders designate a group of nonpsychotic, trait-like, anomalous self-experiences. The "gold standard" for assessing self-disorders is largely considered to be the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE). The EASE must be conducted as a semistructured interview, and it requires substantial knowledge of psychopathology and excellent interviewing skills. To bypass these demands, self-rating questionnaires are regularly used to assess self-disorders in research. However, it is not clear if these self-rating questionnaires are valid measures of self-disorders. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the validity of self-rating questionnaires used for assessing self-disorders.

Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, and PsycInfo for studies that had used or developed self-rating questionnaires for assessing self-disorders.

Results: Twenty-nine studies had used or developed self-rating questionnaires to assess self-disorders, involving a total of 8 different self-rating questionnaires. None of these self-rating questionnaires have been properly validated to measure self-disorders in relation to EASE.

Conclusion: Despite being frequently used in research, only 1 (IPASE: The Inventory of Psychotic-Like Anomalous Self-Experiences) of the 8 self-rating questionnaires has been attempted validated in relation to the EASE. Though a strong correlation was found between IPASE and EASE, the result cannot be considered valid because of profound methodological issues. We recommend that efforts to validate self-rating questionnaires are prioritized if they are to be used in research, and that results from studies using self-rating questionnaires are separated from those of EASE-based research as long as the self-rating questionnaires have not been properly validated in relation to the EASE.

Background: In times of rapid and profound sociocultural changes and the related metamorphosis of psychopathological forms, there is a need for greater commitment on the part of clinical phenomenology in analyzing these changes and reciprocal influences between culture and psychopathology.

Summary: Questioning one-dimensional definitions of society, this work probes the dialectic of cultures inherent in every society, addressing the complex interpolation of different sets of beliefs, behaviors, and values. The aim was to introduce and discuss a couple of them, which are here named pornographic culture and erotic culture, and the forms that enjoyment and desire take in each of them. The phenomenological method, typically used to investigate individual experience, is thus extended to the analysis of the existential structures of such cultures, exploring the idea that pornographic culture and erotic culture dispose a precise symbolic framework that affects the experience of time, space, body, Self, and Otherness of individuals.

Key message: Pornographic culture is characterized by enjoyment imperative, whereas erotic culture is characterized by unattainable fulfilment of one's desire. The "cultural existentials" structured by these cultures are conceived as the inclined plane on which human presence moves and unfolds and are examined in order to try to grasp their resonances with the various forms of suffering characteristic of contemporary age, establishing a dialogue between some distinctive anthropological forms of late modernity - namely homo nevroticus, homo œconomicus, and homo dissipans - and the forms of psychopathological existence in which they can result and crystallize.

Introduction: According to ICD-11, personality disorders (PDs) are defined by the severity of self and interpersonal dysfunction in terms of personality functioning (PF) and an optional assessment of specific maladaptive personality trait expressions. Also, somatoform disorders are replaced by somatic symptom disorder (SSD). This study examines associations using the novel diagnostic criteria of SSD in an unselected primary care sample, PF, and maladaptive traits in patients with and without SSD.

Methods: An anonymized cross-sectional study was conducted. A questionnaire including SSD-12 (Somatic Symptom Disorder B Criteria Scale-12) and PHQ-15 (Patient Health Questionnaire-15), LPFS-BF 2.0 (Level of Personality Functioning Scale - Brief Form) and PID-5BF+M (Modified Personality Inventory for DSM-5 - Brief Form Plus) was used. A bifactor (S-1) model was calculated with PF (reference for general factor) and personality traits (specific factors) to estimate associations between PF, specific maladaptive personality traits, and SSD. Differences in personality scales between SSD and non-SSD patients were calculated with the Mann-Whitney U test.

Results: A total of 624 patients in six general practices participated (mean age 47 years; 60.4% female). SSD-12 and PHQ-15, respectively, showed significant associations with PF (γ = 0.51; γ = 0.48; p < 0.001), negative affectivity (γ = 0.50; γ = 0.38, p < 0.001) and psychoticism (γ = 0.29; γ = 0.28; p < 0.010). Besides, SSD-12 was significantly associated with disinhibition (γ = -0.38; p < 0.010) and anankastia (γ = -0.16; p < 0.010). Patients with SSD showed significantly impaired PF and maladaptive traits in all scales (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Impaired PF explains moderate to large amounts of the SSD symptoms and maladaptive personality traits negative affectivity, psychoticism, disinhibition, and anankastia show specific associations beyond PF. An in-depth understanding of these relations might be helpful to improve doctor-patient communication and treatment in SSD.