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FLASHING: Project overview 闪灯:项目概述
4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psad064
Hiroshi Imai, Yuhki Hamae, Kei Amada, Keisuke Nakashima, Ka-Yiu Shum, Rina Kasai, José F Gómez, Lucero Uscanga, Daniel Tafoya, Gabor Orosz, Ross A Burns
Abstract This paper describes an overview of the FLASHING (Finest Legacy Acquisitions of SiO-/H2O-maser Ignitions by the Nobeyama Generation) project promoted using the 45 m telescope of Nobeyama Radio Observatory, which aims to intensively monitor H2O (at 22 GHz) and SiO (at 43 GHz) masers associated with so-called “water fountain” sources. Here we show scientific results based on the data taken in the first five seasons of FLASHING, from 2018 December to 2023 April. We show the evolution of the H2O maser spectra, discovering new spectral components that break the record of the jet’s top speed and/or systematic velocity drifts in the spectrum indicating acceleration or deceleration of the maser gas clumps. For the 43 GHz SiO maser emission, we newly detect it in one source and find that it is no longer present in another source. This implies that the jets from these water fountains can be accelerated or decelerated, and show how circumstellar envelopes are destroyed.
摘要:本文概述了利用Nobeyama射电天文台45米望远镜推进的闪光灯(Nobeyama Generation of SiO-/H2O脉泽点火的最佳遗留收购)项目,该项目旨在集中监测H2O (22 GHz)和SiO (43 GHz)脉泽,这些脉泽与所谓的“喷泉”源有关。在这里,我们展示了基于flash前五个季节(2018年12月至2023年4月)数据的科学结果。我们展示了H2O脉泽光谱的演变,发现了新的光谱成分,这些成分打破了射流的最高速度和/或光谱中系统速度漂移的记录,表明了脉泽气体团块的加速或减速。对于43 GHz SiO脉泽发射,我们在一个源中新检测到它,发现它在另一个源中不再存在。这意味着这些喷泉的射流可以加速或减速,并显示了星周包层是如何被破坏的。
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引用次数: 0
AGN number fraction in galaxy groups and clusters at z < 1.4 from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey z &lt星系群和星系团的AGN数分数;1.4来自Subaru Hyper prime- cam调查
4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psad066
Aoi Hashiguchi, Yoshiki Toba, Naomi Ota, Masamune Oguri, Nobuhiro Okabe, Yoshihiro Ueda, Masatoshi Imanishi, Satoshi Yamada, Tomotsugu Goto, Shuhei Koyama, Kianhong Lee, Ikuyuki Mitsuishi, Tohru Nagao, Atsushi J Nishizawa, Akatoki Noboriguchi, Taira Oogi, Koki Sakuta, Malte Schramm, Mio Shibata, Yuichi Terashima, Takuji Yamashita, Anri Yanagawa, Anje Yoshimoto
Abstract One of the key questions on active galactic nuclei (AGN) in galaxy clusters is how AGN could affect the formation and evolution of member galaxies and galaxy clusters in the history of the Universe. To address this issue, we investigate the dependence of AGN number fraction (fAGN) on cluster redshift (zcl) and distance from the cluster center (R$/$R200). We focus on more than 27000 galaxy groups and clusters at 0.1 < zcl < 1.4 with more than 1 million member galaxies selected from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam. By combining various AGN selection methods based on infrared (IR), radio, and X-ray data, we identify 2688 AGN. We find that (i) fAGN increases with zcl and (ii) fAGN decreases with R$/$R200. The main contributors to the rapid increase of fAGN towards high-z and cluster center are IR- and radio-selected AGN, respectively. These results indicate that the emergence of the AGN population depends on the environment and redshift, and galaxy groups and clusters at high z play an important role in AGN evolution. We also find that cluster–cluster mergers may not drive AGN activity in at least the cluster center, while we have tentative evidence that cluster–cluster mergers could enhance AGN activity in the outskirts of (particularly massive) galaxy clusters.
星系团活动星系核(AGN)在宇宙历史中如何影响成员星系和星系团的形成和演化是研究活动星系核的关键问题之一。为了解决这个问题,我们研究了AGN数分数(fAGN)与簇红移(zcl)和到簇中心的距离(R$/$R200)的关系。我们关注的是超过27000个0.1 <的星系团和星团;zcl, lt;140多万个成员星系从斯巴鲁超级超级相机中选择。通过结合各种基于红外、无线电和x射线数据的AGN选择方法,我们确定了2688 AGN。我们发现(i) fAGN随zcl的增加而增加,(ii) fAGN随R$/$R200的增加而减小。导致AGN向高z和簇中心快速增加的主要因素分别是红外选择AGN和无线电选择AGN。这些结果表明,AGN群体的出现取决于环境和红移,高z星系群和星系团在AGN的演化中起着重要作用。我们还发现,至少在星团中心,星团-星团合并可能不会推动AGN的活动,而我们有初步证据表明,星团-星团合并可以增强(特别是大质量)星团外围的AGN活动。
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引用次数: 0
Relationship of peak fluxes of solar radio bursts and X-ray class of solar flares: Application to early great solar flares 太阳射电暴峰值通量与太阳耀斑x射线等级的关系:早期大太阳耀斑的应用
4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psad058
Keitarou Matsumoto, Satoshi Masuda, Masumi Shimojo, Hisashi Hayakawa
Abstract Large solar flares occasionally trigger significant space-weather disturbances that affect the technological infrastructures of modern civilization, and therefore require further investigation. Although these solar flares have been monitored by satellite observations since the 1970s, large solar flares occur only infrequently and restrict systematic statistical research owing to data limitations. However, Toyokawa Observatory has operated solar radio observations at low frequencies (at 3.75 and 9.4 GHz) since 1951 and captured the early great flares as solar radio bursts. To estimate the magnitudes of flares that occurred before the start of solar X-ray (SXR) observations with the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) satellites, we show the relationship between microwave fluxes at 3.75 and 9.4 GHz and X-ray fluxes of flares that occurred after 1988. In total, we explored 341 solar flares observed with the Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters and Toyokawa Observatory from 1988–2014 and compared them with the SXR observations recorded by the GOES satellites. The correlation coefficient was approximately 0.7. Therefore, the GOES X-ray class can be estimated from the peak flux at 3.75 and 9.4 GHz with a large variance and an error of factor of 3 (1σ). Thus, for the first time, we quantitatively estimated the light curves of two early solar flares observed in 1956 February by the Toyokawa solar radio observations using the relationship between SXR thermal radiation and microwave nonthermal radiation (Neupert, 1968, ApJ, 153, 59).
大型太阳耀斑偶尔会引发重大的空间天气干扰,影响现代文明的技术基础设施,因此需要进一步研究。虽然这些太阳耀斑自1970年代以来一直通过卫星观测进行监测,但由于数据的限制,大型太阳耀斑很少发生,并限制了系统的统计研究。然而,自1951年以来,东川天文台一直在低频率(3.75 GHz和9.4 GHz)上进行太阳射电观测,并捕捉到了早期的太阳射电爆发大耀斑。为了估计在地球同步运行环境卫星(GOES)开始太阳x射线(SXR)观测之前发生的耀斑的大小,我们展示了3.75和9.4 GHz的微波通量与1988年后发生的耀斑的x射线通量之间的关系。我们研究了Nobeyama射电偏振计和Toyokawa天文台在1988-2014年间观测到的341个太阳耀斑,并将它们与GOES卫星记录的SXR观测结果进行了比较。相关系数约为0.7。因此,从3.75 GHz和9.4 GHz的峰值通量可以估计出GOES的x射线类别,方差较大,误差为3 (1σ)。因此,我们首次利用SXR热辐射和微波非热辐射之间的关系,定量估计了1956年2月Toyokawa太阳射电观测观测到的两个早期太阳耀斑的光曲线(Neupert, 1968, ApJ, 153,59)。
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引用次数: 1
Solar eclipses observed worldwide in the first half of the 15th century and ΔT determined from multiply observed eclipses 15世纪上半叶在世界范围内观测到的日食,ΔT通过多次观测日食而确定
4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psad036
Kiyotaka Tanikawa, Mitsuru Sôma, Ockie Simmonds, Kiyomi Iwahashi
Abstract The main purpose of the present paper is to list all the solar eclipses which took place in the first half of the 15th century, to list all the available records of observation of these eclipses, and, by using the multiply observed or contemporaneously observed solar eclipses, to determine ΔT for a few periods of the first half of the 15th century. We make the table using solar eclipse records from East Asia (China, Korea, and Japan), India, West Asia, and Europe, though the table is not perfect because the compilation of records is not complete in some of the relevant areas. We evaluate the reliability of the Chinese records of solar eclipses. The Chinese official history book, the Mingshi, records visible eclipses, while it does not record invisible eclipses. A simple analysis shows that the reliability of the book is $97%$. The marginally observable eclipses in China are useful for us to determine ΔT. We briefly consider the Māori eclipse observed in 1409. We extract the multiply observed eclipses and check whether these are useful for determining the value of ΔT. Finally, with newly added records of solar eclipses, we re-determine the value range of ΔT during the years 1431–1433 (see Tanikawa et al. 2019, in Proc. 5th Symposium on Historical Astronomical Records and Modern Science), and add a new ΔT in the year 1445.
本文的主要目的是列出15世纪上半叶发生的所有日食,列出所有可获得的日食观测记录,并利用多次观测或同时观测的日食来确定15世纪上半叶的几个时期的ΔT。我们使用东亚(中国、韩国和日本)、印度、西亚和欧洲的日食记录制作了这个表,尽管由于一些相关地区的记录汇编不完整,这个表并不完善。我们评估了中国日食记录的可靠性。中国的官方史书《明史》记载了可见的日食,而没有记载不可见的日食。简单的分析表明,这本书的可靠性为97%。在中国边际观测到的日食对我们确定ΔT很有用。我们简单地考虑一下1409年观测到的Māori日食。我们提取多次观测到的日食,并检查它们是否有助于确定ΔT的值。最后,通过新增加的日食记录,我们重新确定了ΔT在1431-1433年间的值范围(见Tanikawa et al. 2019, Proc. 5th Symposium on Historical Astronomical records and Modern Science),并在1445年增加了一个新的ΔT。
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引用次数: 0
Galaxy Cruise: Deep Insights into Interacting Galaxies in the Local Universe 银河巡航:深入了解当地宇宙中相互作用的星系
4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psad055
Masayuki Tanaka, Michitaro Koike, Sei’ichiro Naito, Junko Shibata, Kumiko Usuda-Sato, Hitoshi Yamaoka, Makoto Ando, Kei Ito, Umi Kobayashi, Yutaro Kofuji, Atsuki Kuwata, Suzuka Nakano, Rhythm Shimakawa, Ken-ichi Tadaki, Suguru Takebayashi, Chie Tsuchiya, Tomofumi Umemoto, Connor Bottrell
Abstract We present the first results from GALAXY CRUISE, a community (or citizen) science project based on data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). The current paradigm of galaxy evolution suggests that galaxies grow hierarchically via mergers, but our observational understanding of the role of mergers is still limited. The data from HSC-SSP are ideally suited to improve our understanding with improved identifications of interacting galaxies thanks to the superb depth and image quality of HSC-SSP. We launched a community science project, GALAXY CRUISE, in 2019 and have collected over two million independent classifications of 20686 galaxies at z &lt; 0.2. We first characterize the accuracy of the participants’ classifications and demonstrate that it surpasses previous studies based on shallower imaging data. We then investigate various aspects of interacting galaxies in detail. We show that there is a clear sign of enhanced activities of super-massive black holes and star formation in interacting galaxies compared to those in isolated galaxies. The enhancement seems particularly strong for galaxies undergoing violent mergers. We also show that the mass growth rate inferred from our results is roughly consistent with the observed evolution of the stellar mass function. The second season of GALAXY CRUISE is currently underway and we conclude with future prospects. We make the morphological classification catalog used in this paper publicly available at the GALAXY CRUISE website, which will be particularly useful for machine-learning applications.
我们提出了银河巡航的第一个结果,银河巡航是一个社区(或公民)科学项目,基于超级超级凸轮斯巴鲁战略计划(HSC-SSP)的数据。目前的星系演化范式表明,星系通过合并分层增长,但我们对合并作用的观测理解仍然有限。来自HSC-SSP的数据非常适合提高我们对相互作用星系的认识,这要归功于HSC-SSP的极好的深度和图像质量。我们在2019年启动了一个社区科学项目,银河巡航,并收集了20686个星系的200多万份独立分类。0.2. 我们首先描述了参与者分类的准确性,并证明它超越了以前基于较浅成像数据的研究。然后我们详细研究相互作用星系的各个方面。我们表明,与孤立星系相比,相互作用星系中超大质量黑洞和恒星形成活动增强的明显迹象。在经历剧烈合并的星系中,这种增强似乎特别强烈。我们还表明,从我们的结果推断出的质量增长率与观测到的恒星质量函数的演化大致一致。银河邮轮第二季目前正在进行中,我们展望未来。我们在GALAXY CRUISE网站上公开了本文中使用的形态分类目录,这对机器学习应用特别有用。
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引用次数: 0
Solar horizontal flow evaluation using neural network and numerical simulations with snapshot data 基于神经网络和快照数据的数值模拟的太阳水平流评价
4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-09-23 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psad063
Hiroyuki Masaki, Hideyuki Hotta, Yukio Katsukawa, Ryohtaroh T Ishikawa
Abstract We suggest a method that evaluates the horizontal velocity in the solar photosphere with easily observable values using a combination of neural network and radiative magnetohydrodynamics simulations. All three-component velocities of thermal convection on the solar surface have important roles in generating waves in the upper atmosphere. However, the velocity perpendicular to the line of sight (LoS) is difficult to observe. To deal with this problem, the local correlation tracking (LCT) method, which employs the difference between two images, has been widely used, but this method has several disadvantages. We develop a method that evaluates the horizontal velocity from a snapshot of the intensity and the LoS velocity with a neural network. We use data from numerical simulations for training the neural network. While two consecutive intensity images are required for LCT, our network needs just one intensity image at only a specific moment for input. From these input arrays, our network outputs a same-size array of a two-component velocity field. With only the intensity data, the network achieves a high correlation coefficient between the simulated and evaluated velocities of 0.83. In addition, the network performance can be improved when we add LoS velocity for input, enabling us to achieve a correlation coefficient of 0.90. Our method is also applied to observed data.
摘要:本文提出了一种利用神经网络和辐射磁流体力学模拟相结合的方法,以易于观测的数值来评估太阳光球中的水平速度。太阳表面热对流的所有三分量速度在高层大气中产生波具有重要作用。然而,垂直于视线的速度很难观测到。为了解决这一问题,局部相关跟踪(LCT)方法得到了广泛的应用,该方法利用了两幅图像之间的差异,但该方法存在一些缺点。我们开发了一种利用神经网络从强度和LoS速度的快照中评估水平速度的方法。我们使用数值模拟的数据来训练神经网络。虽然LCT需要两个连续的强度图像,但我们的网络只需要在特定时刻输入一个强度图像。从这些输入数组中,我们的网络输出一个相同大小的双分量速度场数组。仅使用强度数据,网络模拟速度与评估速度之间的相关系数较高,为0.83。此外,当我们加入LoS速度作为输入时,可以提高网络性能,使我们的相关系数达到0.90。我们的方法也适用于观测数据。
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引用次数: 0
Water maser distributions and their internal motions in the Sagittarius B2 complex 水激波在人马座B2复合体中的分布及其内部运动
4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psad052
Daisuke Sakai, Tomoaki Oyama, Takumi Nagayama, Mareki Honma, Hideyuki Kobayashi
Abstract We conducted a multi-epoch very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observation of 22 GHz H2O maser sources, which are associated with the Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2) complex, one of the most active star-forming regions in the Galactic center. Using the VLBI exploration of radio astrometry (VERA) array, we detected 29, 90, and seven maser features in Sgr B2(North), (Main), and (South), respectively. We also discovered two H2O maser features in Sgr B2 (Mid-North). Moreover, we successfully measured spatial distributions and internal motions of the H2O maser sources in Sgr B2(M). We then discovered that the H2O maser features in Sgr B2(M) are located at the outer edge of H ii regions detected by using the centimeter radio continuum emission, and observationally demonstrated that they have outward motions from the two H ii regions separated by 1′. We obtained an absolute proper motion of (μαcos δ, μδ) = (−2.17 ± 0.03, −2.63 ± 0.06) mas yr−1 and marginally detected a parallax of Sgr B2, which is consistent with other measurements. The absolute proper motion corrected by the internal motions of the H2O maser features implies that the Sgr B2 complex is located at the near side of the Galactic center and is moving toward the positive galactic longitude. We estimate that Sgr B2 is at 160 ± 10 pc in front of Sgr A* by assuming a simple circular orbit of the central molecular zone (CMZ).
摘要:我们对银河系中心最活跃的恒星形成区之一人马座B2 (Sgr B2)复星相关的22 GHz H2O脉泽源进行了多历元甚长基线干涉测量(VLBI)观测。利用射电天文测量(VERA)阵列的VLBI探测,我们在Sgr B2(北)、(主)和(南)分别探测到29、90和7个脉泽特征。我们还在Sgr B2(中北)中发现了两个H2O脉泽特征。此外,我们成功地测量了Sgr B2(M)中H2O脉泽源的空间分布和内部运动。然后,我们发现Sgr B2(M)中的H2O脉泽特征位于厘米射电连续发射探测到的H ii区域的外缘,并观测证明它们从相隔1 '的两个H ii区域向外运动。我们得到了(μαcos δ, μδ) =(−2.17±0.03,−2.63±0.06)mas yr−1的绝对固有运动,并边际检测到Sgr B2的视差,这与其他测量结果一致。由H2O脉泽的内部运动特征修正的绝对固有运动表明,Sgr B2复合体位于银河系中心的近侧,并且正在向正星系经度方向移动。通过假设中心分子区(CMZ)的简单圆形轨道,我们估计Sgr B2在Sgr A*前面160±10 pc。
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引用次数: 0
Photometric and spectroscopic properties of the eclipsing system V864 Monocerotis 独角星月食系统V864的光度和光谱特性
4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psad061
Jang-Ho Park, Jae Woo Lee, Kyeongsoo Hong
Abstract We present the orbital period variability and evolutionary status of the W UMa-type binary system V864 Mon from accurately measured fundamental parameters. New BV photometric observations of this system were performed in 2019 January and 2022 January, and the first high-resolution spectroscopic observations were carried out on three nights between 2019 January and March. A total of 29 times of minimum light were collected to examine the behavior of the orbital period. Our analysis of these timings indicates a continuous period increase at a rate of +2.62 × 10−7 d yr−1 over the past 20 years, which can be interpreted as a mass transfer from the less massive primary to the secondary component with a rate of 1.22 × 10−7 M⊙ yr−1. We measured the radial velocities (RVs) for both components, and determined the effective temperature and projected rotational velocity of the more massive secondary star to be Teff,2 = 5450 ± 94 K and v2sin i = 192 ± 40 km s−1, respectively, from the comparison of the observed spectrum at the primary minimum and the theoretical models. The individual masses and radii of both components were determined from a simultaneous analysis of the light and RV curves, which are M1 = 0.34 ± 0.02 M⊙, R1 = 0.69 ± 0.01 R⊙, and M2 = 1.06 ± 0.04 M⊙, R2 = 1.16 ± 0.02 R⊙, respectively. Our results indicate that V864 Mon is a W-subtype of W UMa stars with time-varying spot activity. The positions in the mass-luminosity and mass-radius diagrams indicate that the secondary star belongs to the main-sequence region, while the hotter primary is located beyond the terminal-age main sequence.
摘要从精确测量的基本参数出发,给出了wuma型双星系统V864 Mon的轨道周期变化及其演化状态。2019年1月和2022年1月对该系统进行了新的BV光度观测,并在2019年1月至3月的三个晚上进行了首次高分辨率光谱观测。总共收集了29次最小光来检查轨道周期的行为。我们对这些时间的分析表明,在过去的20年中,周期以+2.62 × 10−7 d yr−1的速率连续增加,这可以解释为质量从质量较小的主成分向次成分的转移,速率为1.22 × 10−7 M⊙yr−1。我们测量了这两个组分的径向速度(RVs),并通过对主最小值和理论模型观测光谱的比较,确定了更大质量的副恒星Teff的有效温度和投影转速,分别为2 = 5450±94 K和v2sin i = 192±40 km s−1。同时对光和RV曲线进行分析,确定了两个组分的质量和半径,M1 = 0.34±0.02 M⊙,R1 = 0.69±0.01 R⊙,M2 = 1.06±0.04 M⊙,R2 = 1.16±0.02 R⊙。我们的结果表明,V864 Mon是wuma恒星的W亚型,具有时变的光斑活动。质量-光度图和质量-半径图的位置表明,副星属于主序区,而较热的主星位于末代主序区之外。
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引用次数: 0
Statistical X-ray analysis of gamma-ray-emitting radio galaxies 伽玛射线发射射电星系的统计x射线分析
4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psad060
Hiroto Matake, Yasushi Fukazawa
Abstract We systematically analyzed Swift/XRT X-ray data of gamma-ray-emitting radio galaxies (RGs) to study the origin of X-ray radiation. We studied the short-duration variability of spectra by using Swift/XRT data for 20 RGs. We found that gamma-ray-emitting RGs with a higher gamma-ray-to-X-ray flux ratio show a strong harder-when-brighter behavior. In addition, gamma-ray-emitting RGs with soft gamma-ray spectral index tend to have a hard X-ray spectral index and vice versa. Based on these properties, we imply a trend that gamma-ray-emitting RGs could be roughly classified into three types of X-ray emission: jet-dominated type, disk/corona-dominated type, and intermediate type. This classification is quite consistent with the optical and radio classification of RGs. In addition, we also discuss this result in terms of the Eddington luminosity ratio. These interpretations should be confirmed using larger samples of RGs in the future.
摘要系统分析了射电伽玛星系(RGs)的Swift/XRT x射线数据,研究了x射线辐射的起源。利用Swift/XRT数据研究了20个RGs的光谱短时变性。我们发现伽马射线发射的RGs具有较高的伽马射线与x射线通量比,表现出强烈的越亮越硬的行为。此外,具有软伽马射线能谱指数的伽马射线发射RGs往往具有硬x射线能谱指数,反之亦然。基于这些性质,我们认为伽马射线发射RGs可以大致分为三种类型:喷流主导型、盘/日冕主导型和中间型。这种分类与RGs的光学和射电分类相当一致。此外,我们还从Eddington光度比的角度讨论了这一结果。这些解释应该在未来使用更大的RGs样本来证实。
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引用次数: 0
Kinematic signatures of a low-mass planet with a moderately inclined orbit in a protoplanetary disk 在原行星盘中有中等倾斜轨道的低质量行星的运动特征
4区 物理与天体物理 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psad059
Kazuhiro D Kanagawa, Tomohiro Ono, Munetake Momose
Abstract A planet embedded in a protoplanetary disk produces a gap by disk–planet interaction. It also generates velocity perturbation of gas, which can also be observed as deviations from the Keplerian rotation in the channel map of molecular line emission, called kinematic planetary features. These observed signatures provide clues to determine the mass of the planet. We investigated the features induced by a planet with an inclined orbit through three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. We found that a smaller planet, with an inclination of ∼10○–20○, can produce kinematic features as prominent as those induced by a massive coplanar planet. Despite the kinematic features being similar, the gap is shallower and narrower compared with the case in which the kinematic features are formed by a coplanar planet. We also found that the kinematic features induced by an inclined planet were fainter for rarer CO isotopologues because the velocity perturbation is weaker at the position closer to the midplane, which was different in the case with a coplanar massive planet. This dependence on the isotopologues is distinguished if the planet has an inclined orbit. We discussed two observed kinematic features in the disk of HD 163296. We concluded that the kink observed at 220 au can be induced by an inclined planet, while the kink at 67 au is consistent to that induced by a coplanar planet.
嵌入原行星盘中的行星通过盘-行星相互作用产生间隙。它还会产生气体的速度扰动,这也可以在分子线发射的通道图中观察到与开普勒旋转的偏差,称为运动学行星特征。这些观测到的特征为确定行星的质量提供了线索。通过三维流体力学模拟,研究了倾斜轨道行星所引起的特征。我们发现,一个较小的行星,倾角为~ 10〇-20〇,可以产生与大质量共面行星引起的运动特征一样突出。尽管运动学特征相似,但与共面行星形成运动学特征的情况相比,间隙更浅,更窄。我们还发现,对于稀有的CO同位素物,倾斜行星引起的运动特征较弱,因为靠近中平面的位置的速度扰动较弱,这与共面大质量行星的情况不同。如果行星的轨道是倾斜的,这种对同位素的依赖就会被区分出来。我们讨论了HD 163296盘的两个观察到的运动学特征。我们得出结论,在220 au处观测到的扭结可以由倾斜行星引起,而在67 au处观测到的扭结与共面行星引起的扭结一致。
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