Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.22331/q-2024-08-23-1444
Aleksandrs Belovs, Stacey Jeffery, Duyal Yolcu
Quantum query complexity has several nice properties with respect to composition. First, bounded-error quantum query algorithms can be composed without incurring log factors through error reduction $exactness$. Second, through careful accounting $thriftiness$, the total query complexity is smaller if subroutines are mostly run on cheaper inputs -- a property that is much less obvious in quantum algorithms than in their classical counterparts. While these properties were previously seen through the model of span programs (alternatively, the dual adversary bound), a recent work by two of the authors (Belovs, Yolcu 2023) showed how to achieve these benefits without converting to span programs, by defining $textit{quantum Las Vegas query complexity}$. Independently, recent works, including by one of the authors (Jeffery 2022), have worked towards bringing thriftiness to the more practically significant setting of quantum $time$ complexity.
In this work, we show how to achieve both exactness and thriftiness in the setting of time complexity. We generalize the quantum subroutine composition results of Jeffery 2022 so that, in particular, no error reduction is needed. We give a time complexity version of the well-known result in quantum query complexity, $Q(fcirc g)=mathcal{O}(Q(f)cdot Q(g))$, without log factors.
We achieve this by employing a novel approach to the design of quantum algorithms based on what we call $transducers$, and which we think is of large independent interest. While a span program is a completely different computational model, a transducer is a direct generalisation of a quantum algorithm, which allows for much greater transparency and control. Transducers naturally characterize general state conversion, rather than only decision problems; provide a very simple treatment of other quantum primitives such as quantum walks; and lend themselves well to time complexity analysis.
量子查询复杂性在组成方面有几个很好的特性。首先，有界错误量子查询算法可以通过减少错误的 "精确性"（exactness）进行组合，而不会产生对数因子。其次，通过仔细核算 "漂移性"（thriftiness），如果子程序大多运行在更便宜的输入上，则总查询复杂度会更小--与经典算法相比，量子算法的这一特性并不明显。虽然这些特性以前是通过跨度程序模型（或者说是双重对手约束）看到的，但两位作者最近的一项工作（Belovs, Yolcu 2023）表明了如何通过定义 $textit{quantum Las Vegas query complexity}$，在不转换到跨度程序的情况下实现这些优势。另外，包括作者之一（杰弗里 2022）在内的近期研究致力于将节俭性引入更具实际意义的量子$time$复杂性设置中。在这项工作中，我们展示了如何在时间复杂性中同时实现精确性和节俭性。我们概括了杰弗里 2022 的量子子程序组成结果，因此尤其不需要减少误差。我们给出了量子查询复杂度中著名结果 $Q(fcirc g)=mathcal{O}(Q(f)cdot Q(g))$的时间复杂度版本，不含对数因子。我们采用了一种新颖的方法来设计量子算法，这种方法基于我们称之为 $transducers$的程序，我们认为这种方法具有很大的独立意义。跨度程序是一种完全不同的计算模型，而转换器则是量子算法的直接概括，它允许更大的透明度和控制。量子转换器自然地表征了一般状态转换，而不仅仅是决策问题；为量子行走等其他量子原语提供了非常简单的处理方法；并且非常适合时间复杂性分析。
{"title":"Taming Quantum Time Complexity","authors":"Aleksandrs Belovs, Stacey Jeffery, Duyal Yolcu","doi":"10.22331/q-2024-08-23-1444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-08-23-1444","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum query complexity has several nice properties with respect to composition. First, bounded-error quantum query algorithms can be composed without incurring log factors through error reduction $exactness$. Second, through careful accounting $thriftiness$, the total query complexity is smaller if subroutines are mostly run on cheaper inputs -- a property that is much less obvious in quantum algorithms than in their classical counterparts. While these properties were previously seen through the model of span programs (alternatively, the dual adversary bound), a recent work by two of the authors (Belovs, Yolcu 2023) showed how to achieve these benefits without converting to span programs, by defining $textit{quantum Las Vegas query complexity}$. Independently, recent works, including by one of the authors (Jeffery 2022), have worked towards bringing thriftiness to the more practically significant setting of quantum $time$ complexity.<br/>\u0000<br/> In this work, we show how to achieve both exactness and thriftiness in the setting of time complexity. We generalize the quantum subroutine composition results of Jeffery 2022 so that, in particular, no error reduction is needed. We give a time complexity version of the well-known result in quantum query complexity, $Q(fcirc g)=mathcal{O}(Q(f)cdot Q(g))$, without log factors.<br/>\u0000<br/> We achieve this by employing a novel approach to the design of quantum algorithms based on what we call $transducers$, and which we think is of large independent interest. While a span program is a completely different computational model, a transducer is a direct generalisation of a quantum algorithm, which allows for much greater transparency and control. Transducers naturally characterize general state conversion, rather than only decision problems; provide a very simple treatment of other quantum primitives such as quantum walks; and lend themselves well to time complexity analysis.","PeriodicalId":20807,"journal":{"name":"Quantum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142042634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.22331/q-2024-08-22-1443
Carolina Moreira Ferrera, Robin Simmons, James Purcell, Daniel Collins, Sandu Popescu
Here we introduce the concept of classical input – quantum output (C-Q) non-signalling boxes, a generalisation of the classical input – classical output (C-C) non-signalling boxes. We argue that studying such objects leads to a better understanding of the relation between quantum nonlocality and non-locality beyond quantum mechanics. The main issue discussed in the paper is whether there exist 'genuine' C-Q boxes or all C-Q boxes can be built from objects already known, namely C-C boxes acting on pre-shared entangled quantum particles. We show that large classes of C-Q boxes are non-genuine. In particular, we show that all bi-partite C-Q boxes with outputs that are pure states are non-genuine. We also present various strategies for addressing the general problem, i.e. for multi-partite C-Q boxes which output mixed states, whose answer is still open. Finally, we show that even some very simple non-genuine C-Q boxes require large amounts of C-C nonlocal correlations in order to simulate them.
{"title":"Classical-to-quantum non-signalling boxes","authors":"Carolina Moreira Ferrera, Robin Simmons, James Purcell, Daniel Collins, Sandu Popescu","doi":"10.22331/q-2024-08-22-1443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-08-22-1443","url":null,"abstract":"Here we introduce the concept of classical input – quantum output (C-Q) non-signalling boxes, a generalisation of the classical input – classical output (C-C) non-signalling boxes. We argue that studying such objects leads to a better understanding of the relation between quantum nonlocality and non-locality beyond quantum mechanics. The main issue discussed in the paper is whether there exist 'genuine' C-Q boxes or all C-Q boxes can be built from objects already known, namely C-C boxes acting on pre-shared entangled quantum particles. We show that large classes of C-Q boxes are non-genuine. In particular, we show that all bi-partite C-Q boxes with outputs that are pure states are non-genuine. We also present various strategies for addressing the general problem, i.e. for multi-partite C-Q boxes which output mixed states, whose answer is still open. Finally, we show that even some very simple non-genuine C-Q boxes require large amounts of C-C nonlocal correlations in order to simulate them.","PeriodicalId":20807,"journal":{"name":"Quantum","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142042633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.22331/q-2024-08-16-1442
Leonardo Zambrano, Donato Farina, Egle Pagliaro, Marcio M. Taddei, Antonio Acin
Convex functions of quantum states play a key role in quantum physics, with examples ranging from Bell inequalities to von Neumann entropy. However, in experimental scenarios, direct measurements of these functions are often impractical. We address this issue by introducing two methods for determining rigorous confidence bounds for convex functions based on informationally incomplete measurements. Our approach outperforms existing protocols by providing tighter bounds for a fixed confidence level and number of measurements. We evaluate the performance of our methods using both numerical and experimental data. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of our approach, paving the way for improved quantum state certification in real-world applications.
{"title":"Certification of quantum state functions under partial information","authors":"Leonardo Zambrano, Donato Farina, Egle Pagliaro, Marcio M. Taddei, Antonio Acin","doi":"10.22331/q-2024-08-16-1442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-08-16-1442","url":null,"abstract":"Convex functions of quantum states play a key role in quantum physics, with examples ranging from Bell inequalities to von Neumann entropy. However, in experimental scenarios, direct measurements of these functions are often impractical. We address this issue by introducing two methods for determining rigorous confidence bounds for convex functions based on informationally incomplete measurements. Our approach outperforms existing protocols by providing tighter bounds for a fixed confidence level and number of measurements. We evaluate the performance of our methods using both numerical and experimental data. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of our approach, paving the way for improved quantum state certification in real-world applications.","PeriodicalId":20807,"journal":{"name":"Quantum","volume":"137 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141992004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.22331/q-2024-08-14-1440
Luca Apadula, Esteban Castro-Ruiz, Časlav Brukner
Since their first introduction, Quantum Reference Frame (QRF) transformations have been extensively discussed, generalising the covariance of physical laws to the quantum domain. Despite important progress, a formulation of QRF transformations for Lorentz symmetry is still lacking. The present work aims to fill this gap. We first introduce a reformulation of relativistic quantum mechanics independent of any notion of preferred temporal slicing. Based on this, we define transformations that switch between the perspectives of different relativistic QRFs. We introduce a notion of ''quantum Lorentz transformations'' and ''superposition of Lorentz boosts'', acting on the external degrees of freedom of a quantum particle. We analyse two effects, superposition of time dilations and superposition of length contractions, that arise only if the reference frames exhibit both relativistic and quantum-mechanical features. Finally, we discuss how the effects could be observed by measuring the wave-packet extensions from relativistic QRFs.
{"title":"Quantum Reference Frames for Lorentz Symmetry","authors":"Luca Apadula, Esteban Castro-Ruiz, Časlav Brukner","doi":"10.22331/q-2024-08-14-1440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-08-14-1440","url":null,"abstract":"Since their first introduction, Quantum Reference Frame (QRF) transformations have been extensively discussed, generalising the covariance of physical laws to the quantum domain. Despite important progress, a formulation of QRF transformations for Lorentz symmetry is still lacking. The present work aims to fill this gap. We first introduce a reformulation of relativistic quantum mechanics independent of any notion of preferred temporal slicing. Based on this, we define transformations that switch between the perspectives of different relativistic QRFs. We introduce a notion of ''quantum Lorentz transformations'' and ''superposition of Lorentz boosts'', acting on the external degrees of freedom of a quantum particle. We analyse two effects, superposition of time dilations and superposition of length contractions, that arise only if the reference frames exhibit both relativistic and quantum-mechanical features. Finally, we discuss how the effects could be observed by measuring the wave-packet extensions from relativistic QRFs.","PeriodicalId":20807,"journal":{"name":"Quantum","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141980870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.22331/q-2024-08-14-1439
Gregory Bentsen, Phuc Nguyen, Brian Swingle
We discuss families of approximate quantum error correcting codes which arise as the nearly-degenerate ground states of certain quantum many-body Hamiltonians composed of non-commuting terms. For exact codes, the conditions for error correction can be formulated in terms of the vanishing of a two-sided mutual information in a low-temperature thermofield double state. We consider a notion of distance for approximate codes obtained by demanding that this mutual information instead be small, and we evaluate this mutual information for the SYK model and for a family of low-rank SYK models. After an extrapolation to nearly zero temperature, we find that both kinds of models produce fermionic codes with constant rate as the number, $N$, of fermions goes to infinity. For SYK, the distance scales as $N^{1/2}$, and for low-rank SYK, the distance can be arbitrarily close to linear scaling, e.g. $N^{.99}$, while maintaining a constant rate. We also consider an analog of the no low-energy trivial states property which we dub the no low-energy adiabatically accessible states property and show that these models do have low-energy states that can be prepared adiabatically in a time that does not scale with system size $N$. We discuss a holographic model of these codes in which the large code distance is a consequence of the emergence of a long wormhole geometry in a simple model of quantum gravity.
{"title":"Approximate Quantum Codes From Long Wormholes","authors":"Gregory Bentsen, Phuc Nguyen, Brian Swingle","doi":"10.22331/q-2024-08-14-1439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-08-14-1439","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss families of approximate quantum error correcting codes which arise as the nearly-degenerate ground states of certain quantum many-body Hamiltonians composed of non-commuting terms. For exact codes, the conditions for error correction can be formulated in terms of the vanishing of a two-sided mutual information in a low-temperature thermofield double state. We consider a notion of distance for approximate codes obtained by demanding that this mutual information instead be small, and we evaluate this mutual information for the SYK model and for a family of low-rank SYK models. After an extrapolation to nearly zero temperature, we find that both kinds of models produce fermionic codes with constant rate as the number, $N$, of fermions goes to infinity. For SYK, the distance scales as $N^{1/2}$, and for low-rank SYK, the distance can be arbitrarily close to linear scaling, e.g. $N^{.99}$, while maintaining a constant rate. We also consider an analog of the no low-energy trivial states property which we dub the no low-energy adiabatically accessible states property and show that these models do have low-energy states that can be prepared adiabatically in a time that does not scale with system size $N$. We discuss a holographic model of these codes in which the large code distance is a consequence of the emergence of a long wormhole geometry in a simple model of quantum gravity.","PeriodicalId":20807,"journal":{"name":"Quantum","volume":"419 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141980853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.22331/q-2024-08-14-1441
Pontus Vikstål, Giulia Ferrini, Shruti Puri
Virtual distillation has been proposed as an error mitigation protocol for estimating the expectation values of observables in quantum algorithms. It proceeds by creating a cyclic permutation of $M$ noisy copies of a quantum state using a sequence of controlled-swap gates. If the noise does not shift the dominant eigenvector of the density operator away from the ideal state, then the error in expectation-value estimation can be exponentially reduced with $M$. In practice, subsequent error mitigation techniques are required to suppress the effect of noise in the cyclic permutation circuit itself, leading to increased experimental complexity. Here, we perform a careful analysis of the effect of uncorrelated, identical noise in the cyclic permutation circuit and find that the estimation of expectation value of observables are robust against dephasing noise. We support the analytical result with numerical simulations and find that $67%$ of errors are reduced for $M=2$, with physical dephasing error probabilities as high as $10%$. Our results imply that a broad class of quantum algorithms can be implemented with higher accuracy in the near-term with qubit platforms where non-dephasing errors are suppressed, such as superconducting bosonic qubits and Rydberg atoms.
{"title":"Study of noise in virtual distillation circuits for quantum error mitigation","authors":"Pontus Vikstål, Giulia Ferrini, Shruti Puri","doi":"10.22331/q-2024-08-14-1441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-08-14-1441","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual distillation has been proposed as an error mitigation protocol for estimating the expectation values of observables in quantum algorithms. It proceeds by creating a cyclic permutation of $M$ noisy copies of a quantum state using a sequence of controlled-swap gates. If the noise does not shift the dominant eigenvector of the density operator away from the ideal state, then the error in expectation-value estimation can be exponentially reduced with $M$. In practice, subsequent error mitigation techniques are required to suppress the effect of noise in the cyclic permutation circuit itself, leading to increased experimental complexity. Here, we perform a careful analysis of the effect of uncorrelated, identical noise in the cyclic permutation circuit and find that the estimation of expectation value of observables are robust against dephasing noise. We support the analytical result with numerical simulations and find that $67%$ of errors are reduced for $M=2$, with physical dephasing error probabilities as high as $10%$. Our results imply that a broad class of quantum algorithms can be implemented with higher accuracy in the near-term with qubit platforms where non-dephasing errors are suppressed, such as superconducting bosonic qubits and Rydberg atoms.","PeriodicalId":20807,"journal":{"name":"Quantum","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141980859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.22331/q-2024-08-13-1438
Zongkang Zhang, Anbang Wang, Xiaosi Xu, Ying Li
The Krylov subspace methods, being one category of the most important classical numerical methods for linear algebra problems, can be much more powerful when generalised to quantum computing. However, quantum Krylov subspace algorithms are prone to errors due to inevitable statistical fluctuations in quantum measurements. To address this problem, we develop a general theoretical framework to analyse the statistical error and measurement cost. Based on the framework, we propose a quantum algorithm to construct the Hamiltonian-power Krylov subspace that can minimise the measurement cost. In our algorithm, the product of power and Gaussian functions of the Hamiltonian is expressed as an integral of the real-time evolution, such that it can be evaluated on a quantum computer. We compare our algorithm with other established quantum Krylov subspace algorithms in solving two prominent examples. To achieve an error comparable to that of the classical Lanczos algorithm at the same subspace dimension, our algorithm typically requires orders of magnitude fewer measurements than others. Such an improvement can be attributed to the reduced cost of composing projectors onto the ground state. These results show that our algorithm is exceptionally robust to statistical fluctuations and promising for practical applications.
{"title":"Measurement-efficient quantum Krylov subspace diagonalisation","authors":"Zongkang Zhang, Anbang Wang, Xiaosi Xu, Ying Li","doi":"10.22331/q-2024-08-13-1438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-08-13-1438","url":null,"abstract":"The Krylov subspace methods, being one category of the most important classical numerical methods for linear algebra problems, can be much more powerful when generalised to quantum computing. However, quantum Krylov subspace algorithms are prone to errors due to inevitable statistical fluctuations in quantum measurements. To address this problem, we develop a general theoretical framework to analyse the statistical error and measurement cost. Based on the framework, we propose a quantum algorithm to construct the Hamiltonian-power Krylov subspace that can minimise the measurement cost. In our algorithm, the product of power and Gaussian functions of the Hamiltonian is expressed as an integral of the real-time evolution, such that it can be evaluated on a quantum computer. We compare our algorithm with other established quantum Krylov subspace algorithms in solving two prominent examples. To achieve an error comparable to that of the classical Lanczos algorithm at the same subspace dimension, our algorithm typically requires orders of magnitude fewer measurements than others. Such an improvement can be attributed to the reduced cost of composing projectors onto the ground state. These results show that our algorithm is exceptionally robust to statistical fluctuations and promising for practical applications.","PeriodicalId":20807,"journal":{"name":"Quantum","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141973808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.22331/q-2024-08-13-1437
Vikesh Siddhu, John Aaron Smolin
Assessment of practical quantum information processing (QIP) remains partial without understanding limits imposed by noise. Unfortunately, mere description of noise grows exponentially with system size, becoming cumbersome even for modest sized systems of imminent practical interest. We fulfill the need for estimates on performing noisy quantum state preparation, verification, and observation. To do the estimation we propose fast numerical algorithms to maximize the expectation value of any $d$-dimensional observable over states of bounded purity. This bound on purity factors in noise in a measurable way. Our fastest algorithm takes $O(d)$ steps if the eigendecomposition of the observable is known, otherwise takes $O(d^3)$ steps at worst. The algorithms also solve maximum likelihood estimation for quantum state tomography with convex and even non-convex purity constraints. Numerics show performance of our key sub-routine (it finds in linear time a probability vector with bounded norm that most overlaps with a fixed vector) can be several orders of magnitude faster than a common state-of-the-art convex optimization solver. Our work fosters a practical way forward to asses limitations on QIP imposed by quantum noise. Along the way, we also give a simple but fundamental insight, noisy systems (equivalently noisy Hamiltonians) always give higher ground-state energy than their noiseless counterparts.
{"title":"Maximum expectation of observables with restricted purity states","authors":"Vikesh Siddhu, John Aaron Smolin","doi":"10.22331/q-2024-08-13-1437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-08-13-1437","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment of practical quantum information processing (QIP) remains partial without understanding limits imposed by noise. Unfortunately, mere description of noise grows exponentially with system size, becoming cumbersome even for modest sized systems of imminent practical interest. We fulfill the need for estimates on performing noisy quantum state preparation, verification, and observation. To do the estimation we propose fast numerical algorithms to maximize the expectation value of any $d$-dimensional observable over states of bounded purity. This bound on purity factors in noise in a measurable way. Our fastest algorithm takes $O(d)$ steps if the eigendecomposition of the observable is known, otherwise takes $O(d^3)$ steps at worst. The algorithms also solve maximum likelihood estimation for quantum state tomography with convex and even non-convex purity constraints. Numerics show performance of our key sub-routine (it finds in linear time a probability vector with bounded norm that most overlaps with a fixed vector) can be several orders of magnitude faster than a common state-of-the-art convex optimization solver. Our work fosters a practical way forward to asses limitations on QIP imposed by quantum noise. Along the way, we also give a simple but fundamental insight, noisy systems (equivalently noisy Hamiltonians) always give higher ground-state energy than their noiseless counterparts.","PeriodicalId":20807,"journal":{"name":"Quantum","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141973810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.22331/q-2024-08-12-1436
Santiago Rojas-Rojas, Daniel Martínez, Kei Sawada, Luciano Pereira, Stephen P. Walborn, Esteban S. Gómez, Nadja K. Bernardes, Gustavo Lima
With the advent of quantum technology, the interest in communication tasks assisted by quantum systems has increased both in academia and industry. Nonetheless, the transmission of a quantum state in real-world scenarios is bounded by environmental noise, so that the quantum channel is an open quantum system. In this work, we study a high-dimensional open quantum system in a multicore optical fiber by characterizing the environmental interaction as quantum operations corresponding to probabilistic phase-flips. The experimental platform is currently state-of-the-art for quantum information processing with multicore fibers. At a given evolution stage we observe a non-Markovian behaviour of the system, which is demonstrated through a proof-of-principle implementation of the Quantum Vault protocol. A better understanding of phase-noise in multicore fibers will improve several real-world communication protocols, since they are a prime candidate to be adopted in future telecom networks.
{"title":"Non-Markovianity in High-Dimensional Open Quantum Systems using Next-generation Multicore Optical Fibers","authors":"Santiago Rojas-Rojas, Daniel Martínez, Kei Sawada, Luciano Pereira, Stephen P. Walborn, Esteban S. Gómez, Nadja K. Bernardes, Gustavo Lima","doi":"10.22331/q-2024-08-12-1436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-08-12-1436","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of quantum technology, the interest in communication tasks assisted by quantum systems has increased both in academia and industry. Nonetheless, the transmission of a quantum state in real-world scenarios is bounded by environmental noise, so that the quantum channel is an open quantum system. In this work, we study a high-dimensional open quantum system in a multicore optical fiber by characterizing the environmental interaction as quantum operations corresponding to probabilistic phase-flips. The experimental platform is currently state-of-the-art for quantum information processing with multicore fibers. At a given evolution stage we observe a non-Markovian behaviour of the system, which is demonstrated through a proof-of-principle implementation of the Quantum Vault protocol. A better understanding of phase-noise in multicore fibers will improve several real-world communication protocols, since they are a prime candidate to be adopted in future telecom networks.","PeriodicalId":20807,"journal":{"name":"Quantum","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141973795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.22331/q-2024-08-08-1434
Michael A. Rampp, Pieter W. Claeys
The Hayden-Preskill protocol probes the capability of information recovery from local subsystems after unitary dynamics. As such it resolves the capability of quantum many-body systems to dynamically implement a quantum error-correcting code. The transition to coding behavior has been mostly discussed using effective approaches, such as entanglement membrane theory. Here, we present exact results on the use of Hayden-Preskill recovery as a dynamical probe of scrambling in local quantum many-body systems. We investigate certain classes of unitary circuit models, both structured Floquet (dual-unitary) and Haar-random circuits. We discuss different dynamical signatures corresponding to information transport or scrambling, respectively, that go beyond effective approaches. Surprisingly, certain chaotic circuits transport information with perfect fidelity. In integrable dual-unitary circuits, we relate the information transmission to the propagation and scattering of quasiparticles. Using numerical and analytical insights, we argue that the qualitative features of information recovery extend away from these solvable points. Our results suggest that information recovery protocols can serve to distinguish chaotic and integrable behavior, and that they are sensitive to characteristic dynamical features, such as long-lived quasiparticles or dual-unitarity.
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