This paper discusses briefly, the major applications of high-strength concrete in seismic regions. The advancement of material technology and production has led to higher grades of concrete strengths. These concretes can be produced using conventional production procedures. The use of high-strength concrete is becoming popular in the USA and other countries. The reduced member sizes obtained through the use of high-strength concrete will develop reduced inertial loads under seismic excitation. Strength and ductility are the most important design considerations for a structure to behave satisfactorily under these conditions. These aspects relevant to high-strength concrete members are summarized in the paper.
{"title":"Design Applications of High-Strength Concrete in Seismic Regions","authors":"P. Mendis","doi":"10.14359/5912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/5912","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses briefly, the major applications of high-strength concrete in seismic regions. The advancement of material technology and production has led to higher grades of concrete strengths. These concretes can be produced using conventional production procedures. The use of high-strength concrete is becoming popular in the USA and other countries. The reduced member sizes obtained through the use of high-strength concrete will develop reduced inertial loads under seismic excitation. Strength and ductility are the most important design considerations for a structure to behave satisfactorily under these conditions. These aspects relevant to high-strength concrete members are summarized in the paper.","PeriodicalId":208613,"journal":{"name":"SP-176: High-Strength Concrete in Seismic Regions","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121073983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an overview of the provisions for anchorage and development of reinforcement in concrete for New Zealand concrete design code: NZS 3101:1995 (1). These provisions take into account the nature of high strength concrete (compressive strength f'(c) > 55 MPa (8000 psi)) and the expected performance under seismic loading. The criteria for development lengths for straight reinforcement (with specific surface deformations) and those for bars terminated with hooks are largely based on recent studies of Sozen and Moehle and ACI 318: 1989. Simple, conservative equations are presented along with less conservative equations of more complexity.
{"title":"Bond and Anchorage of Reinforcement in Concrete-New Zealand Code Provisions","authors":"D. Bull","doi":"10.14359/5894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/5894","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an overview of the provisions for anchorage and development of reinforcement in concrete for New Zealand concrete design code: NZS 3101:1995 (1). These provisions take into account the nature of high strength concrete (compressive strength f'(c) > 55 MPa (8000 psi)) and the expected performance under seismic loading. The criteria for development lengths for straight reinforcement (with specific surface deformations) and those for bars terminated with hooks are largely based on recent studies of Sozen and Moehle and ACI 318: 1989. Simple, conservative equations are presented along with less conservative equations of more complexity.","PeriodicalId":208613,"journal":{"name":"SP-176: High-Strength Concrete in Seismic Regions","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129773085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High strength concrete with a specified compressive cylinder strength of up to 70 MPa for ductile elements in seismic design and of up to 100 MPa for other elements is now permitted by the recently revised New Zealand concrete design standard NZS 3101:1995. Also, longitudinal reinforcement with a characteristic yield strength of up to 500 MPa is allowed, and for transverse reinforcement in strength calculations a useable steel stress of up to 500 MPa for shear strength and 800
{"title":"Flexural Strength and Ductility of High-Strength Concrete Columns","authors":"R. Park, H. Tanaka, Bo Li","doi":"10.14359/5902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/5902","url":null,"abstract":"High strength concrete with a specified compressive cylinder strength of up to 70 MPa for ductile elements in seismic design and of up to 100 MPa for other elements is now permitted by the recently revised New Zealand concrete design standard NZS 3101:1995. Also, longitudinal reinforcement with a characteristic yield strength of up to 500 MPa is allowed, and for transverse reinforcement in strength calculations a useable steel stress of up to 500 MPa for shear strength and 800 <Pa for confinement is permitted. For concrete with a concrete compressive cylinder strength greater than 55 MPa the parameters for the equivalent rectangular compressive stress block have been modified to rake into account the stress-strain characteristics of high strength concrete. Also, new design equations for confining reinforcement have been included to better account for the affect of the variation of axial load level. Simulated seismic load tests have been conducted in New Zealand to investigate the behavior of high strength concrete columns confined with normal and very high strength transverse reinforcement. These tests demonstrated that the yield strength of very high strength confining reinforcement may not be attained at the stage when the column reaches the peak flexural strength and that the thickness of concrete cover has an important influence on the behavior of columns.","PeriodicalId":208613,"journal":{"name":"SP-176: High-Strength Concrete in Seismic Regions","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123634758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The state-of-the-art on recent experimental research in Japan on beam-column joints with high-strength materials subjected to seismic loads is introduced. Previous experimental studies on beam-column joints in reinforced concrete frames for seismic resistance is outlined for the shear strength of beam-column joints and the deformation characteristics of subassemblages including beam-column joints. Analytical research using FEM microscopic models and macroscopic models have been done in order to deepen the understanding of the experimental results and to investigate the shear resisting mechanisms of the joints with high-strength materials. Recent analytical research on joints using the high-strength materials is introduced.
{"title":"Shear Strength of Beam-Column Joints with High-Strength Materials","authors":"H. Noguchi, S. Fujii, M. Teraoka","doi":"10.14359/5906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/5906","url":null,"abstract":"The state-of-the-art on recent experimental research in Japan on beam-column joints with high-strength materials subjected to seismic loads is introduced. Previous experimental studies on beam-column joints in reinforced concrete frames for seismic resistance is outlined for the shear strength of beam-column joints and the deformation characteristics of subassemblages including beam-column joints. Analytical research using FEM microscopic models and macroscopic models have been done in order to deepen the understanding of the experimental results and to investigate the shear resisting mechanisms of the joints with high-strength materials. Recent analytical research on joints using the high-strength materials is introduced.","PeriodicalId":208613,"journal":{"name":"SP-176: High-Strength Concrete in Seismic Regions","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128904253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, research on bond and anchorage of reinforcement in high strength concrete were reviewed. They were classified to three groups: research on bond capacity with splitting of surrounding concrete, bond deterioration of bars passing through beam-column joints and anchorage capacity of hooked bars in beam-column joints. A characteristic property of low tensile strength relative to the high compressive strength results in a small increase of bond and anchorage capacity if the failure mode is governed by concrete splitting. Transverse reinforcement is more important for high strength concrete. The effect of concrete strength is more for the bond which failed in concrete crushing or direct shearing at the interface, such as the bar passing through the joint. High compressive strength and high rigidity of stress-strain curve make the local bond-slip curve stiffer. Low sedimentation and low bleeding effects make the top bar effect small. By analyzing available research, bond and anchorage capacities were evaluated quantitatively for practical design use.
{"title":"Bond and Anchorage of Reinforcement in High-Strength Concrete","authors":"S. Fujii, H. Noguchi, S. Morita","doi":"10.14359/5893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/5893","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, research on bond and anchorage of reinforcement in high strength concrete were reviewed. They were classified to three groups: research on bond capacity with splitting of surrounding concrete, bond deterioration of bars passing through beam-column joints and anchorage capacity of hooked bars in beam-column joints. A characteristic property of low tensile strength relative to the high compressive strength results in a small increase of bond and anchorage capacity if the failure mode is governed by concrete splitting. Transverse reinforcement is more important for high strength concrete. The effect of concrete strength is more for the bond which failed in concrete crushing or direct shearing at the interface, such as the bar passing through the joint. High compressive strength and high rigidity of stress-strain curve make the local bond-slip curve stiffer. Low sedimentation and low bleeding effects make the top bar effect small. By analyzing available research, bond and anchorage capacities were evaluated quantitatively for practical design use.","PeriodicalId":208613,"journal":{"name":"SP-176: High-Strength Concrete in Seismic Regions","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131329499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Use of high-strength reinforced concrete walls in regions of high seismic risk is evaluated using current U.S. code provisions, an example building parametric studies, and experimental results. The format of current U.S. code provisions for structural walls promotes the use of high-strength concrete; however, the use of these provisions has not been evaluated for high-strength concrete. Analytical studies of building systems utilizing slender walls indicate that there is not a significant advantage associated with the use of high-strength concrete walls and that this advantage tends to diminish with increasing concrete strength. Evaluation of test results conducted in Japan for low-aspect ratio walls indicates that ACI 318-95 requirements do no represent the observed shear strength well.
{"title":"Behavior and Design of High-Strength RC Walls","authors":"J. Wallace","doi":"10.14359/5903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/5903","url":null,"abstract":"Use of high-strength reinforced concrete walls in regions of high seismic risk is evaluated using current U.S. code provisions, an example building parametric studies, and experimental results. The format of current U.S. code provisions for structural walls promotes the use of high-strength concrete; however, the use of these provisions has not been evaluated for high-strength concrete. Analytical studies of building systems utilizing slender walls indicate that there is not a significant advantage associated with the use of high-strength concrete walls and that this advantage tends to diminish with increasing concrete strength. Evaluation of test results conducted in Japan for low-aspect ratio walls indicates that ACI 318-95 requirements do no represent the observed shear strength well.","PeriodicalId":208613,"journal":{"name":"SP-176: High-Strength Concrete in Seismic Regions","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114388513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current U.S. seismic-resistant design provisions for beam-column connections were developed using data from cyclic load tests performed on beam-column connections constructed with concrete strengths of 6000 psi (41.4 MPa) or less. Results of twenty-six beam-column connection tests conducted in Japan and the U.S. are used to evaluate current U.S. provisions for use in design of exterior and interior beam-column connections constructed with concrete strengths exceeding 6000 psi.
{"title":"Evaluation of U.S. Shear Strength Provisions for Design of Beam-Column Connections Constructed with High-Strength Concrete","authors":"E. Saqan, M. Kreger","doi":"10.14359/5905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/5905","url":null,"abstract":"Current U.S. seismic-resistant design provisions for beam-column connections were developed using data from cyclic load tests performed on beam-column connections constructed with concrete strengths of 6000 psi (41.4 MPa) or less. Results of twenty-six beam-column connection tests conducted in Japan and the U.S. are used to evaluate current U.S. provisions for use in design of exterior and interior beam-column connections constructed with concrete strengths exceeding 6000 psi.","PeriodicalId":208613,"journal":{"name":"SP-176: High-Strength Concrete in Seismic Regions","volume":"478 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123395797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Considerations regarding bond and development of reinforcement in high strength concrete (HSC) are presented from a North American perspective. The information contained in this paper is a compilation of information from various sources and represents a survey of the a survey of the basis for North American approaches to bond of normal and high strength concrete under monotonic and cyclic loading. The paper was presented in part at the Second US-Japan-New Zealand-Canada Multilateral Meeting on the performance of HSC held in Honolulu November 29-1, 1994.
{"title":"Bond and Development of Steel Reinforcement in High-Strength Concrete-An Overview","authors":"S. Mccabe","doi":"10.14359/5892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/5892","url":null,"abstract":"Considerations regarding bond and development of reinforcement in high strength concrete (HSC) are presented from a North American perspective. The information contained in this paper is a compilation of information from various sources and represents a survey of the a survey of the basis for North American approaches to bond of normal and high strength concrete under monotonic and cyclic loading. The paper was presented in part at the Second US-Japan-New Zealand-Canada Multilateral Meeting on the performance of HSC held in Honolulu November 29-1, 1994.","PeriodicalId":208613,"journal":{"name":"SP-176: High-Strength Concrete in Seismic Regions","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121895211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The applicability of methods, routinely used in Japan in evaluating the force-deformation relationship of normal reinforced concrete (RC) members, was examined for high-strength RC beams. The member end moment-rotation relationship was idealized into a trilinear relation with stiffness change at "cracking" and "yielding." The routine methods overestimate significantly the observed initial stiffness and underestimate yield deformation. A wide scatter is reported in the observed cracking moment. Yield and ultimate resistance can be conservatively estimated by the routine procedure.
{"title":"Reliability of load-Deformation Estimate for High-Strength Reinforced Concrete Beams","authors":"S. Otani, S. Nagai","doi":"10.14359/5899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/5899","url":null,"abstract":"The applicability of methods, routinely used in Japan in evaluating the force-deformation relationship of normal reinforced concrete (RC) members, was examined for high-strength RC beams. The member end moment-rotation relationship was idealized into a trilinear relation with stiffness change at \"cracking\" and \"yielding.\" The routine methods overestimate significantly the observed initial stiffness and underestimate yield deformation. A wide scatter is reported in the observed cracking moment. Yield and ultimate resistance can be conservatively estimated by the routine procedure.","PeriodicalId":208613,"journal":{"name":"SP-176: High-Strength Concrete in Seismic Regions","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128974090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A total of twenty one high-strength reinforced concrete shear walls were tested as a part of a five-year national research project in Japan. Concrete with compressive strength ranging from 60 MPa to 120 MPa, and reinforcing steel with grades ranging 700 MPa to 1200 MPa were used for one-quarter scale specimens. The loading conditions and the reinforcement ratios were systematically varied to observe the strength and deformation capacities attained in various failure modes, such as flexural failure and shear failure before or after yielding. This paper summarizes the test results as well as the results of other tests on high-strength reinforced concrete shear walls conducted in Japan. Design equations for flexural and shear strengths based on the resistance mechanisms are verified through evaluation of experimental data. Methods of estimating the yielding deformations and the ultimate deformation capacities at web-crushing are also discussed.
{"title":"Tests and Analyses of High-Strength Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls in Japan","authors":"Y. Kabeyasawa, H. Hiraishi","doi":"10.14359/5904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14359/5904","url":null,"abstract":"A total of twenty one high-strength reinforced concrete shear walls were tested as a part of a five-year national research project in Japan. Concrete with compressive strength ranging from 60 MPa to 120 MPa, and reinforcing steel with grades ranging 700 MPa to 1200 MPa were used for one-quarter scale specimens. The loading conditions and the reinforcement ratios were systematically varied to observe the strength and deformation capacities attained in various failure modes, such as flexural failure and shear failure before or after yielding. This paper summarizes the test results as well as the results of other tests on high-strength reinforced concrete shear walls conducted in Japan. Design equations for flexural and shear strengths based on the resistance mechanisms are verified through evaluation of experimental data. Methods of estimating the yielding deformations and the ultimate deformation capacities at web-crushing are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":208613,"journal":{"name":"SP-176: High-Strength Concrete in Seismic Regions","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116574831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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