Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/3910f
Russell Bagdoo
Dark matter is a major component of the universe, about six times more abundant than ordinary visible matter. We measure the effects of its mass, but it escapes the telescopes. It has the particularity of emitting no radiation and interacting only by the action of gravity. The main purpose of this article is to try to answer what dark matter is: we conjecture that it is composed of magnetically charged neutrinos, true magnetic monopoles. But that requires a huge conceptual leap: Maxwell's laws must be inverted and the electric charge becomes a magnetic charge. Asymmetric "reversed" Maxwell's laws would provide the "dark" magnetic charge that would replace the electric charge. The very form of the Dirac equation, which imposed on ordinary matter that the particle carries an electric charge and obeys the principal properties of the electron, would impose in the dark matter that the "dark" particle obeys the main properties of a neutrino associated with a magnetic charge. Dark matter is intimately related to black holes. The darkness of dark matter and black holes is caused by the reversal of Maxwell's laws. The second aim of the article is to show that dark matter is derived from black holes, mainly from active supermassive black holes. This requires a second conceptual leap: the horizon of the black hole undergoes a high temperature and an intense pressure of magnetic fields which cause a blackout and a phase transition (or broken symmetry) when the matter crosses the horizon. The result is a reversal of Maxwell's laws: A magnetic charge is substituted for the electric charge, and the electric current becomes a tributary of the magnetic current. A third important conceptual leap follows: sterile magnetic neutrinos created inside the black hole would cross the horizon to the outside to constitute dark matter.
{"title":"What Connects Dark Matter and Black Holes? Scientific Explanation","authors":"Russell Bagdoo","doi":"10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/3910f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/3910f","url":null,"abstract":"Dark matter is a major component of the universe, about six times more abundant than ordinary visible matter. We measure the effects of its mass, but it escapes the telescopes. It has the particularity of emitting no radiation and interacting only by the action of gravity. The main purpose of this article is to try to answer what dark matter is: we conjecture that it is composed of magnetically charged neutrinos, true magnetic monopoles. But that requires a huge conceptual leap: Maxwell's laws must be inverted and the electric charge becomes a magnetic charge. Asymmetric \"reversed\" Maxwell's laws would provide the \"dark\" magnetic charge that would replace the electric charge. The very form of the Dirac equation, which imposed on ordinary matter that the particle carries an electric charge and obeys the principal properties of the electron, would impose in the dark matter that the \"dark\" particle obeys the main properties of a neutrino associated with a magnetic charge. Dark matter is intimately related to black holes. The darkness of dark matter and black holes is caused by the reversal of Maxwell's laws. The second aim of the article is to show that dark matter is derived from black holes, mainly from active supermassive black holes. This requires a second conceptual leap: the horizon of the black hole undergoes a high temperature and an intense pressure of magnetic fields which cause a blackout and a phase transition (or broken symmetry) when the matter crosses the horizon. The result is a reversal of Maxwell's laws: A magnetic charge is substituted for the electric charge, and the electric current becomes a tributary of the magnetic current. A third important conceptual leap follows: sterile magnetic neutrinos created inside the black hole would cross the horizon to the outside to constitute dark matter.","PeriodicalId":20935,"journal":{"name":"Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86175027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4064f
S. Shukla, G. Srivastava, Syed Shamroz Arshad
The objective of the paper is to propose and study the modified version of NPN-driven Sziklai pair small-signal amplifier with user-defined PSpice model of unmatched BJTs. With an additional biasing resistance, the proposed amplifier generates higher amplifier current gain (12904), higher amplifier voltage gain (304.343), wider bandwidth (2.7107 MHz) and higher power gain (65.940 dB-Watt) than earlier announced commercial BJTs based NPN Sziklai pair Small-signal amplifier. It is also found capable of producing distortion-less and fair output for a 1(mu)V-1.6mV range of AC input signal at 1KHz frequency. Low input and output noises along with excellent thermal stability over the operational temperature range -30oC (le)T(le)+50oC are the paramount features of this amplifier. Proposed amplifier is also examined with the matched pair of BJTs. An investigation of the physical analysis of frequency responses and related parameters such as the effect of additional biasing resistance RA, effect of variation of current gain factor (beta), temperature dependency, noise sensitivity, phase variation, range of the different biasing resistances and capacitors and small-signal AC analysis is also being performed in detail. With the suggested modifications, the proposed amplifier may be used in analog front-end amplifiers for monitoring the bio-potential signal of the human body. Tuning performance also makes it a suitable candidate to be used in radio and TV receiver stages.
本文的目的是提出并研究基于非匹配bjt的自定义PSpice模型的npn驱动Sziklai对小信号放大器的改进版本。通过额外的偏置电阻，与之前公布的基于BJTs的NPN Sziklai对小信号放大器相比，所提出的放大器产生更高的放大器电流增益(12904)，更高的放大器电压增益(304.343)，更宽的带宽(2.7107 MHz)和更高的功率增益(65.940 dB-Watt)。它还能够在1KHz频率下为1 (mu) V-1.6mV范围的交流输入信号产生无失真和公平输出。低输入和输出噪声以及出色的热稳定性在工作温度范围-30℃(le) T (le) +50℃是该放大器的首要特点。用匹配的bjt对所提出的放大器进行了检验。对频率响应和相关参数的物理分析进行了详细的研究，如附加偏置电阻RA的影响、电流增益因子(beta)变化的影响、温度依赖性、噪声灵敏度、相位变化、不同偏置电阻和电容的范围以及小信号交流分析。经过改进，该放大器可用于模拟前端放大器，用于监测人体的生物电位信号。调谐性能也使它成为一个合适的候选者，用于广播和电视接收机阶段。
{"title":"Study of Low-Noise Wide-Band Tuned Sziklai Pair Small-Signal Amplifier","authors":"S. Shukla, G. Srivastava, Syed Shamroz Arshad","doi":"10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4064f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4064f","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the paper is to propose and study the modified version of NPN-driven Sziklai pair small-signal amplifier with user-defined PSpice model of unmatched BJTs. With an additional biasing resistance, the proposed amplifier generates higher amplifier current gain (12904), higher amplifier voltage gain (304.343), wider bandwidth (2.7107 MHz) and higher power gain (65.940 dB-Watt) than earlier announced commercial BJTs based NPN Sziklai pair Small-signal amplifier. It is also found capable of producing distortion-less and fair output for a 1(mu)V-1.6mV range of AC input signal at 1KHz frequency. Low input and output noises along with excellent thermal stability over the operational temperature range -30oC (le)T(le)+50oC are the paramount features of this amplifier. Proposed amplifier is also examined with the matched pair of BJTs. An investigation of the physical analysis of frequency responses and related parameters such as the effect of additional biasing resistance RA, effect of variation of current gain factor (beta), temperature dependency, noise sensitivity, phase variation, range of the different biasing resistances and capacitors and small-signal AC analysis is also being performed in detail. With the suggested modifications, the proposed amplifier may be used in analog front-end amplifiers for monitoring the bio-potential signal of the human body. Tuning performance also makes it a suitable candidate to be used in radio and TV receiver stages.","PeriodicalId":20935,"journal":{"name":"Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83647579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4052f
R. Khrapko
There are two mutually exclusive concepts of the electrodynamics spin. According to the widespread concept, the spin density is proportional to the gradient of the electromagnetic energy density. Therefore, an unlimited plane wave of circular polarization does not contain spin, and a real wave, limited in space, carries all spin at its boundary, separately from energy. In contrast, according to the original concept, the spin density is proportional to the energy density, and the spin of plane waves is not related to the existence of the boundaries. Within the framework of this concept, we calculate the spin fluxes of plane waves in various situations and the previously unnoticed spin flux in the dipole radiation. The reason for the transition from this initial concept to the concept of a spin proportional to energy density gradient is discussed.
{"title":"Study on Classical Electrodynamics Spin","authors":"R. Khrapko","doi":"10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4052f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4052f","url":null,"abstract":"There are two mutually exclusive concepts of the electrodynamics spin. According to the widespread concept, the spin density is proportional to the gradient of the electromagnetic energy density. Therefore, an unlimited plane wave of circular polarization does not contain spin, and a real wave, limited in space, carries all spin at its boundary, separately from energy. In contrast, according to the original concept, the spin density is proportional to the energy density, and the spin of plane waves is not related to the existence of the boundaries. Within the framework of this concept, we calculate the spin fluxes of plane waves in various situations and the previously unnoticed spin flux in the dipole radiation. The reason for the transition from this initial concept to the concept of a spin proportional to energy density gradient is discussed.","PeriodicalId":20935,"journal":{"name":"Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76915955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/9700d
O. Egorov
Only after the introduction of the electron proton accelerator HERA was able to conduct experiments on the diffraction dissociation phenomenon in photo and electro production. We present results on A-dependence of diffraction dissociation (DD) phenomenon in interactions of muonic neutrino with nuclei at various values of momentum transfer. Calculations were done within the two-gluon exchange model by Nikolaev-Zakharov-Zoller (NZZ). Comparison with experimental data obtained in interactions of muonic neutrino with photo emulsion nuclei is carried out. All data are presented as ratio of the DD cross section to the deep inelastic cross section.
{"title":"Study on Dependence of Diffraction Dissociation Phenomenon in Neutrino Interactions with Nuclei","authors":"O. Egorov","doi":"10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/9700d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/9700d","url":null,"abstract":"Only after the introduction of the electron proton accelerator HERA was able to conduct experiments on the diffraction dissociation phenomenon in photo and electro production. We present results on A-dependence of diffraction dissociation (DD) phenomenon in interactions of muonic neutrino with nuclei at various values of momentum transfer. Calculations were done within the two-gluon exchange model by Nikolaev-Zakharov-Zoller (NZZ). Comparison with experimental data obtained in interactions of muonic neutrino with photo emulsion nuclei is carried out. All data are presented as ratio of the DD cross section to the deep inelastic cross section.","PeriodicalId":20935,"journal":{"name":"Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77631664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4203f
James C. Austin
For asymptotic observers, geodesic paths of radially inbound photons in a Schwarzschild space-time approach the critical radius of a collapsed star asymptotically. When considering processes of accretion or quantum evaporation however, inbound null geodesics, in a corresponding Vaidya space-time, pass through a momentary inflection point where time dilation diverges and subsequently reach the critical radius within a finite coordinate time. By considering a diagonal form of the Vaidya metric that reduces to the Schwarzschild metric in the zero accretion/evaporation limit, photons approaching on radial paths pass through the inflection point and undergo infrared divergence at the critical radius. Particles on radial timelike geodesics are shown to meet a potential barrier beyond the inflection point, which diverges at the critical radius.
{"title":"A Potential Barrier Halting Spherically Symmetric Relativistic Gravitational Collapse","authors":"James C. Austin","doi":"10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4203f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4203f","url":null,"abstract":"For asymptotic observers, geodesic paths of radially inbound photons in a Schwarzschild space-time approach the critical radius of a collapsed star asymptotically. When considering processes of accretion or quantum evaporation however, inbound null geodesics, in a corresponding Vaidya space-time, pass through a momentary inflection point where time dilation diverges and subsequently reach the critical radius within a finite coordinate time. By considering a diagonal form of the Vaidya metric that reduces to the Schwarzschild metric in the zero accretion/evaporation limit, photons approaching on radial paths pass through the inflection point and undergo infrared divergence at the critical radius. Particles on radial timelike geodesics are shown to meet a potential barrier beyond the inflection point, which diverges at the critical radius.","PeriodicalId":20935,"journal":{"name":"Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88470747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4181f
M. Cendoya
The high frequency (HF) alternating current (AC) power distribution systems have significant advantages over their DC counterparts. This paper presents the analysis and experimental evaluation of an AC/DC resonant converter, suitable to be used at the load side of HF sinusoidal AC power distribution systems. Foremost, a theoretical analysis of the converter operation in steady-state and continuous conduction mode is performed. The analysis is focused on obtaining the conversion ratio, the distortion of the input current and the converter efficiency. In order to validate the theoretical analysis and to investigate the performance, a converter prototype was included in a laboratory HF sinusoidal AC distribution system. The experimental results present a good correlation with predicted values obtained by means of calculations done with the mathematical expressions derived in the theoretical analysis. They also confirm the converter fine performance for the suggested application.
{"title":"Analysis and Experimental Evaluation of a Resonant AC/DC Converter for HF-AC Power Distribution Systems: Recent Advancement","authors":"M. Cendoya","doi":"10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4181f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4181f","url":null,"abstract":"The high frequency (HF) alternating current (AC) power distribution systems have significant advantages over their DC counterparts. This paper presents the analysis and experimental evaluation of an AC/DC resonant converter, suitable to be used at the load side of HF sinusoidal AC power distribution systems. Foremost, a theoretical analysis of the converter operation in steady-state and continuous conduction mode is performed. The analysis is focused on obtaining the conversion ratio, the distortion of the input current and the converter efficiency. In order to validate the theoretical analysis and to investigate the performance, a converter prototype was included in a laboratory HF sinusoidal AC distribution system. The experimental results present a good correlation with predicted values obtained by means of calculations done with the mathematical expressions derived in the theoretical analysis. They also confirm the converter fine performance for the suggested application.","PeriodicalId":20935,"journal":{"name":"Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76705134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4111f
E. Glushko
A photonic crystal resonator optically contacted with a metal film generates in the THz frequency range a system of sharp spikes of electromagnetic quenching matching the reflection spectra of a bore resonator. It was shown that the calculated angle-frequency map of reflection for a metalized polypropilene/air structure contains narrow lines of extraordinary transmission through the metal film. In this work, we found that sharp peaks of electromagnetic transmission can also be generated at certain conditions by the defect containing resonators. The effect depends essentially on the defect position and number of periods. A remarkable property of the considered resonators when a thin inclined line of transmission takes place against the backdrop of perfect reflection can serve as a ground effect in compact and reliable direction control devices and THz radiation collimating devices. Energy concentration and collimation effect in a metalized resonator structure fitted with a stochastic EMW reservoir was evaluated. Enhancement of THz radiation filtering based on peaks of resonant transmission was discussed.
{"title":"Collimation Effect on THz Transmission Resonances in Metalized and Defected Photonic Structures","authors":"E. Glushko","doi":"10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4111f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/4111f","url":null,"abstract":"A photonic crystal resonator optically contacted with a metal film generates in the THz frequency range a system of sharp spikes of electromagnetic quenching matching the reflection spectra of a bore resonator. It was shown that the calculated angle-frequency map of reflection for a metalized polypropilene/air structure contains narrow lines of extraordinary transmission through the metal film. In this work, we found that sharp peaks of electromagnetic transmission can also be generated at certain conditions by the defect containing resonators. The effect depends essentially on the defect position and number of periods. A remarkable property of the considered resonators when a thin inclined line of transmission takes place against the backdrop of perfect reflection can serve as a ground effect in compact and reliable direction control devices and THz radiation collimating devices. Energy concentration and collimation effect in a metalized resonator structure fitted with a stochastic EMW reservoir was evaluated. Enhancement of THz radiation filtering based on peaks of resonant transmission was discussed.","PeriodicalId":20935,"journal":{"name":"Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72759985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/12539d
Md. Akhtar Khan, C. Padhy
The aerodynamic and static structural analysis of a newly developed bio-mimetic corrugated aerofoil inspired by dragonfly forewing is included in this work. The basal wing part of the dragonfly corrugated aerofoil structure used in this study was placed around the radius of the forewing. These corrugations define the stressed skin structure, which is made up of grider-like veins and a thin cuticle membrane that provides a sophisticated mechanical advantage for longitudinal bending resistance while allowing for wing camber and torsion. Dragonflies are recognised for their amazing flight abilities. They are designed to carry both aerodynamic and inertial loads. At a Reynolds number of 15000, a computational analysis of a newly designed dragonfly corrugated aerofoil is performed, with flow assumed to be laminar, steady, incompressible, and two dimensional. The project includes static structural analysis and aerodynamic flow analysis of a 2-D dragonfly corrugated aerofoil utilising Ansys Fluent and Ansys Mechanical APDL. It has been discovered that the design criteria employed, as well as simulations performed on a corrugated aerofoil, produce significantly better results than earlier studies. The structural analysis also demonstrates that it can withstand maximum pressure loads and provides high rigidity to the wing span. This discovery adds to our knowledge of insect-inspired corrugated wing structure and facilitates the application for improved design of artificial wings for MAVs and UAVs.
{"title":"Study on Aerodynamic and Structural Analysis of Bio-mimetic Corrugated Wing","authors":"Md. Akhtar Khan, C. Padhy","doi":"10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/12539d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/12539d","url":null,"abstract":"The aerodynamic and static structural analysis of a newly developed bio-mimetic corrugated aerofoil inspired by dragonfly forewing is included in this work. The basal wing part of the dragonfly corrugated aerofoil structure used in this study was placed around the radius of the forewing. These corrugations define the stressed skin structure, which is made up of grider-like veins and a thin cuticle membrane that provides a sophisticated mechanical advantage for longitudinal bending resistance while allowing for wing camber and torsion. Dragonflies are recognised for their amazing flight abilities. They are designed to carry both aerodynamic and inertial loads. At a Reynolds number of 15000, a computational analysis of a newly designed dragonfly corrugated aerofoil is performed, with flow assumed to be laminar, steady, incompressible, and two dimensional. The project includes static structural analysis and aerodynamic flow analysis of a 2-D dragonfly corrugated aerofoil utilising Ansys Fluent and Ansys Mechanical APDL. It has been discovered that the design criteria employed, as well as simulations performed on a corrugated aerofoil, produce significantly better results than earlier studies. The structural analysis also demonstrates that it can withstand maximum pressure loads and provides high rigidity to the wing span. This discovery adds to our knowledge of insect-inspired corrugated wing structure and facilitates the application for improved design of artificial wings for MAVs and UAVs.","PeriodicalId":20935,"journal":{"name":"Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86297722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/12511d
Avtar Singh Gill
The great 1859 spectral auroral event affecting the Earth which also showed the link between the magnetic effect and the electrical effect is explained as the ‘Message from the SUN 28th August 1859'. The Northern and Southern Lights are caused by the solar IMF. Gill’s Electronic Theory of Magnetism 1964 shows how the solar IMF on approaching the magnetosphere of the Earth splits into its negative and positive electric energy components which head for the opposite magnetic poles of the Earth to cause the equally bright Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis. Why these Northern and Southern lights do not reach all the way to the magnetic poles of the Earth and why they are brighter on the night side will be explained with illustrations. Kristian Birkeland’s 1900-1916 ‘terrella’ experiments are further explained. The solar source of the essential electrical seeding of the magnetic poles of the Earth for the functioning of the geomagnetic dynamo of the Earth to create its magnetosphere is shown. Some applications to harness this solar electrical energy reaching the Earth are presented and dot product equations are presented to support these applications without any need of Henrik Lorentz’s 1893 cross products. Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism 1964 explains all the above and should replace Maxwell’s pre-existing dipole theory of magnetism 1873.
{"title":"Message from the SUN on 28th August 1859","authors":"Avtar Singh Gill","doi":"10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/12511d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/12511d","url":null,"abstract":"The great 1859 spectral auroral event affecting the Earth which also showed the link between the magnetic effect and the electrical effect is explained as the ‘Message from the SUN 28th August 1859'. \u0000The Northern and Southern Lights are caused by the solar IMF. Gill’s Electronic Theory of Magnetism 1964 shows how the solar IMF on approaching the magnetosphere of the Earth splits into its negative and positive electric energy components which head for the opposite magnetic poles of the Earth to cause the equally bright Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis. \u0000Why these Northern and Southern lights do not reach all the way to the magnetic poles of the Earth and why they are brighter on the night side will be explained with illustrations. Kristian Birkeland’s 1900-1916 ‘terrella’ experiments are further explained. \u0000The solar source of the essential electrical seeding of the magnetic poles of the Earth for the functioning of the geomagnetic dynamo of the Earth to create its magnetosphere is shown. \u0000Some applications to harness this solar electrical energy reaching the Earth are presented and dot product equations are presented to support these applications without any need of Henrik Lorentz’s 1893 cross products. \u0000Gill’s electronic theory of magnetism 1964 explains all the above and should replace Maxwell’s pre-existing dipole theory of magnetism 1873.","PeriodicalId":20935,"journal":{"name":"Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74978225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/3583f
R. Collier
This short letter refers to Schmutzer’s 5-dimensional Projective Unified Field Theory as a new general-relativistic covariant unification of gravitation, electromagnetism and scalarism. The scalarism appearing in the theory is a new phenomenon of nature, which can be interpreted as dark matter. A number of applications to the orbits of spaceships, planets and stars in galaxies as well as to the cosmos as a whole generate new effects that go beyond the known statements of the Einstein-Maxwell theory.
{"title":"A Look at Schmutzer's New Projective Unified Field Theory","authors":"R. Collier","doi":"10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/3583f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rtcps/v1/3583f","url":null,"abstract":"This short letter refers to Schmutzer’s 5-dimensional Projective Unified Field Theory as a new general-relativistic covariant unification of gravitation, electromagnetism and scalarism. The scalarism appearing in the theory is a new phenomenon of nature, which can be interpreted as dark matter. A number of applications to the orbits of spaceships, planets and stars in galaxies as well as to the cosmos as a whole generate new effects that go beyond the known statements of the Einstein-Maxwell theory.","PeriodicalId":20935,"journal":{"name":"Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 1","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89066562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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