Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21467/PROCEEDINGS.112.34
S. VishnuB, Keerthy M. Simon, J. BharatiRaj
Many infrastructures like Bridge decks, airfield and highway pavements, offshore structure and machinery foundation are subjected to fatigue loading. This cyclic loading induces gradual, permanent internal changes in a material and thereby affecting the remaining life of the infrastructure. The heterogeneities in concrete add complexities in analysing fatigue failure of reinforced concrete. This review paper discuss about fatigue life prediction models for both plain and reinforced concrete structural member. This review paper comprises various deterministic and probabilistic models used in predicting the fatigue life of plain and reinforced concrete. Deterministic approach is dependent on some initial parameters and conditions and is unreliable to accurately determine the fatigue life of concrete. This results in the development of a more generalized model based on a probabilistic approach that accounts for the stochasticity in fatigue failure of concrete. In recent years, artificial neural network emerged as a new promising computational tool which adopts a probabilistic approach for modelling complex relationships.
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Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21467/PROCEEDINGS.112.27
K. Upadhyay, Samir Bajpai
Microplastics possess a significant threat to water resources as well as aquatic life and present a challenge in overall water resource management. Among a wide variety of entry routes available for microplastics from land to water bodies, municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are suspected to be one of the important land-based sources (entry point) of microplastics affecting water quality. Few studies reported the presence of microplastic in the leachate obtained from municipal solid waste landfills corroborating that MSW landfills not only act as a sink of microplastic pollution but also act as a source. Microplastics from these leachates move to the soil system thereby affecting its quality and further migrate to aquatic systems. This movement of microplastic from leachate to aquatic system not only deteriorate the water quality but also highlights the importance of land-based sources of microplastic. In this review, we focused on the role of landfills as a pathway for microplastics to water bodies. The main aims of this review the abundance and characteristics of microplastics in landfills and discuss the role of landfill age. Polyethylene in fragmented and fibrous form remains the predominant type and shape of microplastic in leachates. The shape, size, and abundance of microplastics in leachates vary with landfill age. Landfills also provide a favorable environment for microplastic degradation thereby turning macroplastics into tiny plastic pieces. The major type of degradation is oxidative degradation. Our review confirms that MSW landfills are indeed a source of microplastic and contribute to microplastic pollution in soil and aquatic systems.
{"title":"Transport of Microplastics from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills to Aquatic system: An Overview","authors":"K. Upadhyay, Samir Bajpai","doi":"10.21467/PROCEEDINGS.112.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/PROCEEDINGS.112.27","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics possess a significant threat to water resources as well as aquatic life and present a challenge in overall water resource management. Among a wide variety of entry routes available for microplastics from land to water bodies, municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are suspected to be one of the important land-based sources (entry point) of microplastics affecting water quality. Few studies reported the presence of microplastic in the leachate obtained from municipal solid waste landfills corroborating that MSW landfills not only act as a sink of microplastic pollution but also act as a source. Microplastics from these leachates move to the soil system thereby affecting its quality and further migrate to aquatic systems. This movement of microplastic from leachate to aquatic system not only deteriorate the water quality but also highlights the importance of land-based sources of microplastic. In this review, we focused on the role of landfills as a pathway for microplastics to water bodies. The main aims of this review the abundance and characteristics of microplastics in landfills and discuss the role of landfill age. Polyethylene in fragmented and fibrous form remains the predominant type and shape of microplastic in leachates. The shape, size, and abundance of microplastics in leachates vary with landfill age. Landfills also provide a favorable environment for microplastic degradation thereby turning macroplastics into tiny plastic pieces. The major type of degradation is oxidative degradation. Our review confirms that MSW landfills are indeed a source of microplastic and contribute to microplastic pollution in soil and aquatic systems.","PeriodicalId":211017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet","volume":"22 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132983735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21467/PROCEEDINGS.112.61
S. Anju
Planning for transportation infrastructure takes significant role in development of urban areas. Proper planning is needed for eliminating the problems like overcrowding, housing shortage, congestion etc. So there is a need of integrating transportation and land use. Transportation planning and the land use planning have to be done together. Integrating transportation with land use helps to decrease travel length and need to travel. Mixed land use development is more suitable for the urban areas. This paper critically reviews the importance of Integrated Transportation and Land Use planning (ITLUP) model in the planning of urban areas and applying this model as a solution for most of the problems facing in urban areas by analysing the best practices. The review also focuses on the relationship between land use and transportation by examining the parameters of ITLUP model.
{"title":"A Review on the Significance of Integrated Transportation and Land Use Planning Model for the Planning of Urban Areas","authors":"S. Anju","doi":"10.21467/PROCEEDINGS.112.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/PROCEEDINGS.112.61","url":null,"abstract":"Planning for transportation infrastructure takes significant role in development of urban areas. Proper planning is needed for eliminating the problems like overcrowding, housing shortage, congestion etc. So there is a need of integrating transportation and land use. Transportation planning and the land use planning have to be done together. Integrating transportation with land use helps to decrease travel length and need to travel. Mixed land use development is more suitable for the urban areas. This paper critically reviews the importance of Integrated Transportation and Land Use planning (ITLUP) model in the planning of urban areas and applying this model as a solution for most of the problems facing in urban areas by analysing the best practices. The review also focuses on the relationship between land use and transportation by examining the parameters of ITLUP model.","PeriodicalId":211017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115709198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21467/PROCEEDINGS.112.58
Gayathri K.B
The main objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of various traffic calming measures on achieving their predetermined objectives. The first stage focused on the influence of measures like Speed table, Rumble strips, Road studs and Lane narrowing implemented in isolation under the same conditions, on the speed of unimpeded vehicles has been investigated by evaluating differences in speed profiles of individual vehicles. Their effect on safety was assessed by comparing the accident data before and after installation of these measures. The second stage measured the operating speeds of vehicles passing through successive measures using a GPS based mobile application, Speedometer in 2 seconds interval to have an insight on the relationship between spacing and speed. The raw speed data were analysed and formed significant relationships which formed the basis of a multiple linear regression model for the speed profile of unimpeded vehicles in a given traffic calmed link.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Traffic calming measures","authors":"Gayathri K.B","doi":"10.21467/PROCEEDINGS.112.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/PROCEEDINGS.112.58","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of various traffic calming measures on achieving their predetermined objectives. The first stage focused on the influence of measures like Speed table, Rumble strips, Road studs and Lane narrowing implemented in isolation under the same conditions, on the speed of unimpeded vehicles has been investigated by evaluating differences in speed profiles of individual vehicles. Their effect on safety was assessed by comparing the accident data before and after installation of these measures. The second stage measured the operating speeds of vehicles passing through successive measures using a GPS based mobile application, Speedometer in 2 seconds interval to have an insight on the relationship between spacing and speed. The raw speed data were analysed and formed significant relationships which formed the basis of a multiple linear regression model for the speed profile of unimpeded vehicles in a given traffic calmed link.","PeriodicalId":211017,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115455213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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