Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.1017/9781108616270.052
{"title":"Discovery and Properties of the Higgs Boson","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108616270.052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108616270.052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":211281,"journal":{"name":"The Ideas of Particle Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129929336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.1017/9781108616270.031
{"title":"The Hunt for the W±, Z0 Bosons","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108616270.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108616270.031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":211281,"journal":{"name":"The Ideas of Particle Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131813334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.1017/9781108616270.078
Jameel Jaffer
One hundred sixty-six men are imprisoned at the U.S. Naval Station at Guantánamo Bay.1 Many of these men the government intends to imprison indefinitely without charge or trial.2 Some, though, will be tried for war crimes, and most of these, including those alleged to have planned the 9/11 attacks, will be tried not before regular criminal courts, but before military commissions.3 These commissions are convened at “Camp Justice,” a collection of low-slung, prefabricated structures built on a former military airfield several miles from the base’s detention facilities.4 The principal courtroom is in most respects unremarkable. The judge presides from a raised bench at the front of the room. There is a witness box to each side of the bench. Against the wall to the judge’s right is a long, narrow box that can seat as many as thirty jurors. There are similar courtrooms in cities across the United States and around the world. What distinguishes the courtroom at Guantánamo from others is that, in place of the railing that customarily separates trial participants from the public gallery behind them, there is a floor-to-ceiling barrier of soundproofed glass.5 Those who travel to Guantánamo to observe the proceedings — journalists, representatives of civil society organizations, and family members of those who died in the 9/11 attacks — are seated behind the glass and listen
{"title":"Known Unknowns","authors":"Jameel Jaffer","doi":"10.1017/9781108616270.078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108616270.078","url":null,"abstract":"One hundred sixty-six men are imprisoned at the U.S. Naval Station at Guantánamo Bay.1 Many of these men the government intends to imprison indefinitely without charge or trial.2 Some, though, will be tried for war crimes, and most of these, including those alleged to have planned the 9/11 attacks, will be tried not before regular criminal courts, but before military commissions.3 These commissions are convened at “Camp Justice,” a collection of low-slung, prefabricated structures built on a former military airfield several miles from the base’s detention facilities.4 The principal courtroom is in most respects unremarkable. The judge presides from a raised bench at the front of the room. There is a witness box to each side of the bench. Against the wall to the judge’s right is a long, narrow box that can seat as many as thirty jurors. There are similar courtrooms in cities across the United States and around the world. What distinguishes the courtroom at Guantánamo from others is that, in place of the railing that customarily separates trial participants from the public gallery behind them, there is a floor-to-ceiling barrier of soundproofed glass.5 Those who travel to Guantánamo to observe the proceedings — journalists, representatives of civil society organizations, and family members of those who died in the 9/11 attacks — are seated behind the glass and listen","PeriodicalId":211281,"journal":{"name":"The Ideas of Particle Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129660806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.1017/9781108616270.048
{"title":"The Model in Summary","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108616270.048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108616270.048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":211281,"journal":{"name":"The Ideas of Particle Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129229850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.1017/9781108616270.021
{"title":"The Current–Current Theory of the Weak Interactions","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108616270.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108616270.021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":211281,"journal":{"name":"The Ideas of Particle Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116074061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.1017/9781108616270.023
{"title":"The Weak Interactions of Hadrons","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108616270.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108616270.023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":211281,"journal":{"name":"The Ideas of Particle Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122612829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.1017/9781108616270.051
L. Horyn
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the most complex instrument ever built for particle physics research. It will, for the first time, provide access to the TeV-energy scale. Numerous technological innovations are necessary to achieve this goal. For example, two counterrotating proton beams are guided and focused by superconducting magnets whose novel two-in-one structure saves cost and allowed the machine to be installed in an existing tunnel. The very high ( > 8-T) field in the dipoles can be achieved only by cooling them below the transition temperature of liquid helium to the superfluid state. More than 80 tons of superfluid helium are needed to cool the whole machine.Sofar,theLHChasbehavedreliablyandpredictably.Single-bunch currents 30% above the design value have been achieved, and the luminosity has increased by five orders of magnitude. In this review, I briefly describe the design principles of the major systems and discuss some initial results. by FNAL. The cryogenic feed-boxes, which provide a link to the cryogenic distribution line and power converters, were designed and built by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Alongside the LHC main dipoles, the high-gradient, wide-aperture, low- β quadrupoles are the most demanding magnets in the collider. They must operate reliably at 215 T m − 1 , sustain extremely high heat loads in the coils and high-radiation doses during their lifetime, and have a very good field quality within the 63-mm aperture of the cold bore.
大型强子对撞机(LHC)是迄今为止为粒子物理研究建造的最复杂的仪器。它将首次提供tev能量规模。实现这一目标需要大量的技术创新。例如，两个反向旋转的质子束由超导磁体引导和聚焦，这种新型的二合一结构节省了成本，并允许机器安装在现有的隧道中。只有将偶极子冷却到液氦到超流态的转变温度以下，偶极子中的极高场(> 8-T)才能实现。需要80多吨的超流氦来冷却整个机器。到目前为止，hchaset的行为是可靠的和可预测的。单束电流比设计值提高了30%，光度提高了5个数量级。在这篇综述中，我简要地描述了主要系统的设计原则，并讨论了一些初步成果。FNAL。低温进料箱是由劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室设计和建造的，它提供了与低温配电线路和电源转换器的连接。除了大型强子对撞机的主偶极子外，高梯度、大孔径、低β四极子是对撞机中要求最高的磁体。它们必须在215 T m−1下可靠地运行，在其使用寿命期间承受极高的线圈热负荷和高辐射剂量，并且在冷孔的63毫米孔径内具有非常好的现场质量。
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Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.1017/9781108616270.036
Master, St, NEUTRINO-NUCLEON Scattering, G. T. Garvey
{"title":"Neutrino–Nucleon","authors":"Master, St, NEUTRINO-NUCLEON Scattering, G. T. Garvey","doi":"10.1017/9781108616270.036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108616270.036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":211281,"journal":{"name":"The Ideas of Particle Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121480874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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